Current Ongoing Relevant Aerosol Measurement Issues Satellite Validation —especially newer...

Current Ongoing Relevant Aerosol Measurement IssuesCurrent Ongoing Relevant Aerosol Measurement IssuesSatellite ValidationSatellite Validation

——especially newer satellites (OMI/Aura, CALIOP/CALIPSO, ASP/Glory, …)especially newer satellites (OMI/Aura, CALIOP/CALIPSO, ASP/Glory, …)

Aerosol Chemistry, gas to particle conversion, size growth and internal mixingAerosol Chemistry, gas to particle conversion, size growth and internal mixing

Primary – Secondary aerosolPrimary – Secondary aerosol

Organic Aerosol (Natural, Anthropogenic) Interactions and Cloud ProcessesOrganic Aerosol (Natural, Anthropogenic) Interactions and Cloud Processes

Soot/Black CarbonSoot/Black Carbon

DustDust

Optical Properties and Radiative effectsOptical Properties and Radiative effects

Cloud Condensation NucleiCloud Condensation Nuclei

Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation (Clarke/Russell) :(Clarke/Russell) :

Future activities meeting in Virginia Beach Future activities meeting in Virginia Beach

HISTOGRAMS OF MAJOR MASS FRACTIONS FOR P, BB AND NON-PLUMES: INTEX-NA

Pollution Plumes (P) and

Biomass Burning (BB) Plumes

identified for 17% of flight hours based upon 95 percentile exceedences of selected trace gas data.

Remainder are regional non-plume data.

Gamma determined from observed f(RH)

Clarke et al., JGR 2007

The Influence of OC and Ions upon the humidity response of light scattering, Gamma

1001

1001

wet

dry

drywet RH

RH

a) Gamma trends with total ions for pollution with weaker trend for BB.

b) Gamma reduced by total OC mass fraction with lower values for BB. Most OC was weakly water soluble but not hygroscopic.

Ambient column AOD(550nm) vs. PM 2.5 for INTEX NA

Shinozuka et al., 2007

Ambient AOD closure over Aeronet sitesOnly 3 during INTEX NA, need greater effort to make similar network comparisons!

PM2.5 about 55% of ambient AOD and Water contribution about 45% over during INTEX-NA [based upon in-situ f(RH)]

As measured

Assumes column effective RH = 80%

Shinozuka et al., 2007

Ambient SSA is constrained and linked to MAEacc and Size

Dry

Ambient

SSA = [ 1 – MAEacc / MSEacc ]^-1

Size, composition and water uptake are related such that the slope of Dry SSA vs. absorption per unit mass (carried in models) shows an expected size dependency that collapses to a simpler dependency under ambient conditions.

Provides constraints on models and retrievals.

The wavelength dependence of absorption and its link to AMS (DeCarlo, Jimenez) organic mass fraction – MIRAGE & IMPEX

PRELIMINARY

Vertical Profiles

April 10, 1999

April 6, 1999

Pollution Dust

Subsiding Pollution provides enhanced CNN to stratus clouds and Dust provides soluble iron (limiting nutrient) mixing into MBL

Number Mass

C. McNaughton, A. Clarke, V. Kapustin, S. Howell, J. Zhou, Y. Shinozuka University of Hawaii

(INTEX-B flights 11-13, DIAL Lidar, E.V. Browell, NASA, LaRC and aerosol vertical profiles), indicate the removal pathway for dust and pollution via subsidence into the marine boundary layer.

Understanding mixing, transport, entrainment, cloud condensation nuclei, precipitation scavenging and associated radiative effects are critical to understanding aerosol cycles and impacts and to model paramaterizations of removal flux.

WE NEED TO ADDRESS CLOUDS

Cloud Related Research IssuesCloud Related Research Issues

Indirect effect - CCN and cloud microphysics and cloud radiative Indirect effect - CCN and cloud microphysics and cloud radiative properties properties

Warm Cloud Condensation Nuclei – CCNWarm Cloud Condensation Nuclei – CCNIce Cloud Ice Nuclei (IN)Ice Cloud Ice Nuclei (IN)Contrails Contrails Links between CCN and AOD ( PM1?, PM2.5?)Links between CCN and AOD ( PM1?, PM2.5?)Natural vs. Anthropogenic ComponentsNatural vs. Anthropogenic Components

Aerosol and Influence on Hydrologic Cycle (Warm Clouds)–Aerosol and Influence on Hydrologic Cycle (Warm Clouds)–Precipitation Formation & Suppression, Amount, Location, Precipitation Formation & Suppression, Amount, Location,

absorption absorption and scattering. Dust – Hurricane link etc.??and scattering. Dust – Hurricane link etc.??Are some aerosol fields and clouds coupled?Are some aerosol fields and clouds coupled?

Cloud Scavenging as Sink of Aerosol (model removal term uncertain)Cloud Scavenging as Sink of Aerosol (model removal term uncertain)in-situ measurements linked to changes in satellite spectral AOD, in-situ measurements linked to changes in satellite spectral AOD, precipitation, chemistry etc.precipitation, chemistry etc.

Cloud Pumping (coupling MBL to FT chemistry) – influence on FT Cloud Pumping (coupling MBL to FT chemistry) – influence on FT chemistry, key chemistry, key regions, altitudes, transport etc.regions, altitudes, transport etc.

Cloud Enhanced Chemistry (Aqueous Conversion, Surface Area Effects)Cloud Enhanced Chemistry (Aqueous Conversion, Surface Area Effects)

??? Airborne Sampling Issues (which clouds, what measured, new tools) ??? Airborne Sampling Issues (which clouds, what measured, new tools) liquid water sampling, droplet sampling (CVI), interstitial aerosol, liquid water sampling, droplet sampling (CVI), interstitial aerosol, artifactsartifacts

Need more new cloud sampling tools

Current Ongoing Relevant Aerosol Measurement IssuesCurrent Ongoing Relevant Aerosol Measurement Issues(Partial List)(Partial List)

Aerosol-Cloud Interactions (incl indirect radiative effect)Aerosol-Cloud Interactions (incl indirect radiative effect)

Satellite ValidationSatellite Validation——especially newer satellites (OMI/Aura, CALIOP/CALIPSO, ASP/Glory, …)especially newer satellites (OMI/Aura, CALIOP/CALIPSO, ASP/Glory, …)

Surface Albedo or Reflectance (as fcn(Surface Albedo or Reflectance (as fcn(), polarized)), polarized)

Aerosol Absorption (1-SSA) SpectraAerosol Absorption (1-SSA) Spectra

Direct Measurements of Aerosol (&/or Cloud) Radiative EffectsDirect Measurements of Aerosol (&/or Cloud) Radiative Effects

Punch LinePunch Line

In order to understand these things, you have to be willing to:In order to understand these things, you have to be willing to:

-Put the necessary instruments on A/CPut the necessary instruments on A/C

-Fly the A/C in the necessary flight patternsFly the A/C in the necessary flight patterns

Motivation: Simultaneous satellite and airborne aerosol remote sensing in the vicinity of clouds

Nikolaeva et al., JQSRT, 2005Nikolaeva et al., JQSRT, 2005

GLORYCALIPSOCloudSat

Cloud Halo – enhanced aerosol scatter near cloud

Cloud edge enhanced radiance

1) Aerosol direct effect: use of airborne sensors 1) Aerosol direct effect: use of airborne sensors

- support satellite cloud screening (possible cloud - support satellite cloud screening (possible cloud contamination)contamination)

- 3-D effect of clouds on adjacent clear sky retrievals (much - 3-D effect of clouds on adjacent clear sky retrievals (much more easily done over-ocean; note that this is different from more easily done over-ocean; note that this is different from "classic" cloud contamination, by which a pixel contains an un-"classic" cloud contamination, by which a pixel contains an un-resolved cloud)resolved cloud)

- measure the spatial extent and properties of cloud halos- measure the spatial extent and properties of cloud halos

- verify TOA and vertically resolved satellite-derived energy - verify TOA and vertically resolved satellite-derived energy "fluxes""fluxes"

- validate Glory to be launched 2008- validate Glory to be launched 2008

- check the consistency of AERONET retrievals of aerosol - check the consistency of AERONET retrievals of aerosol microphysicsmicrophysics

2) Aerosol indirect effect: use of airborne sensors 2) Aerosol indirect effect: use of airborne sensors

- support cloud screening (ensure spatial correspondence of - support cloud screening (ensure spatial correspondence of cloudy and clear elements)cloudy and clear elements)

- below-cloud and cloud-adjacent aerosol/CCN spectra/chemistry- below-cloud and cloud-adjacent aerosol/CCN spectra/chemistry

- validate satellite cloud properties (no AERONET-like network, - validate satellite cloud properties (no AERONET-like network, therefore airborne validation may be relatively more important)therefore airborne validation may be relatively more important)

Coordinated satellite, in-situ and Coordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative missionsradiative missions

J31

B200

DC-8 C-130

MODIS/Aqua MISR, MODIS/TerraPOLDER/Parasol

OMI/Aura CALIPSO CloudSat GLORY

Comparison of Aerosol Optical Depth SpectraComparison of Aerosol Optical Depth Spectra

from OMI on Aura, MODIS on Aqua, & AATS Sunphotometer on J-31from OMI on Aura, MODIS on Aqua, & AATS Sunphotometer on J-31

PreliminaryPreliminary

Livingston, Redemann, Torres, …Livingston, Redemann, Torres, …

UVUV

17 Mar 200617 Mar 2006INTEX-BINTEX-B

PreliminaryPreliminary

Livingston, Redemann, Veefkind, ViehelmanLivingston, Redemann, Veefkind, Viehelman

Comparison of Aerosol Optical Depth SpectraComparison of Aerosol Optical Depth Spectra

from OMI on Aura, MODIS on Aqua, & AATS Sunphotometer on J-31from OMI on Aura, MODIS on Aqua, & AATS Sunphotometer on J-31

17 Mar 200617 Mar 2006INTEX-BINTEX-B


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P. Russell et al. for Earth System SubcommitteeP. Russell et al. for Earth System Subcommittee

Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectra Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectra Derived from simultaneous measurements of Derived from simultaneous measurements of

Radiative flux and aerosol optical depthRadiative flux and aerosol optical depth

Aerosol Amount, Aerosol Amount, AOD(499 nm)AOD(499 nm)

Jetstream 31 (J31)

Bergstrom et al., Bergstrom et al., JGRJGR, 2004, 200412 April 2001, ACE-Asia12 April 2001, ACE-Asia

UV-Vis-SWIRUV-Vis-SWIR

Covers Covers range of OMI- range of OMI-UV, OMI-MW, MISR, MODIS, UV, OMI-MW, MISR, MODIS, CALIPSO, HSRL, Glory CALIPSO, HSRL, Glory ASP, RSP, POLDER, …ASP, RSP, POLDER, …

Coalbedo (1-SSA) varies Coalbedo (1-SSA) varies by factor 4, by factor 4, = 350-900 nm = 350-900 nm


Coordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative missionsCoordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative missions

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Surface albedo effect?

Comparison of OMI, AATS, & AERONET AOD at T0 (Mexico City), 19 Mar 2006

AERONET, T0

AATS-14, T0


Ae

roso

l Op

tica

l De

pth

Ae

roso

l Op

tica

l De

pth

[[m]m]

Jetstream 31 (J31)

Early Results from INTEX-B (2006)

Specially modified by NASA to measure atmospheric

constituents and surfaces via their effect on the solar energy

that drives climate

AATS-14AATS-14

CARCAR

SSFR

NavMetNavMet POSPOS

RSPRSP

Preparing for Glory, RSP measured polarized surface reflectance & aerosols over ocean & Mexico City [Cairns et al.]

AATS is testing aerosol retrievals by OMI, MODIS & MISR on Aura, Aqua & Terra, and by HSRLidar on B200, preparing for AEGIS [Redemann, Livingston, Russell, Torres, Remer, Martins, Kahn, Hostettler, Ferrare, Clarke et al.]

Alti

tud

e [

km]

Alti

tud

e [

km]

Aerosol Extinction [kmAerosol Extinction [km-1-1]]


Coordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative missionsCoordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative missions

J31

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Surface Albedo or Reflectance (as fcn(l), polarized)Surface Albedo or Reflectance (as fcn(l), polarized)








Climate Change Science in INTEX-A/ICARTT Climate Change Science in INTEX-A/ICARTT Measurements of Aerosol Effects on the Measurements of Aerosol Effects on the

Solar Energy that Drives ClimateSolar Energy that Drives Climate

So

lar

ener

gy

[W m

So

lar

ener

gy

[W m

-2-2]]

Aerosol Amount, Aerosol Amount, AOD(499 nm)AOD(499 nm)

Jetstream 31 (J31)

Fo

rcin

g E

ffic

ien

cy [

W m

Fo

rcin

g E

ffic

ien

cy [

W m

-2-2]]

CaseCase

Slope =Aerosol Radiative Forcing Efficiency

Case 2,

21 Jul2004

Scientific Conclusions

1.The gradients (spatial variations) in AOD that occur frequently off the US East coast provide a natural laboratory for studying effects of aerosol particles on solar energy, and hence on climate.

2.For the average aerosol optical depth of ~0.5 in the 10 cases shown above, aerosols on average reduced the incident visible solar radiation energy flux by (near midday) 40 W m-2 (= 0.5 x -80 W m-2; see right frame above); demonstrating significant regional aerosol climate forcing.

Redemann et al., Redemann et al., JGRJGR, , accepted 2006accepted 2006

Livingston/Russell, Aura ST, Boulder, Sep 2006

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J31: Specially modified by NASA to measure atmospheric constituents and surfaces via their effect on the solar energy that drives climate

AATS-14AATS-14 CARCAR

SSFR

NavMetNavMet POSPOS

RSPRSP

Livingston/Russell, Aura ST, Boulder, Sep 2006

End of Presentation

Remaining Slides are Backup

1) Aerosol direct effect: use of airborne sensors 1) Aerosol direct effect: use of airborne sensors

- support satellite cloud screening (possible cloud - support satellite cloud screening (possible cloud contamination)contamination)

- 3-D effect of clouds on adjacent clear sky retrievals (much - 3-D effect of clouds on adjacent clear sky retrievals (much more easily done over-ocean; note that this is different from more easily done over-ocean; note that this is different from "classic" cloud contamination, by which a pixel contains an un-"classic" cloud contamination, by which a pixel contains an un-resolved cloud)resolved cloud)

- measure the spatial extent and properties of cloud halos- measure the spatial extent and properties of cloud halos

- verify TOA and vertically resolved satellite-derived energy - verify TOA and vertically resolved satellite-derived energy "fluxes""fluxes"

- validate Glory to be launched 2008- validate Glory to be launched 2008

- check the consistency of AERONET retrievals of aerosol - check the consistency of AERONET retrievals of aerosol microphysicsmicrophysics

2) Aerosol indirect effect: use of airborne sensors 2) Aerosol indirect effect: use of airborne sensors

- support cloud screening (ensure spatial correspondence of - support cloud screening (ensure spatial correspondence of cloudy and clear elements)cloudy and clear elements)

- below-cloud and cloud-adjacent aerosol/CCN spectra/chemistry- below-cloud and cloud-adjacent aerosol/CCN spectra/chemistry

- validate satellite cloud properties (no AERONET-like network, - validate satellite cloud properties (no AERONET-like network, therefore airborne validation may be relatively more important)therefore airborne validation may be relatively more important)

Motivation: Simultaneous satellite and airborne aerosol remote sensing in the vicinity of clouds

Nikolaeva et al., JQSRT, 2005Nikolaeva et al., JQSRT, 2005

GLORYCALIPSOCloudSat

Halo effect – enhances aerosol scatter near cloud

Cloud edge enhanced radiance

M. Schoeberl Thoughts on Satellites to 2010M. Schoeberl Thoughts on Satellites to 2010

Aura should be still flying with OMI aerosol informationAura should be still flying with OMI aerosol information

Aqua will probably still be going with MODISAqua will probably still be going with MODIS

Terra - not so sure - that would remove MISRTerra - not so sure - that would remove MISR

CALIPSO will probably be deadCALIPSO will probably be dead

Glory with APS will be flying in the A-trainGlory with APS will be flying in the A-trainMaring: will need science/cal/val missionsMaring: will need science/cal/val missions

Cloudsat will probably be workingCloudsat will probably be working

PARASOL will probably be dead or out of the A-train due to PARASOL will probably be dead or out of the A-train due to lack of fuel.lack of fuel.

NPP will be up with VIIRS and OMPS nadir NPP will be up with VIIRS and OMPS nadir - but OMPS aerosol capability is uncertain.- but OMPS aerosol capability is uncertain.


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Coordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative missions

Models of:- Chem & Trans- Rad Effects

-Current: -Potential:

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Current Ongoing Relevant Aerosol Measurement Issues Satellite Validation —especially newer...

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