6312

en

06/1

5

KÜTTNER GMBH & CO. KG

Die Register-Nr. ist 6312-de, en, ru oder cn + Datum z.B. 06/15

Küttner GmbH & Co. KG Tel. +49 (0) 201 72 93 – 0 info@kuettner.comAlfredstr. 28 · 45130 Essen Fax +49 (0) 201 7293 170 www.kuettner.com

CUPOLAMODERN MELTING PLANTS

MORE THAN 450 CUPOLAS WORLDWIDE – DIFFERENT TYPES

The Cupola furnace with hot blast generation has been established over many years as state-of-the-art for the production of gray and ductile iron for serial castings.

Küttner has built over 450 cupolas, in capacities ranging from 7 to 100 t/h, and offers the ap-propriate design for specifi c process requirements.

Küttner has developed a sophisticated Cupola fur-nace design with long-life insulation and a proven furnace hearth geometry for special metallurgical tasks. Oxygen injection systems to improve ther-mal effi ciency, and coke fi nes injection for fl exible carburization, are also recommended. Different methods for treatment of the iron for desulphuriza-tion and magnesium are available.

Küttner designs the dry gas cleaning system in a way that the required limits for dust, CO, and SOx can be achieved reliably. This is ensured by special process technology with complete combustion, cooling, and particle separation in a Bag Filter system.

Approximately 30 percent of the energy of the off-gas from the cupola can be used by generating hot blast. A variety of solutions based on thermal

oil and steam systems are available. Solutions for the heating of furnaces for core drying and paint-ing, and also for vaporization of curing chambers, are implemented at site. Blast air dehumidifi ca-tion systems are effi cient in humid and tropical regions. Examples of multi-site-integrated solutions have been implemented between foundries and neighboring companies from paper industries, laundries, and food manufacturers having a need for process heat.

Originally an engineering company, founded in 1949, Küttner has evolved into a worldwide group of companies working in plant engineering and construction. The com-pany supplies and installs turnkey plants for a wide range of process technologies; including melting and material handling in the iron, steel, and foundry industries.

KÜTTNER is the leading supplier for Cupola technology worldwide, having built more than 450 cupolas of differ-ent types; due to their specifi c know how and experience

with melting capacities up to 100 t/h, as well as for long campaign operation.

The services provided include development of new tech-nologies, engineering and design, supply, installation, and start-up of plants complete with controls and data process-ing systems.

The Küttner-Group is represented in the international mar-kets through a network of agents and affi liated companies.

Low melting cost• High metallurgical fl exibility• Long campaign lining• High melting effi ciency

Low emissions

Modern cupola plant with:

– Below charge gas take off

– Lining for long campaign operation

– Insulated hot blast ducts

– Water-cooled copper tuyeres

– OXIJET oxygen lances

– Pressure syphon

6312

en

06/1

5

KÜTTNER GMBH & CO. KG

Die Register-Nr. ist 6312-de, en, ru oder cn + Datum z.B. 06/15

Küttner GmbH & Co. KG Tel. +49 (0) 201 72 93 – 0 info@kuettner.comAlfredstr. 28 · 45130 Essen Fax +49 (0) 201 7293 170 www.kuettner.com

CUPOLAMODERN MELTING PLANTS

MORE THAN 450 CUPOLAS WORLDWIDE – DIFFERENT TYPES

The Cupola furnace with hot blast generation has been established over many years as state-of-the-art for the production of gray and ductile iron for serial castings.

Küttner has built over 450 cupolas, in capacities ranging from 7 to 100 t/h, and offers the ap-propriate design for specifi c process requirements.

Küttner has developed a sophisticated Cupola fur-nace design with long-life insulation and a proven furnace hearth geometry for special metallurgical tasks. Oxygen injection systems to improve ther-mal effi ciency, and coke fi nes injection for fl exible carburization, are also recommended. Different methods for treatment of the iron for desulphuriza-tion and magnesium are available.

Küttner designs the dry gas cleaning system in a way that the required limits for dust, CO, and SOx can be achieved reliably. This is ensured by special process technology with complete combustion, cooling, and particle separation in a Bag Filter system.

Approximately 30 percent of the energy of the off-gas from the cupola can be used by generating hot blast. A variety of solutions based on thermal

oil and steam systems are available. Solutions for the heating of furnaces for core drying and paint-ing, and also for vaporization of curing chambers, are implemented at site. Blast air dehumidifi ca-tion systems are effi cient in humid and tropical regions. Examples of multi-site-integrated solutions have been implemented between foundries and neighboring companies from paper industries, laundries, and food manufacturers having a need for process heat.

Originally an engineering company, founded in 1949, Küttner has evolved into a worldwide group of companies working in plant engineering and construction. The com-pany supplies and installs turnkey plants for a wide range of process technologies; including melting and material handling in the iron, steel, and foundry industries.

KÜTTNER is the leading supplier for Cupola technology worldwide, having built more than 450 cupolas of differ-ent types; due to their specifi c know how and experience

with melting capacities up to 100 t/h, as well as for long campaign operation.

The services provided include development of new tech-nologies, engineering and design, supply, installation, and start-up of plants complete with controls and data process-ing systems.

The Küttner-Group is represented in the international mar-kets through a network of agents and affi liated companies.

Low melting cost• High metallurgical fl exibility• Long campaign lining• High melting effi ciency

Low emissions

Modern cupola plant with:

– Below charge gas take off

– Lining for long campaign operation

– Insulated hot blast ducts

– Water-cooled copper tuyeres

– OXIJET oxygen lances

– Pressure syphon

THE PLANT CONCEPT FOR CAPACITIES FROM 15-100 T/H

CUPOLA FOR CAPACITIES BELOW 15 T/H

Environmental impactModern cupola plants are equipped with a below charge complete furnace gas extraction with combustion and heat recovery for blast heating to max. 600 °C. The typical permitted limits can be reached with high reliability.

Cupola produces high quality base iron at low costModern cupolas of medium and high capacities are designed to be charged with a variety of cheap iron qualities. Due to the high cost for quality foundry coke, this energy source is partially replaced by cheaper substitutes so that typically two grades of coke are used. The required carburization is adjusted by the height of the cupola hearth. The carbon pick-up can be adjusted online by injection of coke fi nes.

To reduce the primary energy consumption of new plants the daily / weekly iron demand has to be studied. Based on this study, a “furnace profi le” is designed to run the furnace in its sweet spot to avoid unnecessary energy losses. Operation with up to 600 °C hot blast, and a reasonable amount of injected Oxygen, leads to a favorable temperature profi le.

Long campaign operationLong campaign cupolas are equipped with water cooled tuyeres and high SiC refractory lining. The cooling circuits are operated separately and are backed up by emergency water.

Refractory lifetimes of 2 weeks for a syphon, and 4 months for the furnace hearth, can be reached after proper refractory installation and proper furnace operation, resulting in a refrac-tory consumption of 1-2kg/t iron.

Charge make-up by computer based recipes

Charging with skipDüker, Karlstadt/GERMANY

Cold blast cupola

Fa. Eisenguß, Mosbach/GERMANY

Large cupolas 25 - 40 t/h

for motor block producers FAW, Weichai Power, and MEC

Melting on hot coke bed provides highest fl exibility for the selection of iron units• allows oxidized scrap due to reducing atmosphere

• 100% zinc coated material can be used; since zinc evaporates in the upper furnace and is collected as ZnO in the baghouse fi lter

• Shot blasting of returns is not necessary

• Oil contaminated scrap can be accepted, with respective adsorbens injected in the dry gas cleaning system.

• The charge size requirements are lower than in an induction furnace

Coke fi red cupola with reducing atmosphereCupolas with small capacity are generally refractory lined.

KÜTTNER builds small furnaces with long campaign lining as an alternative to conventional furnaces which are alternated daily between being operated and being relined. Cold blast furnaces are equipped with Oxygen injection to assure tap-ping at high temperatures around 1,500 °C. Furnaces which are operated only 1 shift per day do not require cooling.

For furnaces which are operated 2 or 3 shifts per day, the iron temperature is reached by preheated blast and a reasonable injection of Oxygen. Such continuously operated furnaces are equipped with tuyere and shell cooling.

Cokeless cupola produces low carbon, low sulphur iron

The cokeless cupola was built several times in the early 1990s to produce grey and ductile iron in small amounts.The gas fi red design with water cooled grid, a 1-layer bed of ceramic balls, and subsequent electric superheater, has proven its performance in over 20 years of operation.

Due to the oxidizing atmosphere and the missing coke bed, the raw material choice has similar restrictions as for electric melting. Specifi cally, the portion of steel scrap is limited to 30%.

PROVEN AUXILIARY INSTALLATIONS

OXIJETSupersonic lances for oxygen

OXIJET lances infl uence the temperature profi le and increa-se the thermal effi ciency of the furnaceOxygen is injected at high effi ciency via supersonic OXYJET lances into all kinds of cupolas. This process assures that the Oxygen stream is focused, and penetrates into the furnace center. Such operation promotes center melting at low shell heat losses.

The temperature profi le reaches an overall higher, but locally more focused, peak; leading to higher thermal effi ciency, and fi nally, higher tapping temperatures.

Treatment of iron and slagAlloyed iron grades are produced by addition of the fi ne alloys into the moving hot metal in short coil crucible furnaces. The metal is then heated to pouring temperature.

For nodular iron, the cupola base iron is desul-phurized to 0.01% S in a fi rst step by addition of de-S agent. Then it is treated by addition of Magnesium in a second step to form the typical nodular graphite structure to 0.005% S and 0.04% Mg.

Slag is a valuable by-product. Dry granulation pro-duces a lumpy material that can be used for road construction; while wet granulation produces a fi ne sand that can be sold to the cement industry.

Heat utilization and storageModern cupola plants already use 1/3 of their process heat for hot blast generation. In typical cases, about 50% of the process heat remains for further heat recovery purposes.

Year round users like heating systems for annealing or drying furnaces, or for the generation of steam for drying or curing processes, are ideally using this remaining Heat Energy. Combined heating systems reduce the overall consumption of fossil fuels, and of CO2 emissions.

Continuous ladle de-S

Harz Guss, Zorge/GERMANY

Cokeless Cupola for 3-5 t/h with electric superheater

Guss Fertigungs GmbH, Vienna/AUSTRIA

German Expected limits values

Dust < 20 < 5 mg/Nm3

SO2 < 500 < 100 mg/Nm3

NOx < 100 < 50 mg/Nm3

CO < 150 < 20 mg/Nm3

Hot blast cupola

typical concept with two hol-ding furnaces, e.g., for low/ high carbon base iron

Specifi c energy diagram for modern hot blast cupola in kWh/t iron

Coke & Alloys: 805 kWh/t

INTERNAL / EXTERNAL USE:

Oil/Steam/Water 220 kWh/t

Iron/Slag: 425 kWh/t

Heat Losses:

Off-Gas: 80 kWh/t

Surfaces: 25 kWh/t

Cooling Water: 55 kWh/t

Top Gas: 425 kWh/t

Hot Blast 100 kWh/t

Bucket-Charging-System

Bag fi lter

Slag granulation

Hot blast cupola

Below charge gas take-off

Gas combustion

Heat recovery

THE PLANT CONCEPT FOR CAPACITIES FROM 15-100 T/H

CUPOLA FOR CAPACITIES BELOW 15 T/H

Environmental impactModern cupola plants are equipped with a below charge complete furnace gas extraction with combustion and heat recovery for blast heating to max. 600 °C. The typical permitted limits can be reached with high reliability.

Cupola produces high quality base iron at low costModern cupolas of medium and high capacities are designed to be charged with a variety of cheap iron qualities. Due to the high cost for quality foundry coke, this energy source is partially replaced by cheaper substitutes so that typically two grades of coke are used. The required carburization is adjusted by the height of the cupola hearth. The carbon pick-up can be adjusted online by injection of coke fi nes.

To reduce the primary energy consumption of new plants the daily / weekly iron demand has to be studied. Based on this study, a “furnace profi le” is designed to run the furnace in its sweet spot to avoid unnecessary energy losses. Operation with up to 600 °C hot blast, and a reasonable amount of injected Oxygen, leads to a favorable temperature profi le.

Long campaign operationLong campaign cupolas are equipped with water cooled tuyeres and high SiC refractory lining. The cooling circuits are operated separately and are backed up by emergency water.

Refractory lifetimes of 2 weeks for a syphon, and 4 months for the furnace hearth, can be reached after proper refractory installation and proper furnace operation, resulting in a refrac-tory consumption of 1-2kg/t iron.

Charge make-up by computer based recipes

Charging with skipDüker, Karlstadt/GERMANY

Cold blast cupola

Fa. Eisenguß, Mosbach/GERMANY

Large cupolas 25 - 40 t/h

for motor block producers FAW, Weichai Power, and MEC

Melting on hot coke bed provides highest fl exibility for the selection of iron units• allows oxidized scrap due to reducing atmosphere

• 100% zinc coated material can be used; since zinc evaporates in the upper furnace and is collected as ZnO in the baghouse fi lter

• Shot blasting of returns is not necessary

• Oil contaminated scrap can be accepted, with respective adsorbens injected in the dry gas cleaning system.

• The charge size requirements are lower than in an induction furnace

Coke fi red cupola with reducing atmosphereCupolas with small capacity are generally refractory lined.

KÜTTNER builds small furnaces with long campaign lining as an alternative to conventional furnaces which are alternated daily between being operated and being relined. Cold blast furnaces are equipped with Oxygen injection to assure tap-ping at high temperatures around 1,500 °C. Furnaces which are operated only 1 shift per day do not require cooling.

For furnaces which are operated 2 or 3 shifts per day, the iron temperature is reached by preheated blast and a reasonable injection of Oxygen. Such continuously operated furnaces are equipped with tuyere and shell cooling.

Cokeless cupola produces low carbon, low sulphur iron

The cokeless cupola was built several times in the early 1990s to produce grey and ductile iron in small amounts.The gas fi red design with water cooled grid, a 1-layer bed of ceramic balls, and subsequent electric superheater, has proven its performance in over 20 years of operation.

Due to the oxidizing atmosphere and the missing coke bed, the raw material choice has similar restrictions as for electric melting. Specifi cally, the portion of steel scrap is limited to 30%.

PROVEN AUXILIARY INSTALLATIONS

OXIJETSupersonic lances for oxygen

OXIJET lances infl uence the temperature profi le and increa-se the thermal effi ciency of the furnaceOxygen is injected at high effi ciency via supersonic OXYJET lances into all kinds of cupolas. This process assures that the Oxygen stream is focused, and penetrates into the furnace center. Such operation promotes center melting at low shell heat losses.

The temperature profi le reaches an overall higher, but locally more focused, peak; leading to higher thermal effi ciency, and fi nally, higher tapping temperatures.

Treatment of iron and slagAlloyed iron grades are produced by addition of the fi ne alloys into the moving hot metal in short coil crucible furnaces. The metal is then heated to pouring temperature.

For nodular iron, the cupola base iron is desul-phurized to 0.01% S in a fi rst step by addition of de-S agent. Then it is treated by addition of Magnesium in a second step to form the typical nodular graphite structure to 0.005% S and 0.04% Mg.

Slag is a valuable by-product. Dry granulation pro-duces a lumpy material that can be used for road construction; while wet granulation produces a fi ne sand that can be sold to the cement industry.

Heat utilization and storageModern cupola plants already use 1/3 of their process heat for hot blast generation. In typical cases, about 50% of the process heat remains for further heat recovery purposes.

Year round users like heating systems for annealing or drying furnaces, or for the generation of steam for drying or curing processes, are ideally using this remaining Heat Energy. Combined heating systems reduce the overall consumption of fossil fuels, and of CO2 emissions.

Continuous ladle de-S

Harz Guss, Zorge/GERMANY

Cokeless Cupola for 3-5 t/h with electric superheater

Guss Fertigungs GmbH, Vienna/AUSTRIA

German Expected limits values

Dust < 20 < 5 mg/Nm3

SO2 < 500 < 100 mg/Nm3

NOx < 100 < 50 mg/Nm3

CO < 150 < 20 mg/Nm3

Hot blast cupola

typical concept with two hol-ding furnaces, e.g., for low/ high carbon base iron

Specifi c energy diagram for modern hot blast cupola in kWh/t iron

Coke & Alloys: 805 kWh/t

INTERNAL / EXTERNAL USE:

Oil/Steam/Water 220 kWh/t

Iron/Slag: 425 kWh/t

Heat Losses:

Off-Gas: 80 kWh/t

Surfaces: 25 kWh/t

Cooling Water: 55 kWh/t

Top Gas: 425 kWh/t

Hot Blast 100 kWh/t

Bucket-Charging-System

Bag fi lter

Slag granulation

Hot blast cupola

Below charge gas take-off

Gas combustion

Heat recovery

THE PLANT CONCEPT FOR CAPACITIES FROM 15-100 T/H

CUPOLA FOR CAPACITIES BELOW 15 T/H

Environmental impactModern cupola plants are equipped with a below charge complete furnace gas extraction with combustion and heat recovery for blast heating to max. 600 °C. The typical permitted limits can be reached with high reliability.

Cupola produces high quality base iron at low costModern cupolas of medium and high capacities are designed to be charged with a variety of cheap iron qualities. Due to the high cost for quality foundry coke, this energy source is partially replaced by cheaper substitutes so that typically two grades of coke are used. The required carburization is adjusted by the height of the cupola hearth. The carbon pick-up can be adjusted online by injection of coke fi nes.

To reduce the primary energy consumption of new plants the daily / weekly iron demand has to be studied. Based on this study, a “furnace profi le” is designed to run the furnace in its sweet spot to avoid unnecessary energy losses. Operation with up to 600 °C hot blast, and a reasonable amount of injected Oxygen, leads to a favorable temperature profi le.

Long campaign operationLong campaign cupolas are equipped with water cooled tuyeres and high SiC refractory lining. The cooling circuits are operated separately and are backed up by emergency water.

Refractory lifetimes of 2 weeks for a syphon, and 4 months for the furnace hearth, can be reached after proper refractory installation and proper furnace operation, resulting in a refrac-tory consumption of 1-2kg/t iron.

Charge make-up by computer based recipes

Charging with skipDüker, Karlstadt/GERMANY

Cold blast cupola

Fa. Eisenguß, Mosbach/GERMANY

Large cupolas 25 - 40 t/h

for motor block producers FAW, Weichai Power, and MEC

Melting on hot coke bed provides highest fl exibility for the selection of iron units• allows oxidized scrap due to reducing atmosphere

• 100% zinc coated material can be used; since zinc evaporates in the upper furnace and is collected as ZnO in the baghouse fi lter

• Shot blasting of returns is not necessary

• Oil contaminated scrap can be accepted, with respective adsorbens injected in the dry gas cleaning system.

• The charge size requirements are lower than in an induction furnace

Coke fi red cupola with reducing atmosphereCupolas with small capacity are generally refractory lined.

KÜTTNER builds small furnaces with long campaign lining as an alternative to conventional furnaces which are alternated daily between being operated and being relined. Cold blast furnaces are equipped with Oxygen injection to assure tap-ping at high temperatures around 1,500 °C. Furnaces which are operated only 1 shift per day do not require cooling.

For furnaces which are operated 2 or 3 shifts per day, the iron temperature is reached by preheated blast and a reasonable injection of Oxygen. Such continuously operated furnaces are equipped with tuyere and shell cooling.

Cokeless cupola produces low carbon, low sulphur iron

The cokeless cupola was built several times in the early 1990s to produce grey and ductile iron in small amounts.The gas fi red design with water cooled grid, a 1-layer bed of ceramic balls, and subsequent electric superheater, has proven its performance in over 20 years of operation.

Due to the oxidizing atmosphere and the missing coke bed, the raw material choice has similar restrictions as for electric melting. Specifi cally, the portion of steel scrap is limited to 30%.

PROVEN AUXILIARY INSTALLATIONS

OXIJETSupersonic lances for oxygen

OXIJET lances infl uence the temperature profi le and increa-se the thermal effi ciency of the furnaceOxygen is injected at high effi ciency via supersonic OXYJET lances into all kinds of cupolas. This process assures that the Oxygen stream is focused, and penetrates into the furnace center. Such operation promotes center melting at low shell heat losses.

The temperature profi le reaches an overall higher, but locally more focused, peak; leading to higher thermal effi ciency, and fi nally, higher tapping temperatures.

Treatment of iron and slagAlloyed iron grades are produced by addition of the fi ne alloys into the moving hot metal in short coil crucible furnaces. The metal is then heated to pouring temperature.

For nodular iron, the cupola base iron is desul-phurized to 0.01% S in a fi rst step by addition of de-S agent. Then it is treated by addition of Magnesium in a second step to form the typical nodular graphite structure to 0.005% S and 0.04% Mg.

Slag is a valuable by-product. Dry granulation pro-duces a lumpy material that can be used for road construction; while wet granulation produces a fi ne sand that can be sold to the cement industry.

Heat utilization and storageModern cupola plants already use 1/3 of their process heat for hot blast generation. In typical cases, about 50% of the process heat remains for further heat recovery purposes.

Year round users like heating systems for annealing or drying furnaces, or for the generation of steam for drying or curing processes, are ideally using this remaining Heat Energy. Combined heating systems reduce the overall consumption of fossil fuels, and of CO2 emissions.

Continuous ladle de-S

Harz Guss, Zorge/GERMANY

Cokeless Cupola for 3-5 t/h with electric superheater

Guss Fertigungs GmbH, Vienna/AUSTRIA

German Expected limits values

Dust < 20 < 5 mg/Nm3

SO2 < 500 < 100 mg/Nm3

NOx < 100 < 50 mg/Nm3

CO < 150 < 20 mg/Nm3

Hot blast cupola

typical concept with two hol-ding furnaces, e.g., for low/ high carbon base iron

Specifi c energy diagram for modern hot blast cupola in kWh/t iron

Coke & Alloys: 805 kWh/t

INTERNAL / EXTERNAL USE:

Oil/Steam/Water 220 kWh/t

Iron/Slag: 425 kWh/t

Heat Losses:

Off-Gas: 80 kWh/t

Surfaces: 25 kWh/t

Cooling Water: 55 kWh/t

Top Gas: 425 kWh/t

Hot Blast 100 kWh/t

Bucket-Charging-System

Bag fi lter

Slag granulation

Hot blast cupola

Below charge gas take-off

Gas combustion

Heat recovery

6312

en

06/1

5

KÜTTNER GMBH & CO. KG

Die Register-Nr. ist 6312-de, en, ru oder cn + Datum z.B. 06/15

Küttner GmbH & Co. KG Tel. +49 (0) 201 72 93 – 0 info@kuettner.comAlfredstr. 28 · 45130 Essen Fax +49 (0) 201 7293 170 www.kuettner.com

CUPOLAMODERN MELTING PLANTS

MORE THAN 450 CUPOLAS WORLDWIDE – DIFFERENT TYPES

The Cupola furnace with hot blast generation has been established over many years as state-of-the-art for the production of gray and ductile iron for serial castings.

Küttner has built over 450 cupolas, in capacities ranging from 7 to 100 t/h, and offers the ap-propriate design for specifi c process requirements.

Küttner has developed a sophisticated Cupola fur-nace design with long-life insulation and a proven furnace hearth geometry for special metallurgical tasks. Oxygen injection systems to improve ther-mal effi ciency, and coke fi nes injection for fl exible carburization, are also recommended. Different methods for treatment of the iron for desulphuriza-tion and magnesium are available.

Küttner designs the dry gas cleaning system in a way that the required limits for dust, CO, and SOx can be achieved reliably. This is ensured by special process technology with complete combustion, cooling, and particle separation in a Bag Filter system.

Approximately 30 percent of the energy of the off-gas from the cupola can be used by generating hot blast. A variety of solutions based on thermal

oil and steam systems are available. Solutions for the heating of furnaces for core drying and paint-ing, and also for vaporization of curing chambers, are implemented at site. Blast air dehumidifi ca-tion systems are effi cient in humid and tropical regions. Examples of multi-site-integrated solutions have been implemented between foundries and neighboring companies from paper industries, laundries, and food manufacturers having a need for process heat.

Originally an engineering company, founded in 1949, Küttner has evolved into a worldwide group of companies working in plant engineering and construction. The com-pany supplies and installs turnkey plants for a wide range of process technologies; including melting and material handling in the iron, steel, and foundry industries.

KÜTTNER is the leading supplier for Cupola technology worldwide, having built more than 450 cupolas of differ-ent types; due to their specifi c know how and experience

with melting capacities up to 100 t/h, as well as for long campaign operation.

The services provided include development of new tech-nologies, engineering and design, supply, installation, and start-up of plants complete with controls and data process-ing systems.

The Küttner-Group is represented in the international mar-kets through a network of agents and affi liated companies.

Low melting cost• High metallurgical fl exibility• Long campaign lining• High melting effi ciency

Low emissions

Modern cupola plant with:

– Below charge gas take off

– Lining for long campaign operation

– Insulated hot blast ducts

– Water-cooled copper tuyeres

– OXIJET oxygen lances

– Pressure syphon