Donald P. Frush, MD

No Disclosures

Cumulative Radiation Dose Recording and Monitoring:

Are We Ready?

National Medical Radiation

Tracking: Regulatory Requirements

There are none…..

Sodickson et al Radiology 2009; 251

• 33% > 5 CTs • 5% 22-132

Retrospective: CT Examinations

________________ • 15% ED > 100 mSv • 4% 250 -1375 mSv • 1% >399 mSv

• 0.2% of enrollees >20 mSv � Fazel 2009 NEJM 361

• SAH: mean dose 12.8 Gy (max 36.1 Gy) � Moskowitz 2010 Am J Neuroradiol 31

• Other investigations: � Chronic illness (Stein 2010 JACR 7 ) � Emergency setting (Griffey and Sodickson 2009 AJR

192) � Pediatric cardiology (Ait-Ali 2010 Heart 96) � Oncology: max 642 mSv (Ahmed 2010 Pediatrics 126)

Imaging Examination Radiation

“...13 fold variation in CT dose”

(although…a far greater evil is

having no variation).

“I am contacting you to ask about the radiation exposure my son has had when having a CT angiogram … Can I make the

radiation exposure request or does his physician need to? Here is my son’s

information and the date of his CT angiogram. I am wanting to get his radiation

exposure in a file for his health history. Thank you for your time. ”

September 11th, 2011

But we really don’t know if there is a risk with low level exposures…

….true, bit doesn’t matter.

If we don’t control this, someone will for us

We have a responsibility to

know individual and cumulative (CT) dose, and what this does or doesn’t signify…

patients

colleagues regulatory organizations

Tidal Poole Software http://www.tidalpool.ca/radiationpassport/index.html

What is a Botswanan pula? 1,218,060 pulas?

http://www.netcarshow.com/ferrari/2003-360_challenge_stradale/800x600/wallpaper_01.htm

= $180,000 US

= 1,218,060 P (Botswana)

Cumulative Dose

Cumulative radiation record, … but also more accurate dose estimations and

significance of these estimations:

- Reference levels - Age/gender appropriate risks

Pediatric CT Dose Estimation

AAPM TG 204 reportApril 2011

http://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/RPT_204.pdf

• Consensus development • Simple • Meaningful • Consistent

– across specialties – across geographies

• Commutable • Protected • Electronic medical record

Cumulative Dose

Must become automated…

• Track individual patient doses, and • Track institutional dose profile

Courtesy Olav Christianson, RAIL

Optical Character Recognition

Courtesy Olav Christianson, RAIL

Duke Rad Tracker

Dose and Risk Calculations

TT

Tw HE ���average over gender and age groups

Effective Dose (ICRP 103)

Risk Index

TT

Tr HR ���

Brenner, Br J Radiol 81, 521-523 (2008) Courtesy Ehsan Samei, PhD

(BEIR VII)

tissue-, gender-, and age-specific

*q in units of cases /10,000 exposed /mGy-cm Courtesy of Dr. Xiang Li

Duke Rad Tracker: 20 Yr Old k (mSv/mGy-cm) q (cases/10,000 exposed/mGy-cm)

gender

averaged* male female

chest-abdomen-pelvis 0.018 0.016 0.032

chest 0.025 0.018 0.051

abdomen-pelvis 0.018 0.017 0.028

abdomen 0.023 0.018 0.037

pelvis 0.011 0.016 0.013

adrenals 0.026 0.021 0.030

liver 0.026 0.019 0.044

kidneys 0.020 0.017 0.022

liver to kidneys 0.024 0.018 0.039

kidneys to bladder 0.015 0.017 0.019

head 0.0014 0.0013 0.0018neck 0.0051 0.0043 0.0109

head and neck 0.0034 0.0030 0.0067

* Per its definition, effective dose was calculated using gender-averaged organ dose values.

Courtesy Olav Christianson, RAIL

Duke Rad Tracker: QA/QI

Challenges: denham article • Types of procedures

– diagnostic – interventional

• All ages? • What should be recorded?

– procedure? – units: ED? Organ dose? CTDI/DLP? – risk indices?

• How archived? – in report?

• Who is responsible?

Cumulative Dose

• Responsibility for monitoring? • Will it change practice? • Will it change quality of care?

Will it Change Practice?

We don’t order studies… change must involve referring

healthcare providers

Cumulative Dose

Sistrom et al. Radiology 2009; 251: 147

Available at Point of Care??

CT dose 10 mSv Risk est. = xx Prior CTs = yy

April 2009

• if accountability is a component of quality, • if we are a major stakeholder, • if information is meaningful and available, …. then yes

Will it change quality of care? …

Recording Radiation Dose:

Cumulative CT Radiation Record