Culture. What is culture, and what role does it play in society and in its members lives? culture -...
Transcript of Culture. What is culture, and what role does it play in society and in its members lives? culture -...
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Culture
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What is culture, and what role does it play in society and in its members lives? culture - The way of life in a
particular society. Knowledge, values, customs and physical objects shared by members of a society. 1. The particular content of culture
varies from place to place, but all human cultures have the same basic elements.
2. cultural elements - values, norms, symbols, language, knowledge, religion, music, art, food, clothes, housing, leisure activities, media, etc.
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What is culture, and what role does it play in society and in its members lives? B. Human behavior is based on
culture 1. our way of thinking: our hopes and
fears, our likes and dislikes, our beliefs and habits (influenced by the time and place in which we live)
2. virtually everything we say or do - from shaking hands to falling in love.
3. culture is developed, used and modified as necessary (it is constantly changing.
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Heredity - genetic inheritance 1. instincts - innate inheritance
(unlearned)patterns of behavior Is instinct or culture more important in determining human behavior? Why?
2. nature vs. nurture 3. reflexes - automatic reaction to
physical stimulus (babies cry when pinched, eyes contract in bright light)
4. drives - impulse to reduce discomfort (eat when hungry, sleep when tired)
5. culture channels these expressions of biological charac.
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Norms and Values
norms - rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior (3 basic types)
1. folkways - norms that lack moral significance - everyday habits (sleeping on a bed, supporting school activites, a male taking off a hat in church) (breaking a folkway is not considered wicked)
2. mores - norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of the society (standing up for the National Anthem, swearing in church) (breaking a more brings strong disapproval)
a. taboo - most serious mores (a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment) (incest)
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Norms and Values
law - a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials a. sanctions - rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms
1. formal sanctions - imposed by persons given special authority (judges, teachers, gov.)
2. informal sanctions - imposed by most members of a group
3. both can be positive or negativeQuickTime™ and a decompressor
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Norms and Values
Values - deeply held criteria for judging what is good or bad, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly. 1. Why are values important? They have a tremendous influence on human social behavior because they form the basis for norms
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Beliefs and Material Culture A. non-material culture - beliefs, ideas, knowledge that influence people’s behavior 1. beliefs - ideas about the nature of reality (true or false) People base their behavior on what they believe regardless of how true or false the beliefs are.
B. material culture - concrete, tangible objects of a culture - autos, basketballs, chairs, highways, art (physical objects have no meaning apart from what people give them)
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Beliefs and Material Culture Ideal and real culture
1. ideal culture - cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept
2. real culture - actual behavior patterns of members of a group
ex. - honesty - explain?
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Cultural diversity and similarities cultural change - 3 reasons
1. discovery - finding something that already exists (athletic ability of females)
2. invention - creation of something new (cell phones)
3. diffusion - borrowing aspects from other cultures (food, democracy)
Cultural diversity 1. social categories - groupings of persons who
share a social characteristic (age, gender, religion)
2. subculture - a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs in some important respects (San Francisco’s Chinatown)
3. counterculture - a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs
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Cultural diversity and similarity Ethnocentrism - judging others in terms
of one’s own cultural standards (olympics, states, members of schools) 1. advantages - stability is promoted
because traditions and behaviors are highly valued
2. disadvantages - group becomes too rigid and inflexible and cannot change for the better
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - our idea of reality largely depends upon language
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Cultural diversity and similarity Cultural universals - general traits
that exist in all cultures (sports, cooking, courtship, education, etiquette, government, housing, music) 1. cultural particulars - the ways in
which a culture expresses universal traitsex. - role of women/men:
*In the U.S. women are mainly responsible for child rearing
* in New Guinea men are in charge of child rearing
* The Navajo Indians share domestic and economic tasks equally