Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by...
-
Upload
avis-hensley -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
1
Transcript of Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by...
![Page 1: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Culture, Language, Culture, Language, and and CommunicationCommunication
![Page 2: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans.
Language forms the basis for creation and maintenance of human cultures.
In many instances, language differences reflect important differences between cultures.
![Page 3: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Structure of LanguageThe Structure of Language
All languages have: Lexicon Syntax and Grammar Phonology Semantics Pragmatics
Two key linguistic concepts: Phonemes: smallest, most basic units of sound in a
language Morphemes: smallest, most basic units of meaning
![Page 4: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON VERBAL LANGUAGEVERBAL LANGUAGE
![Page 5: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cultural Influences on Language Cultural Influences on Language AcquisitionAcquisition
Culture influences language acquisition from the very early stage through the entire developmental process.
Culture influences all aspects of language.
It is through use of language the an individual is transformed into agent of culture.
![Page 6: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Culture has a powerful influence on verbal and nonverbal encoding and decoding processes.
Culture affects not only language lexicons, but also the function and/or pragmatics.
![Page 7: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Language differences across culturesLanguage differences across cultures
Culture and Lexicons Self-Other Referents
In U.S., the use of “I”, “we”, is prevalent, but in Japan there are cultural rules governing how to refer self and other. It is dependent largely on the status relationship between you and the other person.
This reflects importance of status and group differentiation in Japan.
![Page 8: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Language differences across culturesLanguage differences across cultures
Counting Systems
Different objects counted by different suffix in Japan.
Basis for number
In Japanese (and many languages, including Spanish), cultural meanings of numbers based on the words for one through ten.
![Page 9: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Language differences across culturesLanguage differences across cultures
Culture and Pragmatics Drop of pronouns
The dropping of pronouns occurs Less in individualistic than in collectivistic cultures.
Language use and communication styles Collectivistic cultures use principle of equity
involving greater social penetration when communicating with ingroups
Cultural differences in apology, self-disclosure
![Page 10: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
High vs. Low Context Cultures
This has to do with the extend to which the specific contents of messages are spelled out.
In Low Context Cultures, everything is made crystal clear; no need to read between the lines. “What part of ‘NO’ don’t you understand” mode of communicating.
The opposite is true for High context Cultures. If you don’t read between the lines and understand the cultural context of the words used, you won’t get the meaning of what was said.
![Page 11: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
In-group vs. outgroup communication,
Use of apologies, Self-disclosure, Compliments, and Interpersonal criticism.
![Page 12: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Link Between Culture and Language Link Between Culture and Language
At a more technical level, culture can affect the structure of thought processes ala Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Despite legitimate criticism of the link between culture and thinking, research on bilingualism shows a close relationship between culture and language.
![Page 13: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LanguageLanguage and Thought: and Thought: The Sapir-Whorf HypothesisThe Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: speakers of different language think differently because of differences in languages.
In support of Sapir-Whorf: Navajo children are more likely to categorize objects by shapes than European or African American children.
Challenging Sapir-Whorf: Dani speakers did not have lower ability to discriminate or remember colors than Americans even though they only have two color terms (dark and light).
![Page 14: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Comments on BilingualismComments on Bilingualism
The unique circumstances surrounding communication by individuals who speak more than one language has generated much interest among experimental psychologists, psycholinguists. educators and politicians.
I will address only a few of the more critical issues.
![Page 15: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Perceptions of BilingualsPerceptions of Bilinguals
People have negative impressions and stereotypes about people communicating in their second language.
Foreign language processing difficulties: cognitive difficulties while processing information due to lack of fluency in speaking a language.
Foreign language effect: temporary decline in thinking ability of people using foreign language.
![Page 16: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Language Development of BilingualsLanguage Development of Bilinguals
The context in which the various languages are acquired is a good starting point for our discussion of bilingualism.
Compound vs. coordinate development
![Page 17: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Subordinate DevelopmentSubordinate Development
Meaning
Language A
Language B
![Page 18: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Compound DevelopmentCompound Development
Meaning
Language A Language B
![Page 19: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Coordinate DevelopmentCoordinate Development
Meaning Meaning
Language A Language B
![Page 20: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Linguistic InterferenceLinguistic Interference
“…those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a results of familiarity with more than one language.”
![Page 21: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Types of linguistic interferenceTypes of linguistic interference
1. Semantic
2. Syntactic
3. Lexical
4. Phonological
Linguistic Integration? The Tex-Mex phenomenon.
![Page 22: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Psychological Differences Psychological Differences as a Function of Bilingualismas a Function of Bilingualism
It’s often the case that bilinguals have two mental representations of culture encoded in their minds.
Some research even suggests language-related shifts in personality.
Culture-affiliation hypothesis: immigrant bilinguals tend to affiliated themselves with values and beliefs of culture associated with language currently speaking.
![Page 23: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Psychological Differences Psychological Differences as a Function of Languageas a Function of Language
Minority group-affiliation hypothesis: immigrant bilinguals adopt behavioral stereotypes of majority culture about their minority as their own.
Code frame switching: bilinguals switch back and forth from one cultural meaning system to the other when accessing one language or another.
![Page 24: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cognitive independence vs. Cognitive independence vs. interdependenceinterdependence
Primary DV = Reaction Time
Blue
Green
Red
![Page 25: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Red
Green
Blue
![Page 26: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Azul
Verde
Amarillo
![Page 27: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Overarching ConclusionsOverarching Conclusions
Bilinguals access different cultural systems in their minds when speaking their respective languages.
Culture also affects nonverbal behavior. Despite the well-documented universality of many facial expressions such as anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, as noted in precious lectures, cultures differ in display rules for these pan cultural expressions.
![Page 28: Culture, Language, and Communication. Language is a universal psychological ability possessed by all humans. Language forms the basis for creation.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103006/56649e615503460f94b5cc4e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Overarching ConclusionsOverarching Conclusions
In addition, there are well-established cultural differences in gestures, gaze and visual attention, interpersonal space, body posture, and voice and vocal characteristics.
Basically then, both verbal and nonverbal encoding and decoding processes are influenced by culture.