Understanding Cultural Diversity. Culture, Cultural Traits and ...
Culture and Diversity
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Transcript of Culture and Diversity
Educational Psychology, ALE, 11th EditionISBN 0137144547
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Culture and DiversityCluster 5
Modules 13 – 15
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Focus Questions What is the difference between the
‘melting pot’ and ‘multiculturalism’? What is ‘culture’ and what groups make
up your cultural identity? Why does the school achievement of low-
income students often fall below that of upper- and middle-income students?
What are some examples of conflicts and compatibilities between home and school cultures?
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Overview of Cluster 5I. Today’s Diverse ClassroomsII. Economic and Class DifferencesIII. Ethnic and Racial DifferencesIV. Language DifferencesV. Gender in teaching and learningVI. Multicultural EducationVII. Diversity and Convergences
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What would you do? Review “What would you do?” on p.
191
What is the real problem here? How would you handle the situation? How would you teach eth class to help the students
feel more comfortable with each other? What are your first goals working on this project? How will these issues affect the grade levels you
will teach?
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Today’s Diverse Classrooms American Cultural Diversity
Culture is defined as the knowledge, skills, rules, traditions, beliefs, and values that guide behavior in a particular group of people, as well as the artifacts produced and passed down to the next generation.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Today’s Diverse Classrooms Meet Five Students
Felipe Vargas (5TH grade, Mexican Immigrant)
Ternice Mattox (7th grade, single mother) Benjamin Wittaker (suburban, single father) Davy Walker (2nd grade, afraid of being held
back) Jessie Kinkaid (HS Junior, single mother)
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Today’s Diverse Classrooms Interpreting cultural
differences Individuals are complex
and consist of more than their cultural identity.
Group membership is an umbrella, not a definition.
Race ClassGender
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Today’s Diverse Classrooms Interpreting cultural
differences Cultural differences may be obvious,
but may also be hidden. What are some examples?
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Expectations Stereotyping students can be damaging.
Sometimes stereotypes negatively cast students, causing teachers to hold low expectations.
Sometimes stereotypes positively cast students, causing teacher to hold extremely high expectations.
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Social Class Differences
Social Class Socioeconomic status (SES) is another way
of describing social class, which is an older term that may also refers to social and economic power.
Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic status is defined as the variations
in wealth, power, control over resources, and prestige.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Poverty and Achievement Poverty and School Achievement
Lower student achievement and lower socioeconomic status are moderately correlated
Q: What does correlation mean (recall Module 2)? A: Students from low SES backgrounds are more
likely to be lower achievers.
Why should teachers care about the relation between SES and achievement?
What can teachers do to address the needs of low SES students?
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Poverty and Achievement Why should teachers care about the
relation between SES and achievement? Students from low SES groups tend to experience
higher levels of stress, which may impact achievement.
Minority students tend to be over-represented in low SES groups.
Students who are from low SES backgrounds may be stereotyped as low achievers or tracked into adjusted coursework that does not enable them to reach full potential.
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Ethnicity and Race Ethnicity: groups with a common
nationality, culture, or language.
Race: men and women who share biologically transmitted traits that are defined as socially significant.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Ethnicity and Race What role do race and ethnicity play in schooling?
What is the achievement gap? There is more variation within racial and ethnic groups than
between, but there nonetheless exist disparities among groups.
Some striking examples from the Manhattan Institute:
The public school graduation rate for African Americans in the U.S. is:
56% The public school graduation rate for Latino/as in the U.S. is:
54%
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Ethnicity and Race Students of color (non-majority) are
disproportionately represented in lower socioeconomic groups.
As a result, many minority students fall
into low achieving groups.
Not all minorities are low achievers, and many do not fit with typical stereotypes.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Discrimination and Prejudice Minority groups are groups that
receive unequal or discriminatory treatment
Prejudice is a rigid and irrational judgment about a group of people Also considered a culturally
transmitted set of values Begins before age 6 in many cases
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Stereotype Threat Stereotype threat is “an apprehensiveness
about confirming a stereotype” Individuals whose cultural groups are
stereotyped fear confirming the stereotype. The aversion can affect test performance (see
Steele & Aaronson). Disidentification occurs when students try to
avoid challenges and experience withdrawal, stop caring, even drop out of school.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Language Differences Dialect: Any variety of a language spoken by a
group of people. Includes variation in vocabulary, grammar, and
pronunciation Differs by region, even within small distances or
communities Genderlect: Differences between ways males
and females speak. Accent: inflection, tone, or choice of words
unique to an individual or group of individuals.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Language Differences Bilingualism
Children experience two languages as they are learning to speak
Can be additive (maintain two) or subtractive (lose one)
Multilingualism Learning to speak multiple languages at
once
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Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Language Differences English Language Learners
Students learning English as a second language (ESL) who have already acquired a first language.
ELL students have already developed a comprehension of a first language (e.g. grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation) and are challenged with mapping English onto their prior language knowledge.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Language Differences Giftedness and Bilingualism
Verbal ability is often confused with intellectual capacity.
Many bilingual students report discrimination on the basis of their speaking and writing abilities.
Students who are bilingual may be gifted intellectuals who simply require support attaining the primary language in which education is conducted.
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Gender Bias Gender bias in texts
Check children’s texts for bias in title characters and illustrations
Television can also reinforce gender norms and biases—including children’s television.
Gender bias in teaching Research suggests boys receive
more attention from teachers than girls
Educational Psychology, ALE. 11th EditionAnita WoolfolkISBN 0135094100 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Multicultural Education Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
Strategies for teaching that address the cultural needs and norms of students.
Multicultural Education Teaching about diverse cultural
groups as they relate to curricula.
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Multicultural Education Cultural Skills for Students
Develop and maintain cultural competence
Develop critical consciousness and commitment to cultural change in favor of equity
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Multicultural Education Fostering Resilience
Success in the face of heavy stress or adversity
Academic self-efficacy Behavior self-control Academic self-determination Caring relationships Effective peer relationships Effective home-school relationships
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Melting Pot or Multiculturalism The melting pot approach suggest
cultural groups lose their individual identities and become part of a larger cultural identity.
The multicultural approach suggests various individuals’ retain their cultures as a part of conglomerate of distinct cultural groups.
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Diversity Tharp’s (1989) dimensions of
diversity-fostering classrooms: Social organization Cultural values and learning procedures Cautions about learning styles research Sociolinguistics Sources of misunderstanding