Cultural value & dimensions. Topics 1.Cultural value dimensions Masculinity/Femininity Power...
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Transcript of Cultural value & dimensions. Topics 1.Cultural value dimensions Masculinity/Femininity Power...
Cultural value & dimensions
Topics
1. Cultural value dimensionsMasculinity/Femininity
Power distance
Long term orientation
Achievement v.s ascription
Universalistic v.s particularistic
Specific v.s. diffuse
Affective v.s. neutral
Masculinity- refers to assertiveness, materialism, and a lack of concern for others
Femininity- refer to a concern for others, for relationships, and for the quality of life
In the GLOBE study, gender egalitarianism measures roles men and women are suited for– Denmark and New Zealand most gender
egalitarian; Eastern Europe and Nordic Europe
– Iran and Qatar are the least gender egalitarian; Middle East, Confucian Asia, Germanic Europe
Masculinity and Femininity
In masculine cultures, there is division of gender roles
Masculine cultures emphasize on work goals (earnings) and achievement
In feminine cultures, the social gender roles overlap
Feminine cultures emphasize on having a good working relationship with direct superior and cooperating well with one another
Major Differences between “Feminine” and “Masculine” Cultures
"Feminine" cultures "Masculine" cultures
Flexible sex roles Complementary sex roles
Emphasize nurturance Emphasize achievements
Quality of work life Economic growth
Work in order to live Live in order to work
Environmental issues Business performance
Example
Sweden Japan
Netherlands Austria
Costa Rica Italy
Finland
Power distanceRefer to the level of acceptance by a society of the unequal distribution of power in institution
In large power distance cultures, superiors and subordinates consider each other as existentially unequal → organizations centralize powers as much as possible in few hands at the upper level
Subordinates expect to be told what to do, the ideal boss plays the benevolent autocratic role
Rewards and punishments based on age, rank, status, title and seniority
In small power distance cultures, the hierarchical system is just an inequality of roles, established for convenience; roles may be changed. → Organizations are fairly decentralized
Small power distance cultures value equal power distribution, equal rights and relations, and equitable rewards and punishments based on performance
Power distance
Major Differences between Small Power Distance and Large Power Distance Cultures
Small power distance cultures Large power distance cultures
Emphasize equal distance Emphasize power distance
Individual credibility Seniority, age, rank, title
Symmetrical interaction Asymmetrical interaction
Emphasize informality Emphasize formality
Subordinates expect consultation Expect direction
Example
Austria Malaysia
Israel Arab countries
Denmark India
Canada/USA Philippines
Long-term orientation
Based on Confucian dynamism dimension underlying Chinese values, attitudes and behavior
Long-term orientation refers to the extent to which members of a culture accept delayed gratification of their material, social and emotional needs
Short-Term vs Long-Term Orientation Characteristics
Short-term orientation characteristics
Long-term orientation characteristics
Personal survival/security Social order
Personal respect/dignity Hierarchical respect
Individual face-saving Collective face-saving
Short- to medium-term planning Long-term planning
Spending centered Thrift centered
Short- to medium-term outcomes Long-term outcomes
Example
Pakistan China/HongKong/Taiwan
Canada/USA Japan
UK South Korea
Zimbabwe Brazil
Power Distance and Individualism
Power Distance and Uncertainty Avoidance
Hofstede country comparisons
Achievement v.s. Ascription
Refers to the source of power and status in societyIn achievement society status and power is based on individual achievement (job performance, level of education, experience…)In ascription society, status are ascribed on the basis of class, age, gender…People from ascription society tend to live up to their ascribed status
Universalistic v.s Particularistic
Refers to how we judge others’ behavior
Universalistic cultures apply rules and system objectively, without consideration for individual circumstances → all persons falling under the rule should be treated the same
Particularistic cultures puts the obligation on relationships and is more subjective → people in this culture are more likely to pass on insider information to a friend
In particularistic cultures, judgments focus on the exceptional nature of present circumstances → must sustain, protect or discount this person no matter what the rules sayA universalist will think of particularists as “they cannot be trusted because they will always help their friends.”A particularist conversely think of universalists as “you cannot trust them; they would not even help a friend.”
Universalistic v.s Particularistic
Affective v.s. Neutral
In cultures high on affectivity, people would openly express emotionsIn cultures high on neutrality, emotions and feelings are controlledHumor and jokes help to loose up the audiences in US and England but not in a professional setting in GermanyRaising voice for important issues is seen as a sign of extra concern in Nigeria, but a sign of loss face in Malaysia
Specific v.s. Diffuse
Refers to involvement in relationships
Specific-oriented cultures separate work and personal issues and relationship. Businesses are impersonal
Diffuse-oriented cultures spill work into personal relationships and vice versa.
Independent and Interdependent Self-construal
Exist within each individual regardless of his or her cultural identityRefer to the degree to which people conceive of themselves as separate or connected to others respectivelyIndependent construal of self: an individual is a unique entity with an individuated collection of feelings, cognitions, and motivationsInterdependent construal of self: importance of relational connectedness
Characteristics of the Independent Self and the Interdependent Self
Independent self Interdependent self
Self-orientation Other-orientation
Personal self-esteem Collective self-esteem
Personal achievement Group achievement
Relational autonomyRelational connectedness
Universalistic-based principles
Particularistic-based principles
Personal self-esteem vs collective self-esteem
Personal self-esteem (independent self): feeling good about oneself requires fulfilling the tasks associated with being an independent, being unique, expressing one’s inner attributes, and asserting oneselfCollective self-esteem (interdependent self): feeling good about oneself derives from fulfilling the tasks associated with being interdependent with relevant others such as belonging, fitting in, occupying one’s proper place, promoting others’ goal, and maintaining harmony