Cultural Strategies And Urban Regional Regeneration
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Transcript of Cultural Strategies And Urban Regional Regeneration
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CULTURAL STRATEGIES AND URBAN-REGIONAL REGENERATION
John Lovering
School of City and Regional Planning
Cardiff University
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The prehistory of cultural regeneration
C20th Urbanism- the tradition of exploring the connections:
• Benjamin• Gramsci• Munford• Peter Hall
The C21st notion of urban culture as something that policy makers can – and should - induce
• Richard Florida ‘The Creative Class’
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The academic background: the ‘rediscovery’ of culture
• The ‘cultural turn’ in the social sciences– Culture/civil society as the medium of
economic interdependencies (Granovetter, etc. A.J.Scott/UCLA school..)
– Cultural specificity and the varieties of capitalism (Albrecht, David Coates…)
– The idea of a late C20th ‘new phase’ of capitalist development centred on the commodification of space (H.Lefebvre) and of signs (F.Jameson)
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The new policy orthodoxy favouring the cultural industries
• The early 1990s: – the notion that advanced (western) economies are
driven by ‘symbolic analysts’ (Robert Reich), i.e. the ‘cultural industries’ broadly interpreted
– The idea of ‘global’ cities as ‘post-industrial’ (Sassen, Castells, Tony Travers – London)
• The mid 1990s: – the fashion for the ‘weightless’ economy (Geoff
Mulgan, Tony Giddens)• The early 2000s:
– the idea that ‘cultural industries’ in particular are particularly important and should receive special favours from policy makers (taken up by Blair government, CEC, and theorised by R.Florida)
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The Consultants move in on the act..
• The new policy formula:
Culture = Cultural Industries = the new ‘Creative Class’ = Innovation, dynamics, pluralism
• So… ‘urban regeneration’ should mean measures that include promoting ‘Cultural Industries’
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The new cultural instrumentalism
– ‘’the use of culture as an instrument for achieving wider social and economic goals is nowhere more apparent than in cities’
• R.Griffiths (2006) Evidence from the competition to select the European Capital of Culture 2008 European Planning Studies 14
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The new global urban policy discursive orthodoxy
– The rhetoric of urban renaissance’ cities are back’ (Michael Parkinson)
– Cool, relaxed, creative,= prosperous, competitive (Richard Florida)
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The British Government
agrees
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The new ‘culturalist’ sophistry (the world according to Richard Florida….
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The governance dimension: proliferation of urban policy makers
The ‘New Regionalism’ blurs into the new ‘City-regionalism’
– Scott, Storper, Soja, etc: there are ‘300+ city regions’
And the related rise of the Urban-Regional Service Class– Together give rise to a a fashion for global
‘benchmarking’ – comparison of simple statistics for urban policy
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Consultants, and their clients, love making up lists…
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‘Culture-led regeneration’ and ‘symbolic policy’
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The economic effects
• Experience has been ambivalent: e.g.:– Promotion of arts festivals: short term tourist
boom– Promotion of ‘arts districts’ – main effect a
real estate boom (Barcelona, London, Dublin..)
– Many ‘displacement effects’ (from indigenous to imported/commodified culture, and from local to imported artists/performers) (the Galata project?
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The labour market effects
• Culture-led development is not automatically beneficial
– ‘cultural industries ’tend to be even more elitist in employment terms than industries in general
e.g. London ethnic minority pop = 40%,
E.Ms in cultural industries =11%
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The social effects
– Encouraging ‘cultural industries’ can often merely accelerate Gentrification
– Globalisation of modes of consumption– The ‘Starbucks’ phenomenon
– Exacerbating social divisions? – (A paticularly hideous example: April 2006:
The Rolling Stones play China = rock n’ roll for the rich
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The paradoxical cultural effects
The ambivalence of instrumentalist policies for culture
• Who chooses them?• What groups are involved in networks?• Where does the investment come from?
Common hazards:• Creation of identikit ‘portable’ indicators of
‘culture’ (festivals, modern art galleries, promotional advertising etc – ‘what the other cities have got we must have too’
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Some other aspects of the emphasis on urban cultural strategy
– A fetish for the Visual• Neoliberalism and The Spectacle (Debord inverted)• Remaking Cities for the Gaze
(Daniel Bahrenbohm’s 2006 Reith Lectures)
– A magnet for municipal politicians, marketers, the articulate arts/culture ‘community’, convergence with tourism and real estate interests
= ‘boosterism’
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Nevertheless, its' global
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Famous (UK) successes.. Manchester
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Cultural icons of urban regeneration - London
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Much exaggerated - Bilbao
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Dubious - Cardiff
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Where becoming ‘European Capital of Culture’ encourages property-
development driven regeneration: Liverpool
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The central dilemma
• City planners have few real economic powers
1. Yet they increasingly have to act as if they do – urban-regional policy autonomy (a central component of the global neo-liberal policy orthodoxy)
2. So: they are under pressure to focus efforts of high-visibility activities
3. Policy is influenced by the Urban Service Class – including many ‘cultural layers’
4. Nothing is more high visibility than ‘culture’= hence the slippage towards ‘boosterism’
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Common consequences
Diversion of public resources , esp. via planning, to activities which in reality have
• Minor economic significance • Limited and uneven employment effects• Unclear sustainability• Ambivalent impact in terms of social inclusion
(equality of ‘respect’ - Richard Sennett)
BUT • Have high visibility• Are supported by and satisfy the most articulate and
media-savvy elites (the ‘Begolu Bourgeoisie’?)• And converge with real estate interests – the key
drivers of C21st urban regeneration
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An alternative conceptualisation of the Cultural Industries
• Layer 1: everyday commodified popular culture (the ‘play economy’)Determinants: Private corporations, market regulation
• Layer 2: ‘Formal arts and culture’ Determinants: Publicly subsidised facilities and organisation
• Layer 3: Related to Boosterism/Property development (typical examples: new sports stadia, casinos, galleries, conference centres…)Determinants: Speculators assessments, boosterist coalitions
(J.Lovering (2006) Capital City University of Wales Press)
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So, cultural strategies and urban regeneration, rethinking the theory
• Much hype: causal directions ambiguous– E.g. Florida– do ‘tolerant cities’ attract creative people and
‘cultural industries’ or is it the other way round? – Florida’s theory begs the real questions
• The economics of urban cultural strategies: in reality is mostly about enabling real estate development – (e.g. London-Olympics 2012)
• The politics of urban cultural strategies: in reality tend to be mainly ‘symbolic’ – to demonstrate visibly that the authorities are ‘performing
regeneration ‘
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The cultural ironies of ‘culture-led regeneration’
– Much (most?) culture-led urban regeneration is neither cultural nor about ‘regeneration’
– But it is a globally convenient title for the (partisan) commodification of space and place
=The ‘Starbuckisation’ of the planet?
E.g. London’s Canary Wharf – a US-style office paradise; but very ‘suburban’ at street level..
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The ‘new culturalist’ economic analysis – an American bias?
. ..few have doubted* that the fundamentals of the US model – its enterprise culture, lightly regulated labour market competition between states and regions, world class science … openness to migrants .. provide the best strongest position for competitiveness over the next generation’
Florida and Tingali (2004) Europe in the Creative Age
• * actually, many doubt it
• The analysis also often exaggerates the importance of private Service Sector industries in cities …
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What the consultants never tell you: most of the new jobs in UK cities have come from the public sector
What the consultants never tell you: most of the new jobs in UK cities have come from the public sector
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In reality its not so simple: even London still has nearly 300,000 in manufacturing
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1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
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Real estate,renting andbusiness activities
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Concluding thoughts: The European Capital of Culture
1: How to win it
Emphasise social inclusion, and ‘the expression of local identity’E.g. Liverpool: ‘ magnet for transatlantic migration’Bristol ‘ the world in one city’(= same as London’s Olympic bid discourse)
• Promise to ‘build bridges between communities’
• Produce much publicity displaying happy diversity (ethnic, gender, age etc)
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2: but don’t expect too much from it
I:‘ Culture; here is narrowly defined (by whom?)
‘There is little sign.. of culture being viewed as a medium for collective emanciptaion, of culture s a file oppositional of struggle and resistance, of culture as a source of identities’ (Griffiths 2006)
II: little recognition that the main economic impact of ‘culture-led regeneration’ is usually from
• (1) commodifying place (e.g. image and tourism)• (2) real estate - gentrification
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Worrying signs in Istanbul
Becoming European Capital of Culture 2010 will (according to www.istanbul2010.org)– Boost ‘urban renewal’ and ‘create jobs’ (2/14)– Boost tourist visitors and ‘the brand’ (6/14)– Make Istanbullis more ‘art conscious and ‘proud of
their city’ (2/14)– Demonstrate Istanbul's ‘European significance’ (2/14)
Implications? Don’t hope for too much (unless you are a hotelier or real estate agent)
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Summary: not ‘culture-led regeneration’ but an explicit cultural strategy
1. Panglossian claims (a la Richard Florida) are usually based on• Little evidence• Muddled causalities• US-centric visions of urbanism• Neo-liberal assumptions about urban development
2: A cultural strategy should be just that – have explicit cultural goals, not be a disguised ‘real estate/tourism’ strategy