Cultural Revolution Section 1-14 Section 1 Lecture Notes 14 of 26 Click the mouse button or press...

Cultural RevolutionSection 1 Lecture Notes

14 of 26

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•They advocated socialism, or the belief that the means of production –

capital, land, raw materials, and factories– should be owned and controlled

by society, either directly or through the government.

Rise of Socialism

•In the early 1800s, some people believed that ending the misery of workers

required eliminating capitalism completely.


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Marx and Engels

•German philosopher Karl Marx dismissed the ideas of the early socialists as

impractical and set out to provide a scientific basis for socialism.

•Marx believed that socialism was a stepping stone towards communism.


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Marx and Engels


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The son of a prosperous

German lawyer, Marx

received a doctorate in

history and philosophy.

Marx and Engels (cont.)


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•Engels wrote a classic book called The Condition of the Working Class in

England, criticizing factory conditions.


•In 1844 Marx’s radical views got him into trouble with the Prussian government,

and he fled to Paris where he met Friedrich Engels.


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•Engels, a successful businessman, supported Marx, who devoted his life to

writing about economics.


•Marx later settled in London, and he and Engels became lifelong friends and

collaborators.


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•In Marx’s view, economics was the major force for change. Laws, social

systems, customs, religion, and art all developed in accord with a society’s

economic base.

Marx’s Theories

•Marx based his ideas in part on the teachings of the German philosopher G.W.F.

Hegel. Like Hegel, Marx believed that history advanced through (because of )

conflict.


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•Marx argued that Europe had moved through four stages of economic life–

primitive, slave, feudal, and capitalist.

Marx’s Theories (cont.)

•The most important aspect of the economic base was the division of society into

classes. Marx stated that “class struggle” was what pushed history forward.


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•An economic crisis in one of the advanced industrial countries would give

the proletariat the chance to seize control from the bourgeoisie, or middle

class.


•Marx believed that capitalism was only a temporary phase. As the makers of

goods, the proletariat, or the working class, was the true productive class.


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•The proletariat would then build a society in which the working people owned

everything. In this last stage, known as communism, the governing principle

would be “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”


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•In 1867 Marx developed his ideas further in the work Das Kapital.


•Marx and Engels published their views in The Communist Manifesto in 1848.

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