Cultural Production In A Digital Age
-
Upload
kathy-gill -
Category
Economy & Finance
-
view
1.327 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Cultural Production In A Digital Age
Cultural Production In The Digital Age:
Barriers and Incentives
COM30221 May 2008Kathy E. Gill
Framing
Web 2.0 Technologies
•These technologies change how we interact with (digital) cultural objects.
•We are no longer merely a consumer; we can also be a producer.
This is a shift from the late 20th
century model:
In Our Digital World, It Is Easier to Borrow, Copy,
Manipulate
This means it is technically easier to express ourselves in new, creative ways.
Traditional Model
•Mediated Communication was a one-way Mass Communication Model
New Model
•Mediated communication is transitioning to a circular (Osgood & Schramm) interpersonal model
What are the cultural industries?
• News media
• Advertising industry
• Television & movies
• Music
• Fashion
• What else?
Quotable
•“[N]on-commercial cultural production and unconstrained expression within the Internet undermines capitalism’s production of meaning.” p135
- from Michael Strangelove, The Empire of Mind (University of Toronto Press, 2005)
The pejorative:The cult of the amateur
• SuperBowl Commercials
• YouTube Democratic Presidential Debate
The Clash
• Culture as a freely flowing current of ideas and practices runs head first into culture as intellectual property
Ask permission each time
Ask permission each use
Framing
• A 10-minute explanation of copyright … using words from one of the largest copyright owners in the world
The Barrier
• Copyright originated in a time when the view of authors was romantic: "originality was elevated to being located in and belonging to the self of the author" ... words created by these authors were considered "original" and thus distinguishable from mass-produced commodities. (Lessig, presentation, Copyright, Cultural Production and Open Content Licensing)
Important Terms
• Copyright
• Exclusive Rights
• First Sale
• Infringement
• Fair Use
• Public Domain
Terms: Copyright
• Copyright law protects “creative and expressive works”
• Automatic (do not have to file, register)
• Scope: http://copyright.gov/
• Does not extend to ideas or facts
How Long Does It Last?
• A Long Time!
• In 1709, copyright lasted 14 years
• Prior to 1923, content public domain (probably)
• After 1978, the life of the author + 70 years OR work-for-hire, 95 years from publication or 125 years from creation
• Between 1923 and 1978 … talk to a lawyer!
Rights Happen On Creation
• Copyright is an exclusive right: you control reproduction, distribution, derivative works, public display, performance
• Who owns? Biz or employee?
• On company time, the company
• Contract – specify if first sale or exclusive
Copyright Reach
• Originality was required in copyright law, historically
• Today, only de minimis originality
• Watch YouTube Clip of Canadian Student Project (offline copy)
Infringement
• "Copyright infringement" means exercising one of the copyright holder's exclusive rights without permission.
• Should a copyright holder sue on grounds of infringement, the defendent may argue that the use was "fair use"
• The fair use doctrine allows copyrighted works to be used in some circumstances, such as commentary, criticism, news reporting or educational use.
The Enforcer
• Digital Rights Management
• tend to think of this with movies and songs, but also can be pay-to-view sections of any website like nyt select
• RIAA “cease and desist” letters
Fair Use Details
• See Section 107 of the Copyright Act; fair use determined by:
1. The purpose and character of the use;
2. The nature of the copyrighted work;
3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used; and
4. The effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
Terms: Public Domain
When the copyright term expires, works revert to public domain.
The copyright holder may dedicate works to the public domain; eg, works funded by the US Government.
PD works are freely available for use by anyone for anything.
Controversy
•Copyright purpose is to “promote the progress of science and the useful arts” … and the duration for exclusivity is to be “limited” … - US Constitution
Incentives
• Change the licenses
• Creative Commons
• Free Art
• GNU
no rights
reserved
all rights
reserved
some rights
reserved
attribution
non-commercial
no derivative works
share alike:remix-ready, derivatives licensedon same terms
General Characteristics
• Right to access or use
• Right to make copies
• Right to make modifications
• Right to distribute
• Right to create derivative works
Digital technologies enable a "Tinkering
culture" -- a "read write rip burn culture"
Sources• Copyright, Fair Use & The Evolution of Creative
Commons: http://www.slideshare.net/cliotech/copyright-the-evolution-of-creative-commonshttp:/www.slideshare.net/cliotech/copyright-the-evolution-of-creative-commons
• Copyright and Options for Creative Practitioners: http://www.slideshare.net/creativecommonsaustralia/creative-copyright-copyright-and-options-for-creative-practitioners
• A Fair(y) Use Tale: http://youtube.com/watch?v=CJn_jC4FNDo
• Image: Consume. Be silent. Die. (unknown)
• Web 2.0 Image (1): http://joevans.pbwiki.com/Web+2+Point+O+Tools
• Web 2.0 Image (2): http://www.robmillard.com/archives/tools-for-strategists-web-20-confusion-hindering-firms.html
Kathy E. Gill
http://wiredpen.com and http://faculty.washington.edu
Some Rights Reserved: