Cultural Practices and Resistant Cultural Practices and Resistant Varieties in MangoVarieties in Mango

BackgroundBackgroundMango is the most important fruit crop of India. Damage by several insect pests viz., mango hoppers, mealy bugs, stem borer, fruit fly, stone weevil, scale, leaf Webber, leaf miner, leaf eating caterpillars and termites reduces extensive mango yield.

A large number of insects are normally killed by farmers unconsciously when they expose them to adverse climatic or biological conditions through agricultural operations like ploughing, hoeing, weeding, tillage, fertilizers, irrigation, pruning and thinning, etc.

Several insect-resistant varieties of mango have also been developed and released for the cultivations of farmers.

Cultural Practices for Pest Management in Mango

Avoid dense plantings, prune overcrowded overlapping branches after rainy season as it provides

favourable habitat for hopper multiplication.

Orchards should be kept clean by regular ploughing and removal of weeds Avoid waterlogged or damp

conditions for managing mango hopper.

Cultivation of hopper-resistant varieties such as Bangalore round, Bapatala, AC 10, Seedless Pulhora,

Kala Hapus, Keshar Basti, Annanas, Beneshan Bangalora, Chinnarasam, and Khander further

reduces hopper damage in mango

Loosening of soil around the trees in January, and pruning Loosening of soil around the trees in January, and pruning and destruction of infested shoots during April to May and destruction of infested shoots during April to May reduces the population of reduces the population of leaf webber.leaf webber.

Slug caterpillar Slug caterpillar should be kept in check by picking the should be kept in check by picking the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on tree trunks and destroying them in water with a film of tree trunks and destroying them in water with a film of kerosene.kerosene.

Scale infested plant parts should be pruned and destroyed Scale infested plant parts should be pruned and destroyed immediately to reduce the immediately to reduce the scale insect scale insect infestation in mango.infestation in mango.

Remove and destroy Remove and destroy Inflorescence midge Inflorescence midge affected flowers affected flowers and tender shoots to manage and tender shoots to manage midges.

Deep ploughing of in October-November exposes Deep ploughing of in October-November exposes pupae and diapausing larvae of pupae and diapausing larvae of gall midgegall midge to sun’s to sun’s heat which kills them. heat which kills them.

Heavy irrigation in October and ploughing of Heavy irrigation in October and ploughing of orchards at bud burst stage of inflorescence destroys orchards at bud burst stage of inflorescence destroys the diapausing pupae of the diapausing pupae of midgemidge..

Gall midge resistant mango varieties like Deshi Gall midge resistant mango varieties like Deshi Malgoba and Alam Baneshan further reduces midge Malgoba and Alam Baneshan further reduces midge damage in mango orchard.damage in mango orchard.

Deep plughing of orchard in October- November to Deep plughing of orchard in October- November to expose pupae and diapausing larvae of expose pupae and diapausing larvae of midgesmidges to to sun’s heat which kills them.sun’s heat which kills them.

Flooding of orchard with water in the month of October kill Flooding of orchard with water in the month of October kill the eggs of the eggs of mealy bug.mealy bug.

Ploughing of orchard in November and raking of soil around Ploughing of orchard in November and raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs of mealy bug to sun's heat, tree trunk to expose the eggs of mealy bug to sun's heat, natural enemies ants and birds and thus reduces natural enemies ants and birds and thus reduces mealy bugmealy bug population buildup.population buildup.

Shoot borer Shoot borer damage can be reduced by damage can be reduced by clipping off clipping off and and destruction of shoot borer attacked shoots.destruction of shoot borer attacked shoots.

Bark-eating caterpillar Bark-eating caterpillar population can be reduced by keeping population can be reduced by keeping the orchard clean and removal of webs from tree trunks, filling the orchard clean and removal of webs from tree trunks, filling the insect holes with insecticide and plugging with mud. the insect holes with insecticide and plugging with mud.

The The stem borer damage stem borer damage can be minimized by removing can be minimized by removing affected seedlings, destruction of infested branches with affected seedlings, destruction of infested branches with grubs and pupae, and by keeping the mango orchard clean. grubs and pupae, and by keeping the mango orchard clean.

Collection and destruction of infested and fallen fruits at Collection and destruction of infested and fallen fruits at weekly interval till harvest fruit to manage weekly interval till harvest fruit to manage stone weevilstone weevil. .

Ploughing after harvest and destruction of left over seeds in Ploughing after harvest and destruction of left over seeds in the orchard reduce infestation in the next season.the orchard reduce infestation in the next season.

Cultivation of parthenocarpic hybrid variety such Cultivation of parthenocarpic hybrid variety such

as “Sindhu” reduces the infestation by as “Sindhu” reduces the infestation by stone weevilstone weevil..

Sanitation in the orchard is the most important preventive measure for fruit fly infection.

Heavy irrigation in October destroys the diapausing pupae of fruit flies and ploughing of orchard during November-December expose pupae to sun’s heat which kills them.

Collection and destruction of fallen fruits also help in reducing fruit flies infestation.

Grow fruit fly tolerant varieties like Toranjo, Monterio, and Manjurad.

Destruction of termitoria along with the queen, and painting the trees with tar and prompt removal of mud galleries as

soon as they appear may be carried out regularly for controlling the termites.

Summary

Keep orchard clean and healthy.

Deep ploughing of mango orchard immediately after harvest results to expose eggs and pupae of mealy bug, inflorescence midge and fruit flies.

Heavy irrigation of mango orchard in October helps in destruction of mealy bug eggs, diapause pupae of midge and fruit fly.

Thin planting, clean orchard by regular ploughing, removal of weeds and pruning of over crowded and overlapping branches in December control the hoppers population buildup.

Collection and destruction of stone weevil/fruit flies infested fallen fruits and stones help in reduction and carry over of infestation.

Anonymous (2011). IPM - Schedule for Mango. http://www.nhm.nic.in/Horticulture/IPM%20for%20Mango.pdf.

44 pp.

Anonymous (2011). Mango Resources Information System. Department of Biotechnology and Indian Council of

Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India.

Butani, D.K. (1993). Insects and Fruits. Periodical Expert Book Agency, Vivek Vihar, New Delhi, 398 pp.

Ishaq, M., Usman, M., Asif, M. and Khan, I.A. (2004). Integrated pest management of mango against mealy bug and fruit Fly. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 6: 452-454.

References