Cultural Industries

Cultural IndustriesA Cultural Studies PerspectiveIntroduction to the Study of CultureCultural Studies as a discipline - Characteristics:

Study of cultural practices in relation to power how power relationships influence and shape cultural practicesDiscipline used to understand culture in all its complex forms and analyze its social and political contextInter-disciplinary and intra-disciplinary

Cultural Studies as a Discipline - Characteristics:Focus on the object of study and the location or criticism and actionCommitted to a moral evaluation of society and a radical line of political action Not value free scholarship aims to understand and change structures of dominance

Example - Cultural Studies & ECEM/Cultural IndustriesThe study of Entertainment and Cultural Enterprise ManagementDisciplinary focus music, film, fashion, theatre etcBusiness focus Contracts, management, industrial relations, creative work etcCultural Studies focusPower relations regarding the disciplinesMoral evaluation Political motivations, influences, contextsInter and intra disciplinary focus First Cultural Studies Issue regarding Cultural IndustriesCultural industries and Creative Industries - What are the differences?Cultural industries and Creative Industries - What are the differences?OConnor deliberations on this issue have indeed failed to adequately consider the differences between cultural and creative activities, and that this is due at least in part to the terminological clutter surrounding the terms (2007, 20)

Cultural Industries Those industries which produce tangible or intangible artistic and creative outputs, and which have a potential for wealth creationand income generation through the exploitation of cultural assets and production of knowledge-based goods and services (both traditional and contemporary).UNESCO

Creative IndustriesThose industries that have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent, and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property DCMS (London)

Whats the difference?Cultural IndustriesCollectiveReferences culture based assetsKnowledge based goodsMore Institution focused Creative IndustriesIndividualReferences intellectual propertyGeneration and exploitation of creative goods and servicesMore Market focused

And then.. Copyright IndustriesThose industries that depend of strong copyright laws and effective enforcement of those laws for their livelihoodContent IndustriesCompanies owning and providing mass media and media metadata music and movies, text publication of any kind, ownership of standards, geographic data ad metadata about all of the above All looking basically at the same disciplines and areasAdvertisingArchitectureCraftArts and antique marketsDesignDesigner fashionFilmTelevision and RadioPublishingMusic Performing Arts Interactive Leisure SoftwareSoftwareIdeological ClutterGalloway and Dunlop argue that despite the increased interest in cultural industries in both academic and policy circles over the past 20 years, there are currently few real theoretical or policy models available.ACP nation states - classifications vary from country to country: the United Kingdom lists 13 areas, while Colombia recognises 16. Some countries also include cultural tourism, for example festival tourism or so-called ethnic tourism. (2006:3)

MeaningsStuart Hall explains that culture and cultural studies are concerned with the production and exchange of meanings and the giving and taking of meaning (2003, 2).

The Culture Industry 1930s/40sFathers of cultural studiesFrankfurt SchoolCriticized the commercialization of culture in the mass society period.Argued that the commodification of cultural products served to standardize art.Argued that these products of mass society were created to be consumed by an uneducated majority.

Why did they come to that position?Wrote in Post- Industrial SocietyEmphasis in profit and economic growth in Europe and America. The lure of commercial gain was paramount in the minds of policy makers, media managers, business interests and creators of cultural products themselves.Critical of commercialization of cultureHigh/low culture

Why did they come to that position?End of WW 2Cold WarIdeological battle between capitalism and communismCommunism - centralized, command economy,Capitalism based upon the concept of the market and advocates ownership of the means of production and exploitation of a subordinate class through ownership of the product of the labour

Term Went Underground and resurfaced in the 1970s/80s as.Cultural Industries PluralBritish policy lexicon in the 1970s and 80s No reference to the Marxist ideologya convenient tool used by practitioners and managers of cultural and creative organizations to persuade governments to support arts and culture, by outlining possible economic benefits.

Cultural Scholars Critical of ThatcherismAccording to Hall Thatcherism knows no measure of the good life other than value for money. It understands no other compelling force or motive in the definition of civilization than the forces of the free market.

Cultural and Media EconomicsCanada, France, USAWith the increasing emphasis on media in Britain and North America as vehicles of communication, economists applied the principles of economics-proper to the examination of the industry.

Richard Caves, EconomistRichard Florida,EconomistMeige&TepperHeight of ImperialismWith Reagan, in the White House as Commander in Chief, supplyside, laissez-faire form of Reaganomics was adopted, consistent with the American way.

End of the Cold War

Berlin Wall Came down in 1989. Wall in 1989.

Emphasis changed to phenomenon called Globalization that continued into the twenty first century.

GlobalizationProcess whereby individual lives and local communities are affected by economic and cultural forces that operate worldwide. In effect, he argues, it is the world becoming a single place.

(Hartley, 2000,110).

Creative Industries

Following 1998 election victory, Tony Blair created a new Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) which was intended to create policies to facilitate the economic development of 13 industries, which were formally acknowledged as major growth industries

AdvertisingArchitectureCraftArts and antique marketsDesignDesigner fashionFilmTelevision and RadioPublishingMusic Performing Arts Interactive Leisure SoftwareSoftware23

activities which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have the potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property.

Creative Industries Mapping Document (CIMD). UK, 1998

Creative Industries, A product of convergence24Six Cs of Creative Industriesreativityommercializationommercialismonvergenceontentonduits

C25CreativityA mysterious intangible.The ability to invent and imagine - synonymous with intuition, invention, discovery, innovation, ingenuity and originality

ConvergenceThe integration of telephony, computing and media technologies, and thence the integrationOf the businesses, markets and the social interactions associated with them.

Hartley:2002:39

Converged Technologies Information Communication Technology (ICTs)Converged Cultural Production, Processes and DisciplinesCreative Industries

Converged Ideology creativity, commerce and cultureCreative Economy

Convergence

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Commercialism and Commercialization

The pursuit of profit above all else, associated with large scale, low cost production of goods and services.

Process of moving towards commercialism, associated with depolitization to give rise to neutral, secular organizations

$$$$$$$$$$Neoliberal Modelproposes that human well- being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private property rights, free markets and free trade.

Creative Industry Policy Adapted and the variations adopted by SingaporeThailandJapanNew Zealand BrazilAustraliaACP 31The Seventh C - Culture Issue of culture became important again and returned to the discussions hence the return to the name cultural industries.MulticulturalismDiversityCulture as development

Postneoliberalisma perspective on social, political and/or economic transformations, on shifting terrains of social struggles and compromises, taking place on different scales, in various contexts and by different actors.

Back to where we started!!!!!!!But creative and cultural industries are being used interchangeably

The embrace of the neo-liberal by the creative industries concept is antithetical to the original concept resulting from Adornos reaction to the impact of industrialization on culture, resulting from the increasing post-war capitalist ideology in the postindustrial period.

Other Cultural Industries

Where is the Caribbean is all this????Where is Africa in all thisDont they have culturesDont they have cultural industries?THATS WHERE YOUR CULTURAL STUDIES RESEARCH COMES IN..