Cultural Heritage Protection Laws and Their Principles: The first step to achieving protection.
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Transcript of Cultural Heritage Protection Laws and Their Principles: The first step to achieving protection.
![Page 1: Cultural Heritage Protection Laws and Their Principles: The first step to achieving protection.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cdf5503460f949a91cd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cultural Heritage Protection Laws and Their Principles:The first step to achieving
protection
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What is cultural heritage?
• Can mean many things to many people
• Difficulties with defining ‘culture’ and ‘heritage’
• International law deals with this on a case by case basis through 5 conventions
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International Conventions• 1954 UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural
Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
• 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (and 1995 UNIDROIT Convention)
• 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention
• 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
• 2003 UNESCO Intangible Heritage Convention
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
The 1954 Hague Convention and Cultural Heritage
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
Baghdad Museum
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
1954 Convention’s central principle
• “damage to cultural property belonging to any people whatsoever means damage to the cultural heritage of all mankind since each peoples makes its contribution to the culture of the world”
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and
Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
1970 Convention
• Designed to implement a system of import and export controls
• Art.3 - “the import, export or transfer of ownership of cultural property affected contrary to the provisions adopted under this Convention by States Parties thereto’ shall be illicit”
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
Dodington Coins
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
1972 World Heritage Convention
• From iconic sites to representative list
• Underpinned by state sovereignty
• Contains few normative provisions
• Works through a system of co-operation
World Heritage Centre (UNESCO)
World Heritage Committee
World Heritage Fund
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
1972 World Heritage Convention
• Almost universally supported – 186 States
• “Parts of the cultural and natural heritage are of outstanding interest and therefore need to be preserve as part of the world heritage of mankind as a whole”
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T.C. BEIRNE SCHOOL OF LAW
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW
2003 Intangible Heritage Convention
• Based upon World Heritage System
• Few normative provisions but developed system of co-operation
• Gaining significant support – over 112 State Parties
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2001 UCH Convention
UCH as “ an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity” and a “particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations and their elations with each other concerning their common heritage”
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Three core principles
PROTECTIONPrevent damage, destruction, loss, etc
PRESERVATION
Ensure future generations receive cultural heritage (and knowledge) in substantially the same state
CO-OPERATION
Achieve the above through
international obligation to co-operate
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Three core principles in UCH Convention
PROTECTIONSs1(a); 4; 5; 9(1); 10(4); 10(5); 12(3); 12(4); 14; 17; 18(1);
PRESERVATION
Ss 2(5); 2(6); 7; Annex;
CO-OPERATION
Ss 2(2); 2(3); 2(4); 3; 6; 7(3); 9; 10; 11; 12; 10(6); 10(7); 11(4); 12(2); 12(6); 1921;
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Operationalizing the principles
Legal regime that is: • Clear (addresses Convention’s constructive
ambiguities)• Simple (allows for east interpretation)• Efficient (implementation at minimum effort and
cost)• Enforceable (within existing State capabilities)