Cultural Diffusion Cultural Diffusion

CharacteristicsCharacteristics TypesTypes MethodsMethods

CULTURAL (SPATIAL) DIFFUSION(spread of ideas, innovations) – two

models

Expansion – ideas spread to new places as different cultures adopt idea

Has “Contagious” & “Hierarchical” Subtypes

Relocation – ideas spread to new places as culture groups migrate there

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MajorityAdopters (early and late)

Innovators

Time

S-Curve of Adoption of Innovations(non-spatial diffusion model)

Laggards

Spatial Models of Cultural Diffusion

South Africa

Namibia

Netherlands

England

Australia Won 1987, 1999, 2003

West Indies (combined team) Won 1975, 1979

PakistanWon 1992

Sri Lanka Won 1996

India Won 1983

Bangladesh

Canada

New Zealand

Zimbabwe

Kenya

Pakistani cricketer

2. The fusion of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait is called syncretism

1. The two-way blending of cultures that results from increased interaction is called cultural convergence

Diffusion - Two related Diffusion - Two related conceptsconcepts

Religion: Diffusion and Landscape

Classification of ReligionsPaths and Types of DiffusionSacred Spaces on the Landscape

Religionsystems of formal or informal worship, faith, ritual … influences cultural landscapes –values and attitudes, rhythms of everyday life, calendar events, consumption of food/drink …

Classification of ReligionsUniversalizingUniversalizing:: claim to the “universal truth” –

seen as applicable to all humans

Seek to convert new members; open to all people

Spread mainly by expansion diffusion (any sub-type)

EthnicEthnic:: associated with a particular culture; membership by birth or identity with that ethnic group

Not evangelical (don’t actively seek to convert new members)

Spread mainly by relocation diffusion from origin area

Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Examples: Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, East Asian religions, folk and traditional (tribal/Animist) practices

Approximate Membership of Selected Religions (estimated number, in millions, as of 2003)

Christianity (total all forms) 2,025

Islam (total all forms) 1,215

Hinduism 820

Chinese folk religions (syncretic) 390

Buddhism (total all forms) 360

Other Asian religions (various syncretic) 125

Sikhism 25

Judaism 20

All other ethnic/tribal religions (hundreds)265

Non-Religious and Atheist 1,100

Principal World Religions

Religious Regions of Lebanon

Small-scale world religion maps fail to show local details

Understanding religion regions is key to several current conflicts

Innovation and Diffusion of World Religions

Note hearth areas and diffusion paths of four largest religions (contrast Hinduism to 3 universalizing religions)

Diffusion Paths of Christianity

Spread mainly by hierarchical process, then by contagious expansion in Europe … then by relocation & expansion to European colonies

Diffusion Paths of Islam

Spread mainly by expansion diffusion through 17th century through Asia, North Africa. Now world’s fastest growing religion; spread by both expansion and relocation diffusion.

Jepara, southern Sumatra

Melang, Java

Grand Mosque, Banda Aceh, northern Sumatra

MOSQUE STYLES IN

INDONESIA

Diffusion Paths of Different Forms of Buddhism

Origin in Northern India; different forms spread by expansion and hierarchical diffusion outward; blended in East Asia (syncretism). Hinduism later reclaimed dominance in India.

Diffusion of the World’s ReligionsDiffusion of the World’s Religions

History of ReligionHistory of Religion

Examples of Religion on the Cultural Landscape

Places of worship

Shrines, pilgrimage sites

Cemeteries, mausolea

Sacred spaces

Stonehenge, southern England (Druid site)

Sacred Spaces Sites of special religious significance (experiences, events)Hallowed grounds that are preserved across generationsFor believers, places endowed with divine meaning

Paha Sapa Kin Wiyopeya Unkiyapi kte sni yelo!!We never sold the Black Hills!!

(Lakota expression)

Shrine at Lourdes, southern France

Cathedral at Chartres, France

Methodist-Congregationalis

t (Protestant) church,

southwest Quebec, Canada

St. Basil’s

(Russian Orthodox), Red

Square, Moscow

Mid-City Cemetery

New Orleans

Recoleto Cemetery

Buenos Aires

Jewish cemete

ry, Chicag

oTemple Beth El (1973), Bloomington Hills, Mich.

Synagogue, Jewish quarter, Prague

(13th century)

Western (Wailing) Wall, Jerusalem

Buddhist stupa, Thailand

(Hemispherical shape is typical, but different

forms of Buddhism use differing types and

levels of ornamentation.)

Statue of Buddha

Hindu temple,

Northern India

Taj Mahal (Agra, India) – Islamic mausoleum

Hindu cremation ceremony,

India

Friday prayers, Grand Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia: The Hajj

Memorial Spaces How similar to, and how different from, “sacred

space”?

Memorial Spaces

Monuments, memorials, shrines, museums, and preserved sites used to commemorate and sanctify the past

From D. Alderman (2000): “Public commemoration is a socially directed process: before historical events and figures can be regarded as memorable, people must judge them worthy of remembrance and have the influence to get others to agree.”

“Places of memory make history visible and tangible. … Memorial sites shape how we interpret and value the past.”

“Memorial landscapes are in a constant state of redefinition as governments rise and fall, as the heritage and cultural tourism industry continues to expand, and as marginalized populations seek public recognition.”

From O. Dwyer (2000): “The narrative content of these memorials reflects the types of archival materials that survive, the intentions of their producers, and contemporary politics regarding [historical events]. In turn, through their symbolic power and the large number of visitors who travel to them, these landscapes play a role in contemporary America’s ... politics.”

1. Statue of Great Buddha; Sri Lanka; 1. Statue of Great Buddha; Sri Lanka; BuddhistBuddhist

2. Mt. Ararat; Turkey; Christianity2. Mt. Ararat; Turkey; Christianity

3. Pueblo Bonita Ruins; N. MX; Ethnic Native 3. Pueblo Bonita Ruins; N. MX; Ethnic Native Am.Am.

4. Tori Gate; Mt Fuji, Japan; Ethnic Shinto4. Tori Gate; Mt Fuji, Japan; Ethnic Shinto

5. White Sands Sand Dune; N. MX; Ethnic 5. White Sands Sand Dune; N. MX; Ethnic Native Am.Native Am.

6. Parthenon; Greece; Ancient Ethnic6. Parthenon; Greece; Ancient Ethnic

7. Angkor Wat; Cambodia; Hindu/Buddhist7. Angkor Wat; Cambodia; Hindu/Buddhist

8. Temp.KuKulkan, Chichen iza; MX; Ethnic 8. Temp.KuKulkan, Chichen iza; MX; Ethnic MayaMaya

9. 9. Blarney Stone, Cork Island, Ire.; historic monumentBlarney Stone, Cork Island, Ire.; historic monument