Cuba Education Guide...Sugar cane, tobacco, maize and food crops are grown on the most fertile...

1

Cuba OrienteContemporary Painting

fromEastern Cuba

Teacher’s Guide

Ruben Manuel Beltrán GuerraUntitled, n.d., Oil on canvas

2

Table of Contents

Introduction 3

Gallery worksheets 5

In class activities 11

Illustrated list of works 13

List of artworks by theme 21

Artist biographies 32

Glossary 36

Bibliography and websites 38

Selected references 39

3

Introduction

Cuba is a beautiful land with a rich cultural heritage. Located only 95 miles southof the United States, this long, narrow island is bordered by the mouth of the Gulf ofMexico, the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Peninsulas, bays and coastal reefscreate more than 280 natural beaches and a shoreline that stretches for 3,400 miles. Thereare over 6,000 plant species in Cuba, including the royal palm, the silk cotton tree, and thebutterfly jasmine, which is the island’s national flower. Much of the animal kingdom isreptilian, with many crocodiles, iguanas, lizards, snakes and turtles. The largest landmammal is the jutía, a tree rat that can reach almost two feet in length. The smallest bird inthe world, the bee hummingbird, is native to Cuba and is only slightly larger than agrasshopper.

Western Cuba is home to the wooded mountain slopes of the Sierra del Rosariowith its tropical rainforests and mixed vegetation, and the Sierra de los Órganos, includingthe Viñales Valley, notable for its limestone landscape of sheer hills, many of whichcontain large caverns.

Flat, fertile land dominates central Cuba, ideal for breeding cattle and for growingtobacco, food crops and sugar cane. A few mountain formations also dot this landform,including the Sierra del Escambray.

The Oriente region in eastern Cuba produces a substantial amount of sugar cane,making the area indispensable to the national economy. Oriente possesses the largestmountain range on the island, the Sierra Maestra, 155 miles long and 19 miles wide, whichdraws many tourists who enjoy its spectacular scenery.

Long before contemporary visitors gazed at the wonders of Cuba’s landscape,evidence found by archaeologists suggests that settlers inhabited the island for at least10,000 years. Approximately 100,000 indigenous inhabitants lived in Cuba at the time ofChristopher Columbus’ arrival in 1492.

Other explorers came to Cuba in the years following the Columbus expedition.Diego Velázquez, his head filled with visions of Cuban gold, landed in 1510 with a forceof 300 men. During this period and afterward, the Spanish founded towns and developedthe encomiendas, or plantation system, run in large part with native labor. Eventually, thenumber of Cuba’s indigenous inhabitants decreased rapidly as a result of intermarriage,epidemics and poor treatment.

The face of Cuba changed dramatically during subsequent centuries. Havanabecame a bustling Spanish Caribbean port, beginning in the 17th century. Over time, theAfrican slave trade boomed and the colony evolved into a major producer of sugar,tobacco and coffee. Wars were fought for Cuba’s independence, which was finally gained in1902, ushering in a new era of growth for the island. The U.S. briefly held Cuba as aterritory in the wake of the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Cuba OrienteContemporary Painting from

Eastern Cuba

4

Cubans enjoy a wide variety of arts as part of their European, African and Asiancultural heritage. There is a film industry as well as many art schools, theaters andmuseums. Spanish and African influences have gradually shaped Cuba’s culture by bringingritual dances, Spanish guitars and melodies to the island. This harmonious combinationhelped dances like the rumba, son, danzón, punto guajiro, and zapateo cubano to develop. TheAfro-Cuban Santería religion also inspired the creation of many contemporary Cubandances. Cuba’s African heritage is featured in an annual celebration called Carnaval. Thisfestival stems from the Yoruban custom of praising the saints through song, and for severaldays the streets of Santiago in Oriente province are filled with dances, processions andmusic.

Cuba has produced poets and novelists since the 17th century. Literature is populartoday and Cuban authors have won prestigious awards including the Casa de las Americasand Cervantes prizes. Street vendors in Havana sell popular novels as well as antiquebooks. Art has been a part of Cuban culture for centuries. Paintings have been found inpre-Columbian caves, while religious works became a focal point after the Spanishconquest. Cuban art gradually evolved into a series of movements, sometimes mirroringoutside trends but always reflecting the unique Cuban spirit.

Educators can make use of the entire volume of this Teacher’s Guide or only a partof it. Nearly 200 host museums around the country have commented on the positive roleof these “guides” in promoting museum education and enhancing the experience ofvisiting teachers and students. The current guide was designed to promote not only a loveof art and visual literacy, but also to expose young people to Cuban culture and its richtraditions.

Students also are introduced to the geography and culture of Cuba through a seriesof worksheets. A variety of fun facts and questions are included to spark gallerydiscussions, accompanied by a simple map of Cuba and its boundaries, vocabulary words,and the fundamentals of rumba dance and music—all intended to enhance the museumvisit and bring Cuba to life. Students are encouraged to use logic and observation skills byanswering questions about the artworks to discover similarities and differences betweentheir own lives and those of people living in this neighboring country that is littleunderstood by most Americans.

5

Nam

e:

Cuba Oriente: Contemporary Painting From Eastern Cuba

Wo

rksh

eet

1: C

ub

a B

ackg

rou

nd

Wo

rksh

eet

2: S

ug

ar C

ane

Wo

rksh

eet

3: D

ance

an

d M

usi

c

Wo

rksh

eet

4: F

lora

an

d F

aun

a

Wo

rksh

eet

5: C

arn

aval

Art

ists

Rei

nald

o P

agán

Ávi

la

Mig

uel A

ngel

Bot

alín

Johe

rms

Qui

ala

Bro

oks

Ant

onio

Fer

rer

Cab

ello

Alfr

edo

Rod

rígu

ez C

edeñ

o

Mar

cos

Pav

ón E

stra

da

Rub

en M

anue

l Bel

trán

Gue

rra

Edd

y O

choa

Guz

mán

Alfr

edo

Elía

s S

ánch

ez Ig

lesi

as

Roe

l Cab

over

de L

lace

r

Levi

s G

alan

o Lo

ndre

s

Orla

ndo

Pie

dra

Jorg

e Lu

is H

erná

ndez

Pou

yú

José

Jul

ián

Agu

ilera

Vic

ente

Vic

ente

, La

Pla

nta,

196

0 (e

/200

0)

6

Wo

rksh

eet

1: C

ub

a B

ackg

rou

nd


Whi

ch p

aint

ings

tell

us a

bout

the

land

scap

e an

d ge

ogra

phy

of C

uba?

Map

an

d B

ou

nd

arie

s

-Cub

a is

loca

ted

betw

een

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

and

S

outh

Am

eric

an c

ontin

ents

.

-The

eas

tern

reg

ion

of C

uba

is c

alle

d "O

rient

e".

Did

yo

u k

no

w?

- C

hris

toph

er C

olum

bus,

trav

elin

g fr

om S

pain

, lan

ded

in

Cub

a in

149

2. A

t firs

t, he

thou

ght h

e ha

d re

ache

d th

e c

ontin

ent o

f Asi

a.

- C

uba

is th

e 15

th la

rges

t isl

and

in th

e w

orld

. Its

cap

ital

and

prin

cipa

l city

is H

avan

a.

- C

uba

is m

ostly

mad

e up

of f

latla

nds,

with

not

able

m

ount

ain

rang

es, e

spec

ially

in th

e so

uthe

ast.

- Its

maj

or e

thni

c gr

oups

orig

inat

ed m

ostly

in A

fric

a,

Asi

a an

d E

urop

e. C

uba

is a

n ex

trao

rdin

arily

m

ulti-

ethn

ic s

ocie

ty.

- C

uba

has

a sm

all I

ndia

n co

mm

unity

, prim

arily

loca

ted

in

Orie

nte,

and

mad

e up

of T

aino

peo

ple

rela

ted

to th

ose

liv

ing

in P

uert

o R

ico.

- The

sec

ond

larg

est c

ity is

San

tiago

de

Cub

a, lo

cate

d i

n th

e O

rient

e re

gion

. Thi

s ar

ea h

as fi

ve p

rovi

nces

: L

as T

unas

, Gra

nma,

Gua

ntán

amo,

Hol

guín

and

San

tiago

.

Gulf of Mexico

Windward Passage

Nor

th A

tlant

ic O

cean

Orie

nte

Reg

ion

CU

BA

Cay

man

Isla

nds (

U.K

.)H

aiti

Car

ibbe

an S

ea

Flor

ida

The

Bah

amas

-Cub

a in

clud

es tw

o pr

inci

pal i

slan

ds, C

uba

and

Isla

de

la J

uven

tud,

and

ove

r 1,

600

smal

l isl

ets

and

cays

.It

is th

e la

rges

t isl

and

in th

e C

arib

bean

.

How

is it

sim

iliar

to y

our

part

of t

he c

ount

ry?

How

is it

diffe

rent

?

Wha

t do

the

artw

orks

tell

us a

bout

the

kind

of p

eopl

e w

ho

live

in C

uba?

Ple

ase

shar

e ex

ampl

es.

Do

any

of th

e ar

twor

ks te

ll us

abo

ut th

e cl

imat

e in

Cub

a?

Pla

nts,

ani

mal

s an

d pe

ople

's c

loth

ing

are

usef

ul h

ints

.

7

Wo

rksh

eet

2: S

ug

ar C

ane


Can

e S

talk

Sea

rch

for

pain

tings

that

incl

ude

the

follo

win

g cl

ues:

How

man

y pa

intin

gs d

id y

ou fi

nd?

Sp

anis

h V

oca

bula

ry:

G

uara

po: S

ugar

can

e ju

ice

M

ache

te: A

long

hac

king

kni

fe

M

ache

tero

or

cañe

ro: S

ugar

can

e cu

tter

Z

afra

: Har

vest

Nam

e th

e ar

tists

and

the

title

s of

the

pain

tings

.

Did

yo

u k

no

w?

- In

200

2 C

uba

was

the

10th

larg

est p

rodu

cer

of s

ugar

can

e i

n th

e w

orld

.

- S

ugar

can

e gr

ows

up to

16

feet

tall.

The

low

er p

art o

f its

ste

m h

as th

e hi

ghes

t sug

ar c

onte

nt.

- S

ugar

can

e is

an

agric

ultu

ral g

rass

or

cere

al. O

ther

suc

h

cere

als

incl

ude

rice

and

whe

at.

- C

uba'

s C

arna

val i

s si

mila

r to

Mar

di G

ras

in N

ew O

rlean

s. I

t tak

es p

lace

in la

te J

uly

and

early

Aug

ust t

o ce

lebr

ate

the

end

of t

he s

ugar

har

vest

sea

son.

Har

vest

To

ols

an

d C

loth

ing

:W

hat t

ools

and

clo

thin

g do

es th

e 'm

ache

tero

' or

'cañ

ero'

use

to h

arve

st s

ugar

can

e? A

nsw

er th

is q

uest

ion

afte

r lo

okin

g

at th

e pa

intin

gs. H

ave

you

ever

har

vest

ed b

efor

e? W

hat t

ools

wou

ld y

ou u

se?

Wou

ld fa

rm a

nim

als

or m

achi

nes

be u

sefu

l?

Hat

s in

Pai

nti

ng

s-

How

man

y ha

ts c

an y

ou fi

nd in

the

artw

orks

?

Do

you

have

a fa

vorit

e? If

so,

why

?

Art

wo

rk T

reas

ure

Hu

nt

8

Wo

rksh

eet

3: D

ance

an

d M

usi

c Cuba Oriente: Contemporary Painting From Eastern Cuba

Rum

ba B

oxor

Mar

imbu

la o

r M

arim

ba

Thu

mb

Pia

noor

Kal

imba

or

Mbi

ra

Cub

a

Afr

ica

Cla

ve

Con

gas

Mar

acas

Bon

go

"Ru

mb

a"M

usi

cal I

nst

rum

ents

"Rum

ba"

= A

Cub

an d

ance

or

mus

ic w

ith A

fric

an a

nd

Spa

nish

influ

ence

s.H

ere

are

som

e of

the

inst

rum

ents

that

are

use

d to

pla

y "R

umba

" m

usic

.

Dan

ce in

Exh

ibit

ion

Art

wo

rkIn

the

pain

tings

by

the

artis

t Ant

onio

Fer

rer

Cab

ello

,La

Rum

ba s

erie

s, w

hat s

tyle

of "

Rum

ba"

do y

ou th

ink

is p

ortr

ayed

in th

e ar

twor

ks?

Why

?

Ru

mb

a B

ox a

nd

Th

um

b P

ian

oT

he o

rigin

of t

he C

uban

rum

ba b

ox is

the

Afr

ican

thum

b pi

ano.

It is

pla

yed

by s

trok

ing

met

al k

eys

that

are

fixe

d to

a h

ardw

ood

soun

dboa

rd.

Mu

sica

l In

stru

men

ts in

Exh

ibit

ion

Art

wo

rks

Nam

e th

e m

usic

al in

stru

men

ts in

the

pain

tings

. W

hich

one

s ar

e tr

aditi

onal

ly u

sed

to p

lay

the

rum

ba?

How

doe

s th

e R

umba

com

pare

to d

ance

s an

d m

usic

you

like

?

"Rum

ba"

=

++

Afr

ican

Rhy

thm

&D

ance

Spa

nish

Mel

odie

s

Cub

anP

oetr

y&

Inno

vatio

n

Th

ere

are

thre

e ty

pes

of

Cu

ban

Ru

mb

a:

- Yam

bú:

S

low

tem

po, s

impl

e da

nce

with

no

hip

mov

emen

t: A

n ol

d

peop

le's

dan

ce o

r on

e th

at im

itate

s ol

d ag

e.

- G

uag

uan

có:

M

oder

ate

to fa

st r

hyth

m w

ith h

ip m

ovem

ent:

A m

oder

n,

ur

ban

styl

e in

whi

ch c

oupl

es d

ance

apa

rt; a

cou

rtsh

ip

da

nce.

- C

olu

mb

ia Q

uick

tem

po w

ith c

ompl

ex a

crob

atic

mov

emen

t: O

ften

a s

olo

mal

e da

ncer

imita

tes

cane

cut

ters

, bal

l pla

yers

and

o

ther

s, s

ugge

stin

g st

reng

th, f

lexi

bilit

y an

d br

aver

y.

Oth

er in

stru

men

ts in

clud

e:

Gui

tar,

doub

le b

ass,

mar

imbu

la, a

nd th

e hu

man

voi

ce.

9

Wo

rksh

eet

4: F

lora

an

d F

aun

aCuba Oriente: Contemporary Painting From Eastern Cuba

Nat

ion

al F

lora

an

d F

aun

a

- C

uba

has

mor

e th

an 3

0 ki

nds

of P

alm

tree

s. T

he n

atio

nal t

ree

is th

e ro

yal p

alm

.-

But

terf

ly J

asm

ine

is th

e na

tiona

l flo

wer

.- T

he w

orld

's s

mal

lest

bird

, the

"Z

unzu

ncito

" o

r B

ee H

umm

ingb

ird (

just

larg

er th

an a

gra

ssho

pper

!), i

s th

e na

tiona

l bird

.

How

wou

ld y

ou m

ake

a su

rrea

listic

pai

ntin

g of

you

r lo

cal

land

scap

e?

Look

at t

he p

aint

ings

Rab

ena-

Man

zani

llo (

Gue

rra)

,F

orce

d La

ndin

g (B

rook

s), a

nd U

ntitl

ed (

Ced

eno)

. C

hoos

e on

e an

d de

scrib

e th

e la

ndsc

ape

they

por

tray

.

Cub

a ha

s m

ore

than

6,0

00 p

lant

spe

cies

, som

eda

ting

to p

rehi

stor

ic ti

mes

. The

re a

re o

ver

350

bird

spec

ies.

Am

ong

the

land

faun

a, r

eptil

es a

re th

e m

ost

abun

dant

. The

se in

clud

e ig

uana

s, s

alam

ande

rs,

croc

odile

s, li

zard

s, s

nake

s (1

5 no

n-po

ison

ous

spec

ies)

and

turt

les.

Fib

er fr

om th

e 25

met

er ta

ll G

uana

tree

, kn

own

only

in C

uba,

is u

sed

to w

eave

hat

s, s

ome

ofw

hich

are

see

n in

the

exhi

bitio

n ar

twor

ks.

How

do

thes

e la

ndsc

apes

and

cro

ps c

ompa

re to

your

reg

ion?

Wha

t kin

ds o

f ani

mal

s an

d pl

ants

are

foun

d w

here

you

live?

Are

ther

e an

imal

s in

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

that

don

't liv

e in

Cub

a?

Thi

s ar

tist u

ses

both

rea

lism

* an

d su

rrea

lism

* to

cre

ate

his

wor

k. W

hat d

o th

ese

term

s m

ean

(*se

e gl

ossa

ry)?

How

do

es h

e de

pict

the

Cub

an la

ndsc

ape

to e

xpre

ss h

is

feel

ings

?

Th

e C

ub

a L

and

scap

eT

he C

uba

Land

scap

e in

clud

es tr

opic

al r

ainf

ores

ts, p

ine

fore

sts,

sav

anna

s*, m

angr

ove

swam

ps*,

mou

ntai

nra

nges

, bea

ches

and

cor

al r

eefs

. Pla

nt a

nd a

nim

alsp

ecie

s va

ry g

reat

ly fr

om p

lace

to p

lace

. Sug

ar c

ane,

toba

cco,

mai

ze a

nd fo

od c

rops

are

gro

wn

on th

e m

ost

fert

ile la

nds.

Cub

a ha

s m

ango

s, p

apay

as a

nd b

anan

as(*

see

glo

ssar

y)

Des

crib

e th

e la

ndsc

ape

pain

ting

you

like

the

mos

t.W

hy is

this

you

r fa

vorit

e?

Art

ist

Titl

e

10

Wo

rksh

eet

5: C

arn

aval


Oth

er f

esti

vals

in S

anti

ago

de

Cu

ba

- C

arib

bea

n C

ult

ura

l Fes

tiva

l or

Fir

e F

esti

val

Thi

s ta

kes

plac

e du

ring

the

first

wee

k of

Jul

y an

d in

clud

es c

once

rts,

cul

tura

l wor

ksho

ps a

nd a

rtis

tic

perf

orm

ance

s.

- R

um

ba

Fes

tiva

lT

his

occu

rs d

urin

g m

id-J

anua

ry a

nd is

cel

ebra

ted

with

mus

ic a

nd s

tree

t dan

cing

.-

Inte

rnat

ion

al S

on

Fes

tiva

lE

very

two

year

s th

e ni

ghtc

lubs

, pla

zas

and

thea

ters

ar

e fil

led

with

mus

icia

ns p

layi

ng C

uba'

s S

on m

usic

. W

hich

cha

ract

eris

tics

of p

ublic

cel

ebra

tion

do y

ou s

ee in

thes

e pa

intin

gs?

Do

you

thin

k C

uban

s pr

efer

to a

ttend

fest

ival

s an

d ev

ents

b

y th

emse

lves

or

to g

o w

ith p

eopl

e fr

om th

eir

com

mun

ity?

Why

?

Car

nava

l is

a su

mm

er c

eleb

ratio

n th

roug

hout

Cub

a an

d is

esp

ecia

lly p

opul

ar in

the

city

of S

antia

go. C

arna

val

deriv

es it

s or

igin

s fr

om th

e A

fric

an c

usto

m o

f pra

isin

g th

e sa

ints

thro

ugh

song

. It i

s on

e of

the

coun

try'

s ol

dest

tr

aditi

ons,

dat

ing

back

cen

turie

s. P

eopl

e ga

ther

to s

ing,

da

nce,

eat

and

list

en to

Rum

ba a

nd c

onga

bea

ts a

s m

usic

ians

and

sin

gers

par

ade

thro

ugh

the

stre

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11

In Class Activities“Water” Color

A mess-free, inventive way to make watercolor artwork.

Materials needed by students:· 1 piece of white paper, standard letter size or larger;

many ripped pieces of tissue paper in various colors;· 1 paintbrush· water

Arrange the tissue paper pieces on white paper in a pattern you like. “Paint” overthe pieces with a paintbrush dipped in water, thoroughly soaking the tissue paper.When the paper is completely dry, you should peel off the tissue paper pieces. Thedye from the tissue paper has soaked into the white paper, “creating” a work of artas colorful as a Cuba Oriente painting!

Rumba Drum-ba

Make your own Rumba drum.

Materials needed by students:

· 1 empty coffee can with a plastic lid· 1 paintbrush· paint· 2 sticks· Tacky glue (durable glue used to attach items like beads)· beads, sequins, yarn, feathers, etc.

Place the lid on the open end of the coffee can (this will become your drumsurface) and paint the can with colors of your choice. When the paint is completelydry, glue your decorations to the can – choosing the most creative pattern possible.After the glue dries, bang out a Rumba beat on your new drum!

Ávila, Arte Cubano, n.d.Watercolor on paper


Eastern Cuba

In class activities

12

Rain Stick

Hear the mimicked sound of the rain failing in Cuba’s beautiful rainforests!Materials needed by students:

· 1 (1.5 inches) mailing tube or wrapping paper tube· wide tape· sea shells, lentils, gravel (small granules), sand, dried beans, popcorn kernels, or rice· 1 funnel· magic markers or wrapping paper

Close one end of tube with the wide tape. Pour in sea shells and other contents(above) until the tube is filled with roughly one quarter inch of space left at the top.Close other end of tube with tape. Use your imagination to creatively decorate theoutside of the tube with either magic markers or wrapping paper.

Natural LandscapeUse natural objects and mixed media to create a textured Cuban landscapepainting.Materials needed by students:

· leaves, bark, grass, feathers, pine needles, and other natural objects· glue· 1 paintbrush· pastels, paints, crayons, or markers· Draw or paint a Cuban landscape (suggestions: mountains, forests, palm

trees, whitewashed houses, sugar cane fields, ocean, etc.; use the illustratedlist of exhibition artworks for inspiration). When your drawing is finished orthe paper is dry, glue the natural objects to the paper. For example, bark canbecome part of the trees or be made to look like mountains. You also maywant to include animals native to Cuba, like the bee hummingbird or theremarkable jutía.

Make a Cuba MapUsing the Internet or a Geographical Atlas, look up Cuba, draw a map of thecountry, and find the hometowns of 5 of the artists in Cuba Oriente. This shouldthen be linked to a travel brochure, telling your readers why they should visit thesetowns and what they will find there. Since you now know about geography, you alsocan tell your readers what clothes to pack (e.g., cold mountain wear, beach wear,etc.) and things they should be sure to take pictures of.

(activities in part courtesy of: kinderart.com and lessonplanspage.com)

In class activities

13


Eastern Cuba

Reinaldo Pagán ÁvilaArte Cubano, n.d.(Cuban Art)Watercolor on paper22.5"x 19.5"

Reinaldo Pagán ÁvilaEl Nido, n.d.(The Nest)Acrylic on paper26.5"x 21.5"

Reinaldo Pagán ÁvilaEmigración – de la serie:Perfiles Colonizados, 2003(Emigration – from the series:Colonized Profiles)Acrylic on canvas42.5" x 34.5"

Reinaldo Pagán ÁvilaGitana de Caribe, 2000(Caribbean Gypsy)Acrylic on canvas24.5"x 16.5"

Reinaldo Pagán ÁvilaMartirios del Alma, 1996

(Martyrs of the Soul)Acrylic on canvas

39.5"x 29.5"

Reinaldo Pagán ÁvilaMemorias de la

Navegación, 1997(Memories of Sailing)

Acrylic on canvas27"x 23.5"

Miguel Angel BotalínCalle Mangachupa, 2000

(Mangachupa Street)Oil on canvas

66.5"x 47"

Miguel Angel BotalínCatedrales – serie, 2001

(Cathedral – series)Oil on canvas

31.5"x 25.5"

All dimensions are height x width (framed) Exhibition Checklist

14


Eastern CubaMiguel Angel BotalínUntitled, n.d.Oil on canvas21"x 29"

Joherms Quiala BrooksAché pá tí, mi “Nagüe!”, 2000(My Blessings, Friend!)Oil on canvas48.5"x 36.5"

Joherms Quiala BrooksAterrizaje Forzoso, 2001(Forced Landing)Oil on canvas39"x 25"

Joherms Quiala BrooksEl Día Más Feliz del Mundo,1999(The World’s Most JoyousDay)Oil on canvas39.5"x 30"

Joherms Quiala BrooksÉxodo, 2000

(Exodus)Oil on canvas

65"x 32"

Joherms Quiala BrooksFuga a un Sueño

Esperado, 2000(Flight to a Dream Awaited)

Oil on canvas21.5"x 16"

Joherms Quiala BrooksLa Postal que no se Vende,

2002(The Postcard that is Never

Sold)Oil on canvas

52.5"x 40.5"

Joherms Quiala BrooksMi Tío, el que Llegó del Norte,

1999(My Uncle Who Arrived from

the North)Oil on canvas

21"x 16"


15


Eastern Cuba


Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Rumba (One of five works),1997(Rumba)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Rumba (Two of five works),1997(Rumba)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Rumba (Three of fiveworks), 1997(Rumba)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Rumba (Four of five works),1997(Rumba)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Rumba (Five of five works),

1997(Rumba)

Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Zafra, 1995

(The Sugar Harvest)Oil on canvas

27.5"x 35.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloRetratos (One of six works),

1996(Portraits)


Antonio Ferrer CabelloRetratos (Two of six works),

1996(Portraits)


16


Eastern Cuba


Antonio Ferrer CabelloRetratos (Six of six works),1996(Portraits)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloRetratos (Three of six works),1996(Portraits)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloRetratos (Four of six works),1996(Portraits)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloRetratos (Five of six works),1996(Portraits)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoAtardecer Lluvioso, 2001

(Rainy Afternoon)Oil on canvas

43"x 82"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoEn el Reino de Dios Todo es

Posible, 2001(In the Kingdom of God,Everything is Possible)


Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoLa Isla, 2001(The Island)

Oil on canvas39"x 57.5"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoDía Frio, 1996

(Cold Day)Oil on cardboard

24"x 34.5"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoPaisaje con Ruinas, 2002

(Landscape with Ruins)Oil on canvas

38.5"x 66.5"

17


Eastern Cuba


Marcos Pavón EstradaReunión de Brujas, 1985(Witches’ Meeting)Oil on canvas37"x 25"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoUntitled, n.d.Oil on cardboard21"x 32"

Marcos Pavón EstradaAmor Proletario, 1980(Proletarian Love)Oil on canvas39"x 30"

Marcos Pavón EstradaBrujas con Gallo, 1985(Witches with Rooster)Oil on canvas37"x 25"

Ruben Manuel Beltrán GuerraLa Plazita de Mi Barrio, 1997

(The Little Square in MyNeighborhood)

Oil on canvas21"x 30"

Ruben Manuel Beltrán GuerraRabena-Manzanillo, 2000


Ruben Manuel Beltrán GuerraUntitled, n.d.Oil on canvas

45"x 35"

Eddy Ochoa GuzmánUntitled, n.d.Oil on canvas

25.5"x 41"

18


Eastern Cuba


Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasAmanecer en la Ciudad, 2001(Dawn in the City)Oil on canvas44.5"x 70.5"

Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasCapitán Furia, 2001(Captain Fury)Oil on canvas54"x 37

Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasEl Pez Rojo, n.d.(The Red Fish) – StudyOil on board16"x 13.5"

Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasEl Pez Rojo, 2000(The Red Fish)Oil on canvas31"x 23"

Roel Caboverde LlacerCañeros, 1999(Cane Cutters)Oil on canvas

19"x 15"

Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasTrovador Viajante, 2001

(Wandering Minstrel)Oil on canvas

70"x 44.5

Roel Caboverde LlacerDe Regreso a Casa, 1999

(Coming Home)Oil on canvas

33"x 29"

Roel Caboverde LlacerPescadores, 1998

(Fishermen)Oil on canvas

16.5"x 19.5"

19All dimensions are height x width (framed) Exhibition Checklist


Eastern Cuba

Roel Caboverde LlacerRecolectores de Café, 1999(Coffee Pickers)Oil on canvas23.5"x 18.5"

Roel Caboverde LlacerUntitled, 1999Oil on canvas20"x 17"

Levis Galano LondresGuajiro con Gallo, 1998(Country Man with Rooster)Acrylic on canvas23.5"x 19.5"

Orlando PiedraGuajiro Joven, n.d.(Country Boy)Oil on canvas24.5"x 19"

Orlando PiedraLa Fuerza del Guajiro, n.d.

(The Farmer’s Strength)Oil on canvas

40.5"x 25.5"

Jorge Luis Hernández PouyúVestigios, 2001

(Vestiges)Acrylic on paper

32.5"x 43.5"

José Julián Aguilera VicenteHomanaje a Lam, 1985 (e/2000)

(Homage to Lam)Woodblock print

34"x 22"

José Julián Aguilera VicenteLa Lluvia en Santa Lucía, 1967 (e/2000)

(Rain in Santa Lucía)Woodblock print

29"x 23"

20


Eastern Cuba


José Julián Aguilera VicenteLa Planta, 1960 (e/2000)(The Plant)Woodblock print23"x 27

José Julián Aguilera VicenteMi Ciudad, 1966 (e/2000)(My City)Woodblock print28.5"x 22.5"

José Julián Aguilera VicenteSalud Maestro, 1975 (e/2003)(For the Teacher)Woodblock print29"x 17.5"

21

List of Artworks by ThemeImaginary Creatures



Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasCapitán Furia, 2001(Captain Fury)Oil on canvas54"x 37"


Hats and Headdresses


Estrada, Brujas con Gallo, 1985


Eastern Cuba

Theme List

22

Reinaldo Pagán ÁvilaEmigración – de la serie: Perfiles Colonizados, 2003(Emigration – from the series: Colonized Profiles)Acrylic on canvas42.5" x 34.5"


Joherms Quiala BrooksAché pá tí, mi “Nagüe!”, 2000(My Blessings, Friend!)Oil on canvas48.5"x 36.5"

Joherms Quiala BrooksEl Día Más Feliz del Mundo, 1999(The World’s Most Joyous Day)Oil on canvas39.5"x 30"

Joherms Quiala BrooksFuga a un Sueño Esperado, 2000(Flight to a Dream Awaited)Oil on canvas21.5"x 16"

Joherms Quiala BrooksMi Tío, el que Llegó del Norte, 1999(My Uncle Who Arrived from the North)Oil on canvas21"x 16"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Rumba (Series of five), 1997(Rumba)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5" each

Brooks, El Día Más Feliz del Mundo, 1999

Ávila, Gitana de Caribe, 2000

Theme List

23

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Zafra, 1995(The Sugar Harvest)Oil on canvas27.5"x 35.5"

Antonio Ferrer CabelloRetratos (Series of six), 1996(Portraits)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5" each

Marcos Pavón EstradaAmor Proletario, 1980(Proletarian Love)Oil on canvas39"x 30"




Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasTrovador Viajante, 2001(Wandering Minstrel)Oil on canvas70"x 44.5"

Cabello, Retratos, 1996

Cabello, Retratos, 1996

Theme List

24

Roel Caboverde LlacerCañeros, 1999(Cane Cutters)Oil on canvas19"x 15"

Roel Caboverde LlacerDe Regreso a Casa, 1999(Coming Home)Oil on canvas33"x 29"

Roel Caboverde LlacerPescadores, 1998(Fishermen)Oil on canvas16.5"x 19.5"

Roel Caboverde LlacerRecolectores de Café, 1999(Coffee Pickers)Oil on canvas23.5"x 18.5"



Orlando PiedraGuajiro Joven, n.d.(Country Boy)Oil on canvas24.5"x 19"

Londres, Guajiro con Gallo, 1998

Piedra, La Fuerza del Guajiro, n.d.

Theme List

25

Orlando PiedraLa Fuerza del Guajiro, n.d.(The Farmer’s Strength)Oil on canvas40.5"x 25.5"


Images of the Countryside

Joherms Quiala BrooksAterrizaje Forzoso, 2001(Forced Landing)Oil on canvas39"x 25"

Joherms Quiala BrooksÉxodo, 2000(Exodus)Oil on canvas65"x 32"

Joherms Quiala BrooksFuga a un Sueño Esperado, 2000(Flight to a Dream Awaited)Oil on canvas21.5"x 16"

Joherms Quiala BrooksLa Postal que no se Vende, 2002(The Postcard that is Never Sold)Oil on canvas52.5"x 40.5"

Brooks, Éxodo, 2000

Theme List

26


Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoAtardecer Lluvioso, 2001(Rainy Afternoon)Oil on canvas43"x 82"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoDía Frio, 1996(Cold Day)Oil on cardboard24"x 34.5"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoLa Isla, 2001(The Island)Oil on canvas39"x 57.5"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoPaisaje con Ruinas, 2002(Landscape with Ruins)Oil on canvas38.5"x 66.5"

Alfredo Rodríguez CedeñoUntitled, n.d.Oil on cardboard21"x 32"

Ruben Manuel Beltrán GuerraLa Plazita de Mi Barrio, 1997(The Little Square in My Neighborhood)Oil on canvas21"x 30"

Cedeño, Día Frio, 1996

Cedeño, Atardecer Lluvioso, 2001

Theme List

27

Ruben Manuel Beltrán GuerraRabena-Manzanillo, 2000Oil on canvas35.5"x 42.5"

Eddy Ochoa GuzmánUntitled, n.d.Oil on canvas25.5"x 41"

Roel Caboverde LlacerPescadores, 1998(Fishermen)Oil on canvas16.5"x 19.5"

Cityscapes

Miguel Angel BotalínCalle Mangachupa, 2000(Mangachupa Street)Oil on canvas66.5"x 47"

Miguel Angel BotalínCatedrales – serie, 2001(Cathedral – series)Oil on canvas31.5"x 25.5"

Miguel Angel BotalínUntitled, n.d.Oil on canvas21"x 29"

Joherms Quiala BrooksMi Tío, el que Llegó del Norte, 1999(My Uncle Who Arrived from the North)Oil on canvas21"x 16"

Guerra, Rabena-Manzanillo, 2000

Botalín, Calle Mangachupa, 2000

Theme List

28

Ruben Manuel Beltrán GuerraUntitled, n.d.Oil on canvas45"x 35"


José Julián Aguilera VicenteLa Lluvia en Santa Lucía, 1967 (e/2000)(Rain in Santa Lucía)Woodblock print29"x 23"

José Julián Aguilera VicenteLa Planta, 1960 (e/2000)(The Plant)Woodblock print23"x 27"

José Julián Aguilera VicenteMi Ciudad, 1966 (e/2000)(My City)Woodblock print28.5"x 22.5

Musical Instruments

Antonio Ferrer CabelloLa Rumba (three of five works), 1997(Rumba)Oil on canvas16.5"x 12.5" each


Vicente, Mi Ciudad, 1966 (e/2000)

Cabello, La Rumba, 1997

Theme List

29

Alfredo Elías Sánchez IglesiasAmanecer en la Ciudad, 2001(Dawn in the City)Oil on canvas44.5"x 70.5"





Sugar Cane


Roel Caboverde LlacerCañeros, 1999(Cane Cutters)Oil on canvas19"x 15"

Iglesias, Trovador Viajante, 2001

Llacer, Cañeros, 1999

Theme List

30

Animals







Ávila, El Nido, n.d.

Cabello, La Zafra, 1995

Theme List

31


Roel Caboverde LlacerDe Regreso a Casa, 1999(Coming Home)Oil on canvas33"x 29"


Orlando PiedraLa Fuerza del Guajiro, n.d.(The Farmer’s Strength)Oil on canvas40.5"x 25.5"

Iglesias, El Pez Rojo, 2000

Theme List

32

Cuba OrienteContemporary Painting from Eastern Cuba

Artist BiographiesReinaldo Pagán Ávila (Santiago de Cuba, 1971) graduated from the JoséJoaquín Tejada Provincial Arts School with a degree in drawing andpainting and credentials as an art instructor. In 1991, he began working aspart of a team whose purpose was to beautify Santiago, and the same yearhe and other young artists for med a group called “Cara Joven” (YoungFaces). Known by their nickname “Cara-jo,” this group would change thelocal art scene by introducing innovative ideas and expressing ecologicalconcerns. At the 1992 Caribbean Festival, Ávila participated in a streetinstallation called “Showcase Art,” in which artists’ works were created instore windows. His first one-man show, “My Double Face,” took place in1995, touring Guantánamo and Granma provinces. Ávila has receivednumerous national awards for his works. Memorias de la Navegación, 1997

Artist Biographies

Miguel Angel Botalín (Santiago de Cuba, 1932) received degrees in painting andsculpture from the José Joaquín Tejada Provincial Arts School in Santiago,as well as a law degree from the University of Havana. Since the 1950s, hehas had a leadership role in promoting Cuban art and culture both locallyand internationally. He has held several key positions with cultural andgovernmental institutions in Oriente province and with UNESCO. Botalín’sworks have been exhibited in Cuba, the Caribbean, Latin America, Europeand the United States and have received critical recognition and awards.They can be found in collections worldwide. He currently lives in Santiagode Cuba and works independently as a visual artist.

Catedrales - serie, 2001

Joherms Quiala Brooks (Guantánamo, 1970) is a gifted artist whose works evoke anadmiration for Salvador Dali, but with Brooks’ own unique Cuban style. His colors arebrilliant and beautiful, violent and sensual. His energetic characters exhibitstrength, humor, and refreshing openness; his use of sun and light often

result in translucent background colors of vivid blues,greens and yellows. He has participated in one-man andgroup exhibitions both in his country and abroad. He wonfirst prize at the International Festival of Humor inBelgium. One of his paintings was presented to the Popeas a gift for the Vatican Art Collection.

Aterrizaje Forzoso, 2001

33

Antonio Ferrer Cabello (Santiago de Cuba, 1913) is a graduate of the San AlejandroAcademy of Fine Art in Havana. He returned to Santiago to serve as aprofessor at the José Joaquín Tejada Provincial Arts School. He also wasdirector of the Bacardí Museum in Santiago. Cabello produces drawings,watercolors, pastels, and engravings, but his most outstanding works areportraits and paintings of urban landscapes. He was able to bring avant-garde trends to Santiago and has promoted contacts with artists inHavana and outside the country. He has also encouraged similardevelopments in theater and music. During the 1960s, Cabello createdinnovative portraits of musicians with fluid, agile and luminous back-grounds and gestures. He has received numerous medals for hiscontributions to art and culture in Cuba.

Retratos, 1996

Artist Biographies

Alfredo Rodríguez Cedeño (Bayamo, 1969) is essentially self-taught, but took severalclasses at a community cultural center and received some instruction at the Manuel delSocorro Rodríguez Visual Arts School in Bayamo. Many of his works focuson rural landscapes and portray the habits and daily life of Cuban campesinos.Cedeño’s paintings often emphasize environmental themes, combiningtraditional approaches with realism. He has participated in the CucalambéFestivals in Las Tunas. At age 30, he has had four one-man shows andnumerous group exhibitions and has been awarded municipal,provincial and national prizes. In 1999, he headed a collective showentitled “The Cuban Phenomenon” at the Asheville Gallery inNorth Carolina. Cedeño creates paintings, drawings, engravings andceramics. He currently lives and works as an independent artist inBayamo in Eastern Cuba. En el Reino de Dios Todo es Posible, 2001

Marcos Pavón Estrada (Holguín, 1938) is disabled and unable to use his hands, but froman early age decided to paint. In 1963, he was admitted to the Frank País Hospital in

Havana where he received formal training in the arts. Upon his return to hisregion of Holguín, he enrolled in the Fine Arts School, graduated in 1969, andbegan working at the Manuel Dositeo Aguilera Cultural Center. In1985 he started painting elves and witches from local mythologyto revive rural folk imagery and traditions. Estrada belongs to the

Association of Mouth and Foot Painting Artists in Liechtenstein and hascreated a special device to facilitate the upward and downward movement ofhis easel. Reunión de Brujas 1985

34Artist Biographies

Ruben Manuel Beltrán Guerra (Manzanillo, 1966) is a self-taught artist. Despite hislimited formal training, he is an avid student of nature, observing its differ-ent colors and capturing landscapes and cityscapes onhis canvases. For Guerra, painting is a demonstrationof the love he feels for God, man, and nature. He says,“The sketch is like a newborn . . . I nurture it, raise it

until it grows and becomes an adult . . . the finished work of art.” La Plazita de Mi Barrio, 1997

Eddy Ochoa Guzmán (Guantánamo, 1952) is a painter, a composer of children’s music,and a policeman whose speciality is criminology. He graduated from thePinar del Río Provincial Arts School and studied for two years at the JoséJoaquín Tejada Provincial Arts School in Santiago de Cuba. Guzmán hasparticipated in numerous collective and one-man shows. He has receivedseveral awards for his activities as a painter and a composer. Theseinclude Best Composition for Children and the Popularity Prize atthe Singing to the Sun National Festival in Havana.

Untitled, n.d.

Alfredo Elías Sánchez Iglesias (Santiago de Cuba, 1967) is a painter, a teacher, and atheater designer. At the age of fourteen, he graduated from the JoséJoaquín Tejada Provincial Arts School with a degree indrawing and engraving. Soon afterward, he began teachingthere. As a student he was encouraged to study the mastersand chose Picasso and Chagall. His teacher, José AguileraVicente, became a mentor. The works of Cuban artistFidelio Ponce de León also provided inspiration. Iglesias

studied theater design in Russia, returning to Cuba in 1995. His work intheater continues to have a profound impact on his painting. Trovador Viajante, 2001

Roel Caboverde Llacer (Baracoa, 1947) first worked as a graphic designer and spent hisfree time painting and fishing. By 1970, as his artworks became betterknown, he held his first one-man show in Moa. In 1983 hebegan studying at Guantánamo’s School of Fine Art, gradu-ating as a visual arts instructor. Currently he paints in aneocubist style, depicting childhood memories of rural fish-ing and sugar harvest scenes. Llacer recently attracted inter-

national attention resulting in one-man shows in Spain, France and theUnited States. He lives and teaches in the coastal village of Baracoa. Cañeros, 1999

35

Artist Biographies

Levis Galano Londres (Cayo Guin) studied art in Guantánamo, receiving adiploma in art instruction. He has exhibited widely in Cuba and now lives inthe Baja Peninsula in Mexico. Many of his works portray the environmentand all are characterized by vivid colors and free brushwork.

Guajiro con Gallo, 1998

Orlando Piedra (Baracoa, 1954) is a painter, a caricaturist, a book illustrator, an actor andan athlete. As a child, he produced caricatures with the encouragement of his grandfather.

His lifelong sense of humor and satire are reflected in hisportrait paintings. Piedra’s interests in political commentarythrough art, along with his concern for social issues and theenvironment, have led to controversies. He has participatedin several international competitions and his work has beenexhibited in the United States, Latin America and Europe.

Piedra has held numerous one-man exhibitions of his oil paintings,watercolors and caricatures. In 1997, he received the Guamo Award forhis outstanding career from the Union of Cuban Writers and Artists. La Fuerza del Guajiro, n.d.

Jorge Luis Hernández Pouyú (Santiago de Cuba, 1967) first studied art at the JoséJoaquín Tejada Provincial Arts School. In 1985, he moved to Havana, where he joined theEduardo Abela Experimental Painting Workshop and was involved with theRene Portocarrero Silkscreen Workshop. In 1988, Pouyú participated in the

Papermaking Workshop of the 3rd Biennial ofHavana. He has been in numerous group shows andheld one-man exhibitions, winning prizes at severalcompetitions. Since 1991, he has served as a judgein various regional events. He currently lives andworks in his hometown of Santiago de Cuba.

Vestigios, 2001

José Julián Aguilera Vicente (Santiago de Cuba, 1933) is a painter, a sculptor and agraphic artist. He has worked as a professional artist and educator at vari-ous institutions, including the University of Oriente, teachingdrawing, engraving and other subjects. He is affiliated withboth local and national arts and cultural institutions. Vicentehas won 33 provincial and national awards, participating in30 international group shows, 11 one-man shows abroad

and more than 100 exhibits in Cuba. The largest collection of his workscan be found in the Emilio Bacardí Museum in Santiago de Cuba.

Mi Ciudad, 1966 (e/2000)

36


Eastern CubaArt Glossary

AcrylicA type of paint made from a plastic mixture. Many artists use acrylic because it is strong and adaptable.

Brush strokesThe impressions in paint created when an artist applies a brush to a surface such as canvas or cardboard.Different kinds of brushes create different strokes and these can add to the texture and beauty of an artwork.

CanvasArtists paint their pictures on this strong cloth. Canvas often is made from hemp or flax.

CompositionThe way in which an artist organizes the different parts of a picture to create a visually harmonious presentation.All elements in an artwork, such as figures, shapes, and objects, are part of its composition.

MediumIn general terms, the type of materials used to create an artwork. In this exhibition medium refers primarily towatercolor, acrylic and oil paint.

Oil PaintProduced by mixing powdered pigments with plant oils. This creates a thick paint that takes a long time to dry.

PerspectiveDrawing objects by having imaginary lines meet at one point (“focus”) to give a painting the impression of depth.If one looks carefully at a painting with perspective, some objects seem nearer while others seem farther.

RealismType of art that portrays people, places or things as they actually appear.

ShadingThe representation of light or shade in a picture. Shading helps define a figure in the third dimension, making itappear to have depth.

SurrealismAn artistic style that tries to portray subconscious thoughts or feelings, conveyed with strange imagesand unusual overlapping themes.

TextureThis describes the surface in a drawing or painting. For example, texture can tell you whether a surface issmooth or rough.

Glossary

37

WatercolorA bright water-based paint often used on paper.

WoodcutOne of the earliest forms of printmaking in which the design is drawn on wood, with areas not intended tobe printed being cut away. The block is then inked and paper is pressed down on the woodblock. Colorscan be added by using different blocks or by altering the block and re-inking.

Terms You Might Not KnowBoundaryA line that shows the limits of each country, state, city or other areas.

CaySmall, low island made up of mainly of coral or sand.

ContinentOne of the earth’s seven divisions of land; Asia or South America, for example.

Mangrove swampWet, low region containing tropical trees with intertwining roots.

SavannaFlat grassland found in tropical or subtropical regions.

Useful Spanish TermsCañeros“Cane cutters.” One of the ways Cubans can earn money is by selling sugar cane. Workers cut down thecane and factories produce the sugar.

GuajiroA person from the Cuban countryside.

HomanajeSimilar to the English word “homage,” suggesting that honor is given to a person, object or place.

Recolectores de café“Coffee pickers.” Another way Cubans earn money is by selling coffee; like sugar cane, coffee is animportant Cuban cash crop.

RumbaA type of dance that is extremely popular in Cuba. There are three different styles of Rumba: the Yambú,performed at a slow tempo; the Guaguancó, a combination of singing and theatrical dancing; and theColumbia, a male solo dance that is physically challenging and features many mimed movements.

TrovadorA “minstrel” or a musician who plays an instrument and travels from town to town.

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Bibliography and Websites

Selected Bibliography

Cramer, Mark. Culture Shock: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette, Cuba. Portland, Oregon: Times MediaPrivate Limited, 2000.

Knopf Guides. Cuba. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.

Web Sites

AfroCubaWebwww.afrocubaweb.com

BBCwww.bbc.uk.co

Cuba Heritagewww.cubaheritage.com

Cuban Art – Arte de Cubawww.cubanart.org

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationswww.fao.org

The Internet Travel Guide – “Getting to Know Cuba”www.cuba-erleben.de

Links²Go Key Resourcewww.cwo.com

Lonely Planet World Guidewww.lonelyplanet.com

Mento Musicwww.mentomusic.com


Eastern Cuba

Bibliography and websites

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Selected References for Worksheets

Worksheet 1 References

AfroCubaWebAfroCubans: Race and Identity in Cubahttp://www.afrocubaweb.com/raceident.htm


FreeGK – “Atlas Cuba Map”http://www.map.freegk.com/cuba/cuba.php

The Internet Travel Guide – “Cuba ...People ...Demographics”www.cuba-erleben.de/com/people.htm


Lonely Planet World Guidewww.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/caribean/cuba/printable.htm



Cuban HeritageCuban Sugarhttp://www.cubaheritage.com/subs.asp?sID=214&cID=13

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationshttp://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.jsp?commodity=156&lang=EN&year+2000


The Internet Travel Guide – “Getting to Know Cuba”Cuba . . . Sweet Juice in Sugar Cane - Bitter Sugarhttp://www.cuba-erleben.de/com/Home.htm

References

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BBC – “Mbira”www.bbc.co.uk/music/features/africa/painsmbira.shtml



Links²Go Key Resourcehttp://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/history.htm

Lonely Planet World Guide – “Culture”www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/caribean/cuba/printable.htm

Mento Musichttp://www.mentomusic.com/WhatIsMento.htm



Kian, Fereydoun. Humpty Dumpty Sat on the Globe: GeoTales from Around the World. Miami, Florida:Wonderglades Kids Press, 1997.


References


Children’s activities during Carnivalhttp://www.dtcuba.com/eng/buscar_reportajes.asp?cod=60

Fire Festivalhttp://www.embacuba.ca/cultturalevents.htm

Rumba http://www.frommers.com/destinations/santiagodecuba/3175024876.html

Son festivalhttp://www.bugbog.com/exotic_places/cuba_travel.html

Cuba Education Guide...Sugar cane, tobacco, maize and food crops are grown on the most fertile...

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