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HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
1
CONNECTICUT
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Plan – “Roadmap” Collaborative
Participants
Project Management and Plan Development
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc.:
Elliot Ginsberg – Chief Executive Officer
Joel M. Rinebold – Program Director
Paul Aresta – Project Manager
Alexander C. Barton – Energy Specialist
Adam J. Brzozowski – Energy Specialist
Thomas Wolak – Energy Intern
Nathan Bruce – GIS Mapping Intern
Agencies
United States Department of Energy
United States Small Business Administration
Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development
Hartford skyline – “Hartford, CT, Octobwer 20, 2007”, http://www.flickr.com/photos/gatuzz/1803990134/in/faves-wnprimages/
CT Transit Bus – “Hydrogen Fuel Cell bus at the CT Science Center on April 21, 2010”,
http://www.cttransit.com/press/Display.asp?PressID={1446426A-4BBB-4742-9612-DD65A6A9ED03}
Cabela’s – “Retail (Cabela’s, East Hartford CT), May 5, 2011”, http://www.utcpower.com/pressroom/gallery/retail-cabelas-east-
hartford-ct
Sunhydro – “Hydrogen Powered Cars, October 12, 2011”, http://www.sunhydro.com/
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
2
CONNECTICUT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is the potential to generate approximately 938,000 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity annually
from hydrogen and fuel cell technologies at potential host sites in the State of Connecticut, through the
development of 119 – 158 megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity. The state and federal
government have incentives to facilitate the development and use of renewable energy. The decision on
whether or not to deploy hydrogen or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on the
economic value, compared to other conventional or alternative/renewable technologies. Consequently,
while many sites may be technically viable for the application of fuel cell technology, this plan provides
focus for fuel cell applications that are both technically and economically viable.
Favorable locations for the development of renewable energy generation through fuel cell technology
include energy intensive commercial buildings (education, food sales, food services, inpatient healthcare,
lodging, and public order and safety), energy intensive industries, wastewater treatment plants, landfills,
wireless telecommunications sites, federal/state-owned buildings, and airport facilities with a substantial
amount of air traffic.
Currently, Connecticut has approximately 600 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel
cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Based on a recent study, these companies making up
the Connecticut hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized approximately $500
million in revenue and investment, contributed more than $22 million in state and local tax revenue,
and generated over $267 million in gross state product from their participation in this regional energy
cluster in 2010. Eight of these companies are original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of
hydrogen and/or fuel cell systems, and were responsible for supplying 1,074 direct jobs and $254
million in direct revenue and investment in 2010.
Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region.
These technologies are viable solutions that can meet the demand for renewable energy in Connecticut.
In addition, the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology would reduce the dependence on oil,
improve environmental performance, and increase the number of jobs within the state. This plan provides
links to relevant information to help assess, plan, and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell projects to help meet
the energy, economic, and environmental goals of the State.
Developing policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase
deployment at sites that would benefit from on-site generation. Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel
cell technology will increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain. As deployment
increases, manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to
then compete in a global market without incentives. These policies and incentives can be coordinated
regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and
economic development.
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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CONNECTICUT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................5
DRIVERS............................................................................................................................................6
ECONOMIC IMPACT ...........................................................................................................................8
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS ...................................................................................................9
Education ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Food Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Food Service ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Inpatient Healthcare ............................................................................................................................ 13
Lodging ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Public Order and Safety ...................................................................................................................... 14
Energy Intensive Industries ..................................................................................................................... 15
Government Owned Buildings................................................................................................................ 16
Wireless Telecommunication Sites ......................................................................................................... 16
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) ................................................................................................ 16
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) ........................................................................................ 17
Airports ................................................................................................................................................... 17
Military ................................................................................................................................................... 19
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS ......................................................................................... 20
Alternative Fueling Stations................................................................................................................ 21
Bus Transit .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Material Handling ............................................................................................................................... 22
Ground Support Equipment ................................................................................................................ 23
Ports .................................................................................................................................................... 23
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 24
APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................... 26
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
4
CONNECTICUT
Index of Tables
Table 1 - Connecticut Economic Data 2011 ................................................................................................. 8
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown ......................................................................................................... 11
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown........................................................................................................ 12
Table 4 - Food Services Date Breakdown .................................................................................................. 13
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown ......................................................................................... 13
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown ............................................................................................................ 14
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown ................................................................................... 15
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector .............................................................. 15
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown ................................................................................ 16
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown ........................................................................ 16
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown ........................................................................ 16
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown .......................................................................... 17
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown .......................................................................................................... 17
Table 14 – Connecticut Top Airports' Enplanement Count ........................................................................ 18
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown ........................................................................................................... 18
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown .......................................................................................................... 19
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge) ........................... 20
Table 18 - Ports data Breakdown ................................................................................................................ 23
Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications ........................................................................... 24
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector .................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Source ................................................................ 9
Figure 3 - Connecticut Electrical Consumption per Sector ........................................................................ 11
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption ........................................................................................ 144
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, and New
Jersey), with support from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology.1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current. The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors,
including fuel cell type, stack size, operating temperature, and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell. Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ, which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the temperature range in which the
cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn, affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable. There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development, each with its own advantages, limitations, and potential applications. These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VII.
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications. Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world, providing thermal energy and electricity to
power homes and businesses. Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications, such as automobiles,
trucks, buses, and other equipment. Fuel cells for portable applications, which are currently in
development, can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones.
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants;
therefore, less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power. Typically, stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel. Natural gas is widely available
throughout the northeast, is relatively inexpensive, and is primarily a domestic energy supply.
Consequently, natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy. 2
Stationary fuel cells use a fuel reformer to convert the natural gas to near pure
hydrogen for the fuel cell stack. Because hydrogen can be produced using a wide variety of resources
found here in the U.S., including natural gas, biomass material, and through electrolysis using electricity
produced from indigenous sources, energy produced from a fuel cell can be considered renewable and
will reduce dependence on imported fuel. 3,4
When pure hydrogen is used to power a fuel cell, the only
by-products are water and heat; no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are produced.
1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2 EIA, “Commercial Sector Energy Price Estimates, 2009”,
http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/sum_pr_com.html, September 2011 3 Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. 4 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/, August 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry, while still emerging, currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment. Connecticut has eight original equipment manufacturers
of hydrogen/fuel cell systems, giving the state a significant direct economic impact, in addition to
benefiting from secondary impacts of indirect and induced employment and revenue. Furthermore,
Connecticut has a definitive and attractive economic development opportunity to greatly increase its
economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell industry within the Northeast region and worldwide.
An economic “SWOT” assessment for Connecticut is provided in Appendix VIII.
Industries in the Northeast, including those in Connecticut, are facing increased pressure to reduce costs,
fuel consumption, and emissions that may be contributing to climate change. Currently, Connecticut’s
businesses pay $0.154 per kWh for electricity on average; this is the second highest cost of electricity in
the U.S.5 Connecticut’s relative proximity to major load centers, the high cost of electricity, concerns
over regional air quality, available federal tax incentives, and legislative mandates in Connecticut and
neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in the development of efficient renewable energy.
Incentives designed to assist individuals and organizations in energy conservation and the development of
renewable energy are currently offered within the state. Appendix IV contains an outline of
Connecticut’s incentives and renewable energy programs. Some specific factors that are driving the
market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Connecticut include the following:
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells that operate using
renewable or non-renewable fuels, as a “Class I” renewable energy source and calls for an
increase in renewable energy used in the state from its current level of approximately eight
percent to approximately 20 percent by 2020. 6 – promotes stationary power applications.
Net Metering requires all electric utilities to provide, upon request, net metering to customers who
generate electricity using renewable-energy systems with a maximum capacity of 2 MW, for
“Class I” facilities.7 – promotes stationary power applications.
The Public Act No. 08-98, Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), was adopted by the General
Assembly in 2008 and set forth the following greenhouse gas emission reduction requirements:
by January 2020, reduce greenhouse gas emissions to ten percent below 1990 levels; and by
January 2050, reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 2001 levels.8 – promotes
stationary power and transportation applications.
Connecticut is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI); the nation’s first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2). RGGI's goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 2.5 percent per year from 2015-2018.9
– promotes stationary power and transportation applications.
5 EIA, Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html, October 2011 6 DSIRE, “Connecticut Renewable Portfolio Standards”,
http://dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT04R&re=1&ee=1, September , 2011 7 DSIRE, “Connecticut – Net Metering”,
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT01R&re=1&ee=1, September; 2011 8 CT.gov, DEEP, “Climate Change”, http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2684&q=322070, October, 2011
9 Seacoastonline.come, “RGGI: Quietly setting a standard”,
http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090920/NEWS/909200341/-1/NEWSMAP, September 20, 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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CONNECTICUT
The Connecticut Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Coalition coordinates stakeholders to enhance economic
growth through the development, manufacture, and deployment of fuel cell and hydrogen
technologies and associated fueling systems. Representatives from industry, government,
academia, labor, and other stakeholders make up the Coalition.10
– promotes coordinated and
cooperative efforts to develop stationary power and transportation applications.
10 EERE, “Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Promotion”, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/CT/6071, September 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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CONNECTICUT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct, indirect, and induced impacts on local and regional
economies. 11
A new hydrogen and/or fuel cell project directly affects the area’s economy through the
purchase of goods and services, generation of land use revenue, taxes or payments in lieu of taxes, and
employment. Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy, economic diversification, changes in
property values, and the use of indigenous resources.
Connecticut is home to approximately 600 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell
industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Appendices V and VI list the hydrogen and fuel cell
supply chain companies and OEMs in Connecticut. Realizing approximately $500 million in revenue and
investment from their participation in this regional cluster in 2010, these companies include
manufacturing, parts distributing, supplying of industrial gas, engineering based research and
development (R&D), coating applications, and managing of venture capital funds. 12
Furthermore, the
hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed more than $22 million in state and local
tax revenue, and over $267 million in gross state product. Table 1 shows Connecticut’s impact in the
Northeast region’s hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011.
Table 1 - Connecticut Economic Data 2011
Connecticut Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 599
Direct Rev ($M) 254.42
Direct Jobs 1,074
Direct Labor Income ($M) 105.79
Indirect Rev ($M) 122.35
Indirect Jobs 633
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 47.58
Induced Revenue ($M) 120.12
Induced Jobs 822
Induced Labor Income ($M) 43.04
Total Revenue ($M) 496.89
Total Jobs 2,529
Total Labor Income ($M) 196.4
In addition there are over 118,000 people employed across 3,500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry. Approximately 16,100 of these individuals and 300 of
these companies are located in Connecticut. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were
to gain momentum within the transportation sector, the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry could grow significantly in the region.13
11
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (i.e., revenue), employment and labor income in other business (i.e., not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs, as well as other companies in the sector’s supply chain.
Induced impacts are the estimated output, employment and labor income in other businesses (i.e., non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry. 12
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, April 8, 2011 13 NAICS Codes: Motor Vehicle – 33611, Motor Vehicle Parts – 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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CONNECTICUT
Residential
33%
Commercial
25%
Industrial
11%
Transportation
31%
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009, Connecticut consumed the equivalent of 231 MWh of energy from the transportation, residential,
industrial, and commercial sectors.14
Electricity consumption in Connecticut was approximately 29.7
million MWh, and is forcasted to grow at a rate of 0.6 percent annually over the next decade..15
Figure 1
illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Connecticut. A more detailed breakout
of energy used is provided in Appendix II.
This demand represents approximately 25 percent of the population in New England and 25 percent of the
region’s total electricity consumption. The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of power
over the region’s transmission system to serve electricity to customers. Net electrical demand in
Connecticut was 3,392 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 120 MW by 2015.16
The state’s overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 0.6 percent (0.9 percent peak
summer demand growth) annually over the next decade. Demand for new electric capacity as well as a
replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected. With approximately 8,200
MW in total capacity of generation plants, Connecticut represents 25 percent of the total capacity in New
England.17
As shown in Figure 2, natural gas was the second most used energy source for electricity
consumed in New Jersey for 2009.18
14
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “State Energy Data System”,
“http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/rank_use.html”, August 2011 15
EIA, “Electric Power Annual 2009 – State Data Tables”, www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html; January, 2011 16
EIA, “1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)”,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January 4, 2011 17 ISO New England, “Connecticut 2011 State Profile”, www.iso-ne.com/nwsiss/grid_mkts/key_facts/ct_01-2011_profile.pdf,
January, 2011 18 EIA, “Connecticut Electricity Profile”, http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/connecticut.html, October, 2011
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector Figure 2 – Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source
Coal
7.8% Petroleum
1.2%
Natural Gas
35.2%
Nuclear
50.3%
Hydroelectric
1.2% Other
Renewables
2.2%
Other
2.1%
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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Fuel cell systems have many advantages over other conventional technologies, including:
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (> 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels;
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent;
Reduction of noise pollution;
Reduction of air pollution;
Often do not require new transmission;
Siting is not controversial; and
If near point of use, waste heat can be captured and used. Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems.19
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy, and can
nearly double energy efficiency at a customer site, typically from 35 to 50 percent. The value of CHP
includes reduced transmission and distribution costs, reduced fuel use and associated emissions.20
Based
on the targets identified within this plan, there is the potential to develop at least approximately 119 MWs
of stationary fuel cell generation capacity in Connecticut, which would provide the following benefits,
annually:
Production of approximately 938,000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 2.53 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 277,000 tons (electric generation only)21
For the purpose of this plan, potential applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells that have
a capacity between 300 kW to 400 kW. However, smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific
applications. Facilities that have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the
fuel cells potentially provide the best opportunity for the application of a fuel cell. Facilities that may be
good candidates for the application of a fuel cell include commercial buildings with potentially high
electricity consumption, selected government buildings, public works facilities, and energy intensive
industries.
Commercial building types with high electricity consumption have been identified as potential locations
for on-site generation and CHP application based on data from the Energy Information Administration’s
(EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). These selected building types
making up the CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include:
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order & Safety22
19 FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell Basics”, www.fuelcells.org/basics/apps.html, July, 2011 20 “Distributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticut”, ISE, Joel M. Rinebold,
ECSU, March 15, 2004 21 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lb/MWh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), eGRID2010 Version
1.1 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates, Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England); FuelCell
Energy, DFC 300 Product sheet, http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/files/FCE%20300%20Product%20Sheet-lo-rez%20FINAL.pdf;
UTC Power, PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics, http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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CONNECTICUT
The commercial building types identified above represent top principal building activity classifications
that reported the highest value for electricity consumption on a per building basis and have a potentially
high load factor for the application of CHP. Appendix II further defines Connecticut’s estimated
electrical consumption per each sector. As illustrated in Figure 3, these selected building types within
the commercial sector is estimated to account for approximately 12 percent of Connecticut’s total
electrical consumption. Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Figure 3 - Connecticut Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 390 non-public schools and 1,270 public schools (248 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Connecticut.23,24
High schools operate for a longer
period of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities, such as clubs and athletics.
Furthermore, 22 of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive
because it would increase the utilization of both the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell.
There are also 41 colleges and universities in Connecticut. Colleges and universities have facilities for
students, faculty, administration, and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories, cafeterias,
gyms, libraries, and athletic departments – some with swimming pools. Of these 289 locations (248 high
schools and 41 colleges), 265 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 1:
Education).
Educational establishments in Connecticut have shown interest in fuel cell technology. Examples of
existing or planned fuel cell applications within the state include high schools in South Windsor,
Middletown, and Hamden, in addition to colleges such as Yale University, the University of Connecticut,
and Central Connecticut State University.
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
1,701
(9)
265
(12)
63
(9)
18.9
(9)
149,327
(9)
267,551
(9)
41,722
(10)
23 EIA, “Description of CBECS Building Types”, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 24 Public schools are classified as magnets, charters, alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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Food Sales
There are over 4,000 businesses in Connecticut known to be engaged in the retail sale of food. Food sales
establishments are potentially good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration. Approximately 108 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site. 25
Of these 108 large food sales
businesses, 104 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales). 26
The application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate.
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper, Supervalu, Whole foods, and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York.27
Whole
Foods, located in Glastonbury, and Stop and Shop, located in Torrington, are two locations in Connecticut
where a fuel cell power plant has been installed. In addition, grocery distribution centers, such as the
Whole Foods Market Distribution Center in Cheshire, Connecticut are prime targets for the application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary power and material handling equipment.
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
4,000
(8)
104
(9)
104
(9)
31.2
(9)
245,981
(9)
662,508
(9)
47,228
(8)
Food Service
There are over 5,000 businesses in Connecticut that can be classified as food service establishments used
for the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption.28
16 of these sites are considered
larger restaurant businesses with approximately 130 or more employees at their site and are located in
Connecticut communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services).29
The
application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be
economically viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel
cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate to meet hot water and space heating requirements. A significant portion
(18 percent) of the energy consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the
domestic hot water heating load.30
In other parts of the U.S., popular chains, such as McDonalds, are
25
On average, food sale facilities consume 43,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When compared to current
fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh,
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell. 26 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 27 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), “Fuel Cells for Supermarkets – Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systems”, Benny Smith, www.cleanenergystates.org/assets/Uploads/BlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFB.pdf 28 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 29
On average, food service facilities consume 20,300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell
technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell. 30
“Case Studies in Restaurant Water Heating”, Fisher, Donald, http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2008/data/papers/9_243.pdf, 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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beginning to show an interest in the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and
thermal energy, including domestic water heating at food service establishments.31
Table 4 - Food Services Date Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
5,000
(8)
16
(4)
16
(4)
4.8
(4)
37,843
(4)
101,924
(4)
7,266
(3)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 372 inpatient healthcare facilities in Connecticut; 46 of which are classified as hospitals.32
Of these 46 locations, 31 are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more
beds on-site (Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare). Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity
for the application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving
medical devices and operate 24/7 with a relatively flat load curve. Furthermore, medical equipment,
patient rooms, sterilized/operating rooms, data centers, and kitchen areas within these facilities are often
required to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal
energy from the fuel cell. Nationally, hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $3.89 per
square foot in 2003 to $6.07 per square foot for 2010; partially due to the increased cost of energy.33
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St. Francis, Stamford, and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut, and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York.
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
372
(9)
31
(7)
31
(7)
9.3
(7)
73,321
(7)
197,478
(7)
14,078
(6)
31
Sustainable business Oregon, “ClearEdge sustains brisk growth”,
http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/01/clearedge_sustains_brisk_growth.html, May 8, 2011 32 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types; www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 33
BetterBricks, “http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/BB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCase.pdf”, Page 1,
August 2011
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Office Equipment,
4%
Ventilation, 4%
Refrigeration, 3%
Lighting, 11%
Cooling, 13%
Space Heating ,
33%
Water Heating ,
18%
Cooking, 5% Other, 9%
Lodging
There are over 302 establishments specializing
in travel/lodging accommodations that include
hotels, motels, or inns in Connecticut.
Approximately 68 of these establishments have
150 or more rooms onsite, and can be classified
as “larger sized” lodging that may have
additional attributes, such as heated pools,
exercise facilities, and/or restaurants. 34
Of these
68 locations, 36 employ more than 94 workers
and are located in communities serviced by
natural gas. 35
As shown in Figure 4, more than
60 percent of total energy use at a typical
lodging facility is due to lighting, space heating,
and water heating. 36
The application of a large
fuel cell (>300 kW) at hotel/resort facilities with
less than 94 employees may not be economically
viable based on the electrical demand and
operational requirement; however, a smaller fuel
cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate. Popular hotel
chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels
have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and
New York.
Connecticut also has 241 facilities identified as convalescent homes, 40 of which have bed capacities
greater than or equal to 150 units, and are located in communities serviced by natural gas37
(Appendix I –
Figure 5: Lodging).
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
543
(7)
76
(9)
76
(9)
22.8
(9)
179,755
(9)
484,141
(9)
34,513
(7)
Public Order and Safety
There are approximately 209 facilities in Connecticut that can be classified as public order and safety;
these include 82 fire stations, 97 police stations, 14 state police stations, and 16 prisons. 38,39
33 of these
34 EPA, “CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sector”, www.epa.gov/chp/documents/hotel_casino_analysis.pdf, December, 2005 35
On average lodging facilities consume 28,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell technology
(>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell. 36 National Grid, “Managing Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotels”,
www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/shared_energyeff_hotels.pdf, 2004 37 Assisted-Living-List, “List of 249 Nursing Homes in Connecticut (CT)”, http://assisted-living-list.com/ct-nursing-homes// ,
September, 2011 38 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 39 USACOPS – The Nations Law Enforcement Site, www.usacops.com/me/
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption
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locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities serviced by natural gas.40,41
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell (>300
kW), which could provide heat and uninterrupted power. 42,43
The sites identified (Appendix I – Figure 6:
Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased reliability to mission critical
facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid outages. The application of a
large fuel cell (>300 kW) at facilities located in small towns may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement; however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate.
Central Park Police Station in New York City, New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell
system.
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
209
(6)
33
(11)
33
(11)
9.9
(10)
78,052
(10)
210,219
(10)
14,986
(8)
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2, energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
4.8 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell.44
In Connecticut, there are approximately 541 of these industrial facilities that are involved in
the manufacture of aluminum, cement, food, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, petroleum,
coal products or iron and steel and employ 25 or more employees.45
Of these 541 locations, 510 are
located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries).
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector46
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 2.49
322 Pulp and Paper 4.46
324110 Petroleum Refining 4.72
311 Food manufacturing 0.76
331111 Iron and steel 8.15
321 Wood Products 1.23
3313 Alumina and aluminum 3.58
327310 Cement 16.41
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 0.21
3315 Metal casting 1.64
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 2.05
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 2.05
40
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011 41
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12,400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When
compared to current fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 –
3,504,000 kWh, calculations show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable
opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell. 42
2,628,000 / 12,400 = 211.94 43
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011 44 EIA, “Electricity Generation Capability”, 1999 CBECS; www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparegener.html 45 Proprietary market data 46 EPA, “Energy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectors”, www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/energy/ch2.pdf; March 2007
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Companies such as Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut, New Jersey,
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities.
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
541
(11)
51
(12)
51
(12)
15.3
(12)
120,625
(12)
324,884
(12)
23,160
(11)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 88 locations in Connecticut; seven of these
properties are actively owned, rather than leased, by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings).
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Connecticut. The application of
fuel cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these
sites and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of
these public buildings.
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
88
(7)
7
(8)
7
(8)
2.1
(8)
16,556
(8)
44,592
(8)
3,179
(6)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers, cell phone towers, and other vital
equipment. In Connecticut, there are approximately 301 telecommunications and/or wireless company
tower sites (Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites). Any loss of power at these locations may
result in a loss of service to customers; thus, having reliable power is critical. Each individual site
represents an opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of
on-site back-up generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology. It is an industry standard to
install units capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power, which is typically accomplished with
batteries or conventional emergency generators.47
The deployment of fuel cells at selected
telecommunication sites will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated
with emergency communications and homeland security. An example of a telecommunication site that
utilizes fuel cell technology to provide backup power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs, Connecticut.
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
301
(8)
30
(8) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 77 WWTPs in Connecticut that have design flows ranging from 1,500 gallons per day (GPD) to
51 million gallons per day (MGD); thirty-four (34) of these facilities average between 3 – 51 MGD.
47 ReliOn, “Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Wireless Applications”, www.relion-inc.com/pdf/ReliOn_AppsWireless_2010.pdf, May 4, 2011
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WWTPs typically operate 24/7 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process
fats, oils, and grease.48
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United
State.49
Digester gas produced at WWTP’s, which is usually 60 percent methane, can serve as a fuel
substitute for natural gas to power fuel cells. Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow
greater than three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane.50
Most facilities currently
represent a lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their
operations (Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites). 51,52
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant was installed at the Water Pollution Control Authority’s WWTP in New
Haven, Connecticut, and produces 10 – 15 percent of the facility’s electricity, reducing energy costs by
almost $13,000 a year.53
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
77
(13)
4
(25)
4
(25)
1.2
(25)
9,461
(25)
25,481
(25)
1,816
(22)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) There are 20 landfills in Connecticut identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through
their LMOP program: three of which are operational, three are candidates, and 17 are considered potential
sites for the production and recovery of methane gas.54,55
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place. Similar to WWTPs, methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system. In 2009, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation. These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites).
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
23
(11)
2
(8)
2
(8)
0.6
(14)
4,730
(14)
12,741
(14)
908
(12)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the U.S., there are approximately 50,000 airplanes in the sky each day.
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
48
“Beyond Zero Net Energy: Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Production”, Toffey, Bill,
September 2010, http://www.awra-pmas.memberlodge.org/Resources/Documents/Beyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010.pdf 49
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, “Introduction”, July, 2006 50 EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, July, 2011 51 “GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Management”, Beecher, Ned, November 20, 2009;
www.des.state.nh.us/organization/divisions/water/wmb/rivers/watershed_conference/documents/2009_fri_climate_2.pdf 52 EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, May 4, 2011 53 Conntact.com; “City to Install Fuel Cell”,
http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/4472_Business_New_Haven.html; August 15, 2003 54
Due to size, individual sites may have more than one potential, candidate, or operational project. 55 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as “one that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less, has at least one
million tons of waste, and does not have an operational or, under-construction project ”EPA, “Landfill Methane Outreach
Program”, www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html, April 7, 2011
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controllers. Modern software, host computers, voice communication systems, and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts;
consequently, reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application.56
There are approximately 53 airports in Connecticut, including 22 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services. Of those 22 airports, three (Table 3) have 2,500 or more passengers enplaned each
year, and are located in communities serviced by natural gas. An example of an airport currently hosting
a fuel cell power plant to provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany, New
York.
Table 14 – Connecticut Top Airports' Enplanement Count
Airport57
Total Enplanement in 2000
Bradley International Airport 3,651,943
Tweed-New Haven Airport 38,159
Groton-New London Airport 12,111
Three of Connecticut’s 53 airports are considered “Joint-Use” airports. Bradley International (BDL),
Harford-Brainard (HFD) and Groton-New London (GON) airports are facilities where the military
department authorizes use of the military runway for public airport services. Army Aviation Support
Facilities (AASF), located at Bradley, Hartford-Brainard, and Groton-New London, are used by the Army
to provide aircraft and equipment readiness, train and utilize military personnel, conduct flight training
and operations, and perform field level maintenance. These locations represent favorable opportunities
for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with national defense and
emergency response. Furthermore, all of these sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
53
(6)
3 (3)
(6)
3
(6)
0.9
(6)
7,096
(6)
19,111
(6)
1,362
(6) ;
56 Howstuffworks.com, “How Air Traffic Control Works”, Craig, Freudenrich,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/air-traffic-control5.htm, May 4, 2011 57 Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Connecticut Transportation Profile”,
www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/connecticut/pdf/entire.pdf, October, 2011
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Military The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world. DOD is using fuel cells for:
Stationary units for power supply in bases.
Fuel cell units in transport applications.
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers.
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE, the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations, two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey).58
In addition, the Naval Submarine Base (NSB) in Groton, Connecticut,
which consists of more than 200 major buildings, 2,100 Navy Housing Units, and 12 barracks, is also a
potential site for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology.59
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
1
(7)
1
76)
1
(7)
0.3
(7)
2,365
(7)
6,370
(7)
454
(7)
58 Fuel Cell Today, “US DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installations”,
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2011-07/US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems, July 20, 2011 59
Naval Submarine Base New London, “New London Acreage and Buildings”,
http://www.cnic.navy.mil/NewLondon/About/AcreageandBuildings/index.htm; September 2011
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POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the world’s oil production. In 2010, the U.S. used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day. Roughly 32 percent of Connecticut’s energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation
sector, including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles, cars, trucks, and buses. A
small percent of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel.60
The current economy in the U.S. is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities, including
transportation. As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce, energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced. Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels.
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology, including:
Quiet operation;
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon gases or particulates;
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas; and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source;
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security; and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4).61,62
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge63
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 29.3 49.2 21.5 5.4 3.9
FCEVs can reduce price volatility, dependence on oil, improve environmental performance, and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies, as follows:
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10,170, 15,770, and 182,984 pounds per year, respectively.64
60 “US Oil Consumption to BP Spill”, http://applesfromoranges.com/2010/05/us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill/, May31, 2010 61 “Challenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehicles”, Masatami Takimoto, Executive Vice President,
Toyota Motor Corporation, January 26, 2006. Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo, Japan 62 “Twenty Hydrogen Myths”, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, June 20, 2003 63 Miles per Gallon Equivalent 64 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008, Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12,500
miles for passenger car and 14,000 miles for light trucks (U.S. EPA) and 37,000 average miles/year per bus (U.S. DOT FTA,
2007)
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Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle), 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4,390
gallons of diesel (bus).
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles, light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle, $1,866 per light duty truck, and $17,560 per bus.65
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, General Motors, Honda, Daimler AG, and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015. Longer term, the
U.S. DOE has projected that between 15.1 million and 23.9 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy. These estimates could be accelerated if political, economic, energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels.66
Strategic targets for the application of hydrogen for transportation include alternative fueling stations;
Connecticut Department of Transportation (CDOT) refueling stations; bus transits operations;
government, public, and privately owned fleets; and material handling and airport ground support
equipment (GSE). Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1,470 retail fueling stations in Connecticut;67
however, only 59 public and/or
private stations within the state provide alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, compressed natural gas
(CNG), liquid propane gas (LPG), electricity, and/or hydrogen for alternative-fueled vehicles.68
There are
also approximately 33 refueling stations owned and operated by CDOT that can be used by authorities
operating federal and state safety vehicles, state transit vehicles, and employees of universities that
operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis.69
Development of hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations at
selected locations owned and operated by CDOT would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within
the state. (See Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations)
Connecticut currently has two hydrogen refueling stations; the SunHydro facility located at Proton
OnSite, in Wallingford, and UTC Power facility, located in South Windsor. A multi-fuel station, that
would also include hydrogen, is currently being developed, and two other hydrogen fueling stations are in
the process of being installed; one for the Greater New Haven Transit District and the Town of Hamden,
in Hamden, and another at the CTTransit maintenance facility in Hartford, Connecticut. There are
approximately 18 (including Connecticut locations) existing or planned transportation fueling stations in
the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel.70,71,72
65 U.S. EIA, Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices: gasoline - $3.847 and diesel – 4.00;
www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_w.htm 66
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States: Report to Congress,
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/congress_reports.html, August 2011 67 “Public retail gasoline stations state year” www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/docs/gasoline_stations_state.xls, May 5, 2011 68 Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/ 69 EPA, “Government UST Noncompliance Report-2007”, www.epa.gov/oust/docs/CT%20Compliance%20Report.pdf 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/ 71 Hyride, “About the fueling station”, http://www.hyride.org/html-about_hyride/About_Fueling.html 72 CTTransit, “Hartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)”,
www.cttransit.com/Procurements/Display.asp?ProcurementID={8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542}, March, 2011
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Fleets There are over 3,500 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal) classified as non-leasing or company
owned vehicles in Connecticut.73
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage, and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions, compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis. There is an additional 5,000 passenger automobiles and/or light duty trucks in Connecticut,
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 37,065,180 miles in
2010, while releasing 3,248 metrics tons of CO2.74
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions. Fleet vehicle
hubs may be good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly
operate on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station.
Bus Transit
There are approximately 670 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in
Connecticut.75
As discussed above, replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with fuel cell transit
bus would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183,000 pounds per year),
and reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4,390 gallons per year).76
Although the
efficiency of conventional diesel buses has increased, conventional diesel buses, which typically achieve
fuel economy performance levels of 3.9 miles per gallon, have the greatest potential for energy savings by
using high efficiency fuel cells. In addition to Connecticut, other states have also begun the transition of
fueling transit buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance.
Joining an earlier generation bus that began service in 2007, four next-generation fuel cell-powered
hybrid-electric buses were introduced in Connecticut on October 15, 2010, and a sixth bus is expected in
2012. CDOT has constructed a separate hydrogen fuel cell bus garage at the CTTransit maintenance
facility in Hartford, to make room for the growing fleet.77
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries, including
manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, food, retailers, and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site. Material handling equipment is usually
battery, propane or diesel powered. Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time. Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance, eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge. Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms, leaving more space for
products. In addition, fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement, which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity.
In addition, fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages, compared to
batteries, such as:
73 Fleet.com, “2009-My Registration”, www.automotive-
fleet.com/Statistics/StatsViewer.aspx?file=http%3a%2f%2fwww.automotive-fleet.com%2ffc_resources%2fstats%2fAFFB10-16-
top10-state.pdf&channel 74 State of Connecticut, “Energy Management Annual Report for State-Owned Buildings Fiscal Year 2010”,
http://admin.state.ct.us/EnergyManagement/Documents/AnnualEnergyReport2010.pdf, November, 2010 75
NTD Date, “TS2.2 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by System”,
http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm, December 2011 76 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008. 77
CTTRANSIT, “hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Facility”, http://fuelcell.cttransit.com/index.php/ahead/fuel-cell-garage, May 19, 2011
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1.5 times lower maintenance cost;
8 times lower refueling/recharging labor cost;
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (O&M) system cost;
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix XI provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment).
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses, distribution
centers, and manufacturing plants in North America.78
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS, Coca-Cola, BMW, Central
Grocers, and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix X for a partial list of companies in North America that use
fuel cell powered forklifts).79
There are approximately 12 distribution centers/warehouse sites that have
been identified in Connecticut that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling
equipment (Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses).
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks, deicers, and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline. As an alternative, hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications. While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment, a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs.80
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Connecticut’s largest airports include Air Canada,
Air France, British Airways, Continental, Southwest Airlines, JetBlue United, and US Airways
(Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports). 81
Ports
Ports in New London, New Haven, and Bridgeport Connecticut, which service large vessels, such as
container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, and cruise ships, may be candidates for improved energy
management. In one year, a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50
million cars. The low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90,000 cargo ships contains up to 2,000 times
the amount of sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles.82
While docked, vessels shut off their
main engines but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration, lights, pumps, and other
functions. An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at berth. Replacing
auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions, a process dubbed
“cold-ironing”. The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electrical and thermal
energy for improving energy management at warehouses, and equipment operated between terminals
(Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports).83
Table 18 - Ports data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
13
(11)
3
(16)
3
(16)
0.9
(16)
7,096
(16)
19,111
(16)
1,362
(13)
78 DOE EERE, “Early Markets: Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment”,
www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/pdfs/early_markets_forklifts.pdf, February 2011 79 Plug Power, “Plug Power Celebrates Successful year for Company’s Manufacturing and Sales Activity”, www.plugpower.com, January 4, 2011 80 Battelle, “Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Markets”, April 2007,
www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/pemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407.pdf 81 Bradley Airport, “Arrivals”, http://www.bradleyairport.com/Flights/track.aspx?view=Arrivals, October, 2011 82 “Big polluters: one massive container ship equals 50 million cars”, Paul, Evans; http://www.gizmag.com/shipping-pollution/11526/, April 23,2009 83 Savemayportvillage.net, “Cruise Ship Pollution”, http://www.savemayportvillage.net/id20.html, October, 2011
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CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability, energy
efficiency, and emission reductions. Large fuel cell units (>300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads. Smaller fuel cell units (< 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites, restaurants/fast food outlets, and smaller sized public facilities at this time.
Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
< 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
>300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 1,701 26584
202 63
Food Sales 4,000+ 10485
104
Food Services 5,000+ 1686
16
Inpatient Healthcare 372 3187
31
Lodging 543 7688
76
Public Order & Safety 209 3389
33
Energy Intensive Industries 541 5190
51
Government Operated
Buildings 88 7
91
7
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
30192
3093
30
WWTPs 77 494
4
Landfills 23 295
2
Airports (w/ AASF) 53 3 (3) 96
3
Military 1 1 1
Ports 13 3 3
Total 12,921 626 232 394
As shown in Table 5, the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 626 potential
locations, which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power.
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year, approximately 296 to 394 fuel cell
84 265 high schools and/or college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 85 104 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 86 Ten percent of the 714 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 87 31 Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 100 or more beds onsite 88 64 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and 40 convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced by
natural gas 89 County, state, and/or federal prisons/ correctional facilities and/or other public order and safety facilities with 212 or more
workers. 90 Ten percent of the 510 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities with natural gas. 91 Seven actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 92
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire,
satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. 93 Ten percent of the 301 wireless telecommunication sites in Connecticut’s targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 94 Ten percent of Connecticut WWTP with average flows of 3.0+ MGD 95 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data 96 Airport facilities with 2,500+ annual Enplanement Counts and/or with AASF
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units, with a capacity of 300 – 400 kW, could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 119 to 158
MWs.
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 300 kW, a minimum of 938,196
MWh electric and 2.53 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 741,207 MWh) of thermal energy would be
produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 277,289 tons per year.97
Connecticut can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets, transit district fleets, municipal fleets and state department fleets. The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil, improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10,170 pounds, annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $885.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15,770 pounds, annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $1866.
• Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182,984 pounds, annual energy savings of 4,390
gallons of fuel, and annual fuel cost savings of $17,560.
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation and/or
economic development. Realizing approximately $500 million in revenue and investment from their
participation in this regional cluster in 2010, the hydrogen and fuel cell industry in Connecticut is
estimated to have contributed approximately $22 million in state and local tax revenue, and over $267
million in gross state product. Currently, there are approximately 600 Connecticut companies that are
part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Eight of these
companies are defined as OEMs, and were responsible for supplying 1,074 direct jobs and $254 million
in direct revenue and investment in 2010. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to
gain momentum, the number of companies and employment for the industry could grow substantially.
97
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 400 kW, a minimum of 1.31million MWh electric and 6.17
million MMBTUs (equivalent to 1.81 million MWh) of thermal energy would be produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions
by at least 368,165 tons per year.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix I – Figure 1: Education
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Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales
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Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services
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Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare
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Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging
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Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety
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Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries
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Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings
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Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites
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Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
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Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports
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Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations
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Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports
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Appendix II – Connecticut Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)98
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 2,788 161.844 451,221,072
Food Sales 7,000 319.821 2,238,747,000
Food Services 10,000 128 1,281,900,000
Inpatient Healthcare 691 6,038.63 4,172,689,875
Lodging 1,358 213.12 289,414,244
Public Order & Safety 781 77.855 55,899,890
Total 22,555 8,489,872,081
Residential99
20,539,000,000
Industrial 9,870,000,000
Commercial 26,415,000,000
Other Commercial 8,489,872,081
98
EIA, Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 99
DOE EERE; “Electric Power and Renewable Energy in Connecticut”;
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=CT ; August, 2011
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Appendix III – Key Stakeholders
Organization Town State Website
Department of
Energy and
Environmental
Protection Public
Utilities Regulatory
Authority
New
Britain CT http://www.ct.gov/dpuc/site/default.asp
CT Dept. of
Emergency Mgmt. &
Homeland Security
Hartford CT http://www.ct.gov/demhs/site/default.asp
CT Office of Policy
& Management Hartford CT http://www.ct.gov/OPM/site/default.asp
CT Siting Council New
Britain CT http://www.ct.gov/csc/site/default.asp
Connecticut
Municipal Electric
Energy Cooperative
Norwich CT http://www.cmeec.com/
CT Center for
Advanced
Technology
East
Hartford CT http://www.ccat.us/
Connecticut Clean
Energy Fund
Rocky
Hill CT http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/
Capitol Clean Cities
of Connecticut
South
Windsor CT http://www.ct-ccc.org/
CT Southwestern
Area Clean Cities Fairfield CT
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/cleancities/coalition/southwest-
connecticut
Greater New Haven
Clean Cities Bethany CT http://www.nhcleancities.org/
Norwich Clean Cities Norwich CT http://www.norwichcleancities.org/
Utilities
Northeast Utilities http://www.nu.com/
Southern CT Gas http://www.soconngas.com/
Yankee Gas Services Company https://www.yankeegas.com/Default.asp
The United Illuminating Company https://www.uinet.com/wps/portal/uinet/home/
Connecticut Municipal Electric Energy
Cooperative http://www.cmeec.com/
42
Appendix IV – Connecticut Fuel Cell Based Incentives and Programs
Funding Source: Connecticut Clean Energy Fund
Program Title: Operational Demo Program
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Class I renewable energy, including fuel cells; wind, solar,
wave, and tidal energy projects; ocean thermal energy; biomass; landfill gas; run-of-the-river
hydropower; and hydrogen generation and storage technologies.
Summary: The Operational Demo Program offers up to $750,000 to qualified teams of
professionals, partners and contractors to demonstrate a new product or technology related to
renewable energy. Applicants must demonstrate their product’s benefit to Connecticut ratepayers.
Residential: Not applicable
Commercial: Qualified teams of professionals, partners, and contractors may participate.
Industrial: See Commercial bracket above
Municipal: Not applicable
Sources:
http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/OperationalDemoProgram/tabid/98
/Default.aspx
Source: Connecticut Clean Energy Fund, “Showcasing You Clean Energy Project” June 16, 2009.
http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/OperationalDemoProgram/tabid/98
/Default.aspx
Funding Source: Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Program Title: Low-interest Loans for Customer-Side Distributed resources
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Photovoltaics, Wind, Fuel Cells, CHP/Cogeneration, Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary: Long-term financing is available to retail end-use customers for the installation of
customer-side distributed resources.
Maximum Incentive: Varies
Installment Requirements: Fixed interest rate, not greater than prime rate (actual rate will be
determined at time of application)
Sources:
DEEP, “Customer-Side Distributed Generation”,
http://www.ct.gov/dpuc/cwp/view.asp?a=3356&q=419794, October, 2011
Disireusa.org, “DPUC – Low-Interest Loans for Customer-Side Distributed Resources”,
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT40F&re=1&ee=1, October,
2011
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Funding Source: Clean Finance and Investment Authority (CEFIA)
Program Title: On-Site Renewable Distributed Generation (OSDG) Program
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Solar PV, Wind, Fuel Cell, Landfill gas, Waste heat recovery
– power generation, Low emission advance biomass conversion, Hydropower meeting the
standard of the Low-Impact Hydropower Institute
Summary: CEFIA is currently offering OSDG grants through an RFP format. The OSDG Best of
Class, Public Buildings and Affordable Housing RFP will be offered to bridge the time until the
launch of the Zero-Emission and Low-Emission Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) programs
become available to the market and to prepare the market for the transition from a grant-based
program model to a REC-based program model.
Restrictions: Solar PV- No maximum, but incentive is based on a maximum of 250 kW (AC)
Timing: The competitive, solar photovoltaic (PV) only RFP will close at 5:00 p.m. EST on December
30, 2011. The rolling submission, other technologies RFP will close at 5:00 pm. EST on March 30,
2012.
Maximum Size: N/A
Requirements: Projects will be evaluated on four major criteria:
PV Project Economics
Technology Appropriateness (“Deployment of the Technology”)
Feasibility and Probability of Completion
Societal Benefits (such as in-state job creation, dissemination efforts, project diversity)
Rebate amount: Incentive amounts are calculated based on the project specifics, but the maximum
incentive is $3.60/Watt (PTC) for systems 100 kW (AC) and smaller and $3.30/Watt (PTC) for
systems greater than 100 kW up to 250 kW.
For further information, please visit: http://www.ctcleanenergy.com
Source: CEFIA, “Supporting On-Site Generation Projects at Commercial and Government Facilities”,
“http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/OnSiteRenewableDG/OSDGRequestforPr
oposals/tabid/594/Default.aspx, December, 2011
DSIRE. “CEFIA – On-Site Renewable DG Program”, December, 2011
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Funding Source: Connecticut Office of Policy Management (OPM)
Program Title: New Energy Technologies Program
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Passive solar space heat, solar water heat, solar space heat,
solar thermal electric, solar thermal process heat, photovoltaics, landfill gas, wind, biomass,
hydroelectric, geothermal electric, fuel cells, geothermal heat pumps, municipal solid waste,
CHP/Cogeneration, solar pool heating, daylighting, anaerobic digestion, tidal energy, wave
energy, ocean thermal
Summary: The New Energy Technologies Program awards grants of up to $10,000 to small
businesses who submit the most innovative energy-saving and renewable energy technologies so that
OPM can help get the product to market. The goal of the project is to save energy, improve air quality,
to help invigorate Connecticut’s economy and expand employment opportunities.
Residential: Not applicable
Commercial: Small business firms (firms with 30 or fewer employees) may participate in this grant.
Industrial: Not applicable
Municipal: Not applicable
Sources:
Office of Policy and Management. “New Energy Technologies”. June 16, 2009
http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2994&q=389832&opmNav_GID=1808
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, “New Energy Technology Program” June
16, 2009. http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT09F&re=1&ee=1
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Appendix V – Partial List of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Connecticut100
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 DB Schenker Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
2 American Precision Mfg., LLC Manufacturing Services
3 Pith Products Other
4 Yeagle Technology Inc Lab or Test Equipment/Services
5 Fischer Group International, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
6 Flagman of America Other
7 OFS Specialty Photonics Division Components
8 William K Duff Co Equipment
9 Industrial Flame Cutting Inc. Equipment
10 Connecticut Light & Power Co. Other
11 General Machine Company, Inc. Manufacturing Services
12 M2 Technologies, Inc. Engineering/Design Services
13 Rae Storage Battery Mfg. Co. Components
14 Tomz Corporation- Plastics Div. Manufacturing Services
15 Yankee Gas Fuel
16 Grannis Tranportation Consulting Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
17 Greater New Haven Clean Cities Coalition Other
18 Apollo Solar LLC Equipment
19 Adco Services Manufacturing Services
20 Aerospace Alloys Inc. Manufacturing Services
21 Aqua Blasting Corp. Manufacturing Services
22 Becon Components
23 Bvh Integrated Services, Inc. Engineering/Design Services
24 Electro Flex Heat, LLC Components
25 Leppert Nutmeg Other
26 Leppert-Nutmeg, Inc. Components
27 Managed Air Systems LLC Equipment
28 Pearse-Bertram Controls LLC Equipment
29 Plantations Inc Other
30 Riley Lumber Co. Materials
31 Romco Contractors Inc. Manufacturing Services
32 Stephen M. Cooke Co Manufacturing Services
33 Tradesmen of New England, LLC Equipment
34 Barrels Boxes & More Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
35 West Reach Construction Other
36 Ober-Read & Assoc, Inc. Equipment
37 Seton Identification Products Manufacturing Services
38 Advanced Office Systems Inc. Other
39 Differential Pressure Plus, Inc Equipment
40 Ramp Enterprises LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
41 DB Schenker Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
42 American Hydrogen Association Other
43 Identification Products Corp. Manufacturing Services
100
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search; http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, August 11, 2011
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Organization Name Product or Service Category
44 J J Box Company Materials
45 Modern Plastics, Inc. Materials
46 PACE- Peoples Action for Clean Energy, Inc. Other
47 Park City Fluid Power Inc. Components
48 Park Distributors Components
49 People's United Bank Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
50 R.B. Birge Company Components
51 Reliable Plating & Polishing Manufacturing Services
52 Spec Plating Inc. Components
53 The Chapin & Bangs Co. Materials
54 Zeldes Needle & Cooper Pc Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
55 Green & Gross P.C. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
56 Associated Spring Manufacturing Services
57 Clean Harbors of Connecticut Inc. Other
58 ENFLO Corportation Materials
59 New England Physical Therapy Other
60 Whitman Controls Components
61 Imperial Electronic Assembly, Inc. Manufacturing Services
62 Pem CO Equipment
63 Salem Specialty Ball Co., Inc. Components
64 Allied Electronics Equipment
65 Business Electronics, Inc. Equipment
66 Connecticut Print Service Other
67 Creative Dimensions, Inc. Marketing Products/Services
68 Fire Protection Testing, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
69 R.A. Novia & Associates, LLC Other
70 Warner Specialty Products Equipment
71 Eagle Crane & Conveyor Co. Equipment
72 Argo Transdata Corporation Manufacturing Services
73 GS Promo Source. LLC Marketing Products/Services
74 New England Packaging & Supply Inc. Materials
75 Eastern Rigging Equipment
76 PC Tech Service, LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
77 The Lawn Professionals Other
78 Altantic Ventillating & Equipment Company Manufacturing Services
79 Engineered Handling Systems Equipment
80 Pond Technical Sales, Inc. Equipment
81 Connex International, Inc. Other
82 FuelCell Energy Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM
83 Joseph Merritt & Co Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
84 Kohler Ronan Consulting Engineering, LLC Engineering/Design Services
85 Miller Stephenson Chemical Materials
86 Wisner Associates Manufacturing Services
87 Ida International Inc. Manufacturing Services
88 Kenneth Industrial Products Equipment
89 Lincoln Service & Equipment Co. Other
90 Proflow Inc. Equipment
91 Respond First Aid Systems Other
92 The Claremont Sales Corporation Materials
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Organization Name Product or Service Category
93 Adisco, Inc. Manufacturing Services
94 B&B Threaded Components Inc. Components
95 Liberty Industries Components
96 Miles Welding LLC Manufacturing Services
97 Aaron / Andersen Advertising LLC Marketing Products/Services
98 Quality Name Plate Inc. Components
99 Turnkey Compliance Solutions LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
100 Connecticut Venture Group Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
101 Advanced Fuel Research, Inc Research & Development
102 Capital Studio Achitects Engineering/Design Services
103 Concurrent Technologies Corporation Lab or Test Equipment/Services
104 Connecticut Center for Advanced Technologies Other
105 Connecticut Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Coalition Other
106 Connecticut Metallurgical, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
107 Connecticut Natural Gas Corporation Fuel
108 Connecticut Technology Council Other
109 CT Center for Advanced Technology, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
110 Dzen Commercial Roofing LLC Other
111 Event Resources Other
112 Horst Engineering & Manufacturing Company Manufacturing Services
113 Infotech Software Solutions Engineering/Design Services
114 John Watts Associates Other
115 Koehler Studio Other
116 L. E. Whitford Company Inc. Other
117 UTC- Pratt & Whitney Components
118 Wesco Distribution Components
119 Beebe Landscape Services, Inc. Other
120 Blake Equipment Components
121 Camm Metals, Inc. Manufacturing Services
122 Collins Pipe & Supply Co. Inc. Components
123 Connecticut Valley Rubber Materials
124 Integrated Packaging Systems Equipment
125 Jonathan Pasco's Food Service-Restaurants/ Caterer
126 Integrated Packaging Systems Equipment
127 Jonathan Pasco's Food Service-Restaurants/ Caterer
128 Lomac Limited Other
129 Mahony Fitting Inc. Components
130 Northeast Lamp Recycling Other
131 WB Mason Company Other
132 Yankee Courier Services, LLC Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
133 Whitcraft Group LLC Manufacturing Services
134 Arrow Diversified Tooling, Inc. Equipment
135 Dymotek Corporation Manufacturing Services
136 AAA Aircraft Components
137 AKO Inc Lab or Test Equipment/Services
138 Awards and More Other
139 Esquire Gas Products Co. Materials
140 Macala Tool Inc. Manufacturing Services
141 MSC Filtration Technologies Equipment
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Organization Name Product or Service Category
142 Oxford Performance Materials Materials
143 RKS Security Other
144 Roger Lesieur Engineering/Design Services
145 Staples Other
146 USA Hauling & Recycling, Inc. Other
147 Willco Sales and Services Equipment
148 Carrier Corp Equipment
149 Carrier Sales Equipment
150 ConnectiCare, Inc. Other
151 EBM-PAPST Inc. Components
152 Edmunds Gages Equipment
153 Inframat Corp Other
154 Itech Solutions, Inc. Other
155 Moore Medical LLC Equipment
156 Engineering Resource Recruiters Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
157 Metal Finishing Technologies, Inc. Manufacturing Services
158 Bell Food Services Other
159 British Precision, Inc. Manufacturing Services
160 Carr Company Equipment
161 Connecticut Components, Inc. Components
163 Habco Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
164 Keeney Rigging & Trucking Co. Other
165 Maricle Consulting LLC Other
166 Meegan Tool Sales Co. Equipment
167 Restar Inc. Other
168 Solomon & Associates Event Mgmt LLC Marketing Products/Services
169 Sustainable Innovations Hydrogen System OEM
170 Greenwich Management Consultants Group Inc Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
171 United Rentals Equipment
172 ABBA Corporation Materials
173 ICDS LLC (Innovative Construction & Design Solutions) Engineering/Design Services
174 T. Keefe and Son, LLC Manufacturing Services
175 Burt Process Equipment Inc. Equipment
176 Greater New Haven Transit Authority Other
177 Kelly Services Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
178 All Waste Inc. Other
179 Associated Security Corp. Other
180 Becon Inc Manufacturing Services
181 Bradley, Foster & Sergent, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
182 Cantor Colburn LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
183 Capitol Cleaning Contractors, Inc. Other
184 CBIA (Coonnecticut Business and Industry Association) Other
185 Champlin - Packrite, Inc. Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
186 Connecticut Power and Energy Society Other
187 CT Corporation System Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
188 CT Department of Economic & Community Development Other
189 CTTransit Other
190 Day Pitney LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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49
Organization Name Product or Service Category 191 Department of Environmental Protection Other
192 Ernst and Young LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
193 FW Webb Components
194 Graybar Electric Components
195 Hartford Stamp Works Equipment
196 Macca Plumbing & Heating FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services
197 Murtha Cullina LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
198 Northeast Utilities Fuel
199 Ramco Environmental Inc. Other
200 Reliable Electric Motor, Inc. Components
201 Robert Half Finance & Accounting Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
202 SecureTek Solutions Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
203 Sentry Commercial Real Estate Svc., Inc. Other
204 Shepard Steel Co. Inc. Manufacturing Services
205 Sullivan & Leshane Public Relations Inc. Marketing Products/Services
206 The Hartford Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
207 The Hartford Financial Services Group Inc Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
208 University of Hartford Other
209 Updike, Kelly and Spellacy PC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
210 GrowJobs CT Other
211 International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
District 26 Other
212 Able Scale & Equipment Corp. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
213 Adchem Inc Manufacturing Services
214 Anixter Inc (IMS inc) Materials
215 CorpCare Occupational Health Other
216 Data Based Development Systems Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
217 Donwell Co Manufacturing Services
218 Fluid Dynamics LLC Components
219 Fuss & O'Neill Engineering/Design Services
220 Marcus Communications & Electronics Inc. Components
221 Phoenix Environmental Labs Lab or Test Equipment/Services
222 Rainbow Graphics Inc. Marketing Products/Services
223 Taylor Rental Other
224 Transfer Enterprises Other
225 US Nanocorp Research & Development
226 Windham Automated Machines, Inc. Manufacturing Services
227 Brand Nu Laboratories, Inc. Research & Development
228 Brand-Nu Labortatories, Inc. Materials
229 Dennis A. Ceneviva Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
230 Form-All Plastics Corporation Manufacturing Services
231 H2 Sonics LLC Hydrogen System OEM
232 Haynes Hydrogen, LLC Fuel
233 Jonal Laboratories, Inc. Manufacturing Services
234 MagnaKleen Other
236 Meriden Cooper Equipment
237 Meriden Self Storage LLC Other
238 Quali-Tech, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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50
Organization Name Product or Service Category 239 Specialty Metal Fabrications Manufacturing Services
240 T. G. Industries Incorporated Manufacturing Services
241 Tommasino's P&B Landscaping Other
242 Tucker Mechanical Manufacturing Services
243 United Oil Recovery Other
244 Wess Tool & Die Co., Inc. Equipment
245 Zorbas Other
246 Enviro Med Services Engineering/Design Services
247 Robert Noonan & Associates Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
248 T.E.T. Manufacturing Co., Inc. Manufacturing Services
249 Bull Metal Products, Inc. Manufacturing Services
250 Dittman & Greer Inc. Equipment
251 E-B Manufacturing Co., Inc. Equipment
252 John H. Mutchler Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
253 Msc Industrial Supply Company Equipment
254 Northeast Balance Service, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
255 Pegasus Triumph Mfg. Inc. Manufacturing Services
256 Phasor Engineering Service Lab or Test Equipment/Services
257 Avalence LLC Hydrogen System OEM
258 Baron Consulting Company, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
259 CET Inc. (Control Equipment Technologies) Components
260 Furmanite Components
261 Industrial Components of CT -Milford Equipment
262 Jaxxen Inc. Components
263 Liquid Lunch Other
264 Maintenance Technologies International LLC Engineering/Design Services
265 Merrimac Industrial Sales, Enclosures Plus Division Equipment
266 Performance Engineering Solutions LLC Engineering/Design Services
267 Polam Manufacturing Components
268 Sir Speedy Printing Marketing Products/Services
269 Hamilton Connections Milford, LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
270 Edgerton Inc. Other
271 O'Keefe Controls Equipment
272 Berkshire Forklift Inc Components
273 Scott Freeman Retirement Plan Consulting LLC. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
274 Bingham McCutchen LLP Components
275 Innovative Solutions Equipment
276 Innovative Solutions LLC Components
277 RAM Welding & Specialty Fabrication Inc. Manufacturing Services
278 Caruso Electric Company Other
279 Christ Water Tech Materials
280 Christ Water Technology America LLC Equipment
281 Design by Analysis Engineering/Design Services
282 Parker Hannifan- Fluid Control Div Components
283 Parker Hannifin Corp. Energy Systems Manufacturing Services
284 Peter Paul Electronics Company, Inc. Components
285 Siracusa Moving Other
286 Connecticut Siting Council Other
287 Tenergy Christ Water LLC Manufacturing Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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51
Organization Name Product or Service Category 288 AGENA Engineering/Design Services
289 GE Infrastructure Sensing (Druck) Components
290 Accurate Calibrations, LLC Lab or Test Equipment/Services
291 AccuStandard, Inc. Materials
292 Bachman & Lapointe, P.C. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
293 Carrier Northeast Equipment
294 Iron Ventures Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
295 K Morgan Associates LLC Other
296 Kaiser Whitney Staffing Other
297 Macalaster Bicknell of CT Inc Materials
298 Milford Barrel Company, Inc. Materials
299 Pasquariello Electric Corp FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services
301 United Illuminating Fuel
302 Wiggin and Dana Llp Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
303 Yale University- School of Engineering and Applied Science Research & Development
304 Arga Marketing & Printing Marketing Products/Services
305 IRON Ventures Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
306 D & R Controls Co., Inc. Equipment
307 Fire Control Services Other
308 Neeltran, Inc. Components
309 New England Energy Other
310 Euroline Inc Materials
311 ACT Teleservices Other
312 Buckley Associates Components
313 C&C Janitorial Supplies Other
314 Cable & Connectors, Inc. Components
315 Connecticut Business Systems Other
316 H. O Penn Machinery Equipment
317 Lynn Welding Company Manufacturing Services
318 Mechanical Energy LLC Other
319 New England Safety Shoe Co. Other
320 Ohleiser Corporation Equipment
321 Signs of the Times Marketing Products/Services
322 TekThink Engineering Engineering/Design Services
323 The Language Link of CT Other
324 CT Department of Transportation Other
325 Training Intelligence Solutions LLC Other
326 Tuv Rheinland Of North America, Inc Lab or Test Equipment/Services
327 American Industrial Service LLC Manufacturing Services
328 Buckley, Frame, Boudreau & Comp, P.C. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
329 Jet Process Corp Manufacturing Services
330 Precision Combustion, Inc. Components
331 ProFlow Process Equipment Components
332 Rousseau Plumbing & Heating, LLC. Other
333 The E. J. Davis Company Materials
334 Warner Specialty Prod. Equipment
335 Spectrum Paint CO Other
336 Business Journals, Inc. Marketing Products/Services
337 Douglas Forms & Printing Inc. Marketing Products/Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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52
Organization Name Product or Service Category 338 Electrical Wholesalers, Inc. Components
339 Gotham Technologies Inc Materials
340 Jason Kremkau Engineering/Design Services
341 MHI Energy Partners Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
342 Xerox Corp Other
343 Andrews Consulting Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
344 CLA Engineers Inc Engineering/Design Services
345 Consumers Interstate Corporation Equipment
346 Norwich Clean Cities Coalition Other
347 Norwich Public Utilities Other
348 Karter Capital Advisors, LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
349 Angus McDonald/Gary Sharpe & Associates Inc. Engineering/Design Services
350 Connecticut Building Officials Association (CBOA) Other
351 Harrington Engineering, Inc. Other
352 Stencil Ease Other
353 Diversified Fabrication Manufacturing Services
354 Valley Tool & Mfg Inc. Components
355 Eagle Leasing Other
356 Alliance Energy Solutions Other
357 Mikon Products, Inc Manufacturing Services
358 Tornik Research & Management Consulting Inc Research & Development
359 ACP Engineering Other
360 All State Fire Equipment, Inc. Equipment
361 Creative Dimensions Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
362 Fabtron Inc Manufacturing Services
363 Gems Sensors & Controls Components
364 Loureiro Contractors Inc Engineering/Design Services
365 Northeast Riggers, Inc. Manufacturing Services
366 Plainville Electro Plating Manufacturing Services
367 Fluid O-Tech International, Inc. Materials
368 Southington Tool & Manufacturing Corporation Components
369 Fuel Cell Perspectives (John C Trocciola) Engineering/Design Services
370 New England Training & Consulting Other
371 Valley Oil Materials
372 The Worx Group LLC Other
373 Putnam Precision Molding, Inc. Manufacturing Services
374 Wolfco Incorporated Equipment
375 Harris Graphix LLC Marketing Products/Services
376 Connecticut Clean Energy Fund Other
377 Connecticut Development Authority Other
378 Delcon Maintenance Corporation Other
379 Forest Machine Manufacturing Services
380 Henkel Loctite Corporation Materials
381 HESCO (Hartford Electric Supply Co) Components
382 New England Communications Corporation Equipment
383 Paychex, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
384 Perrone & Zajda Engineering LLC Engineering/Design Services
385 Solidus Other
386 Sonitrol New England Other
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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53
Organization Name Product or Service Category 387 Rogers Corporation Materials
388 Tower Engineering Engineering/Design Services
389 Sullivan Logistics Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
390 Aladdin Signs & Graphics Marketing Products/Services
391 Connecticut Valve & Fitting Co. Components
392 Digiatron/Firing Circuits Components
393 Dimatteo Group Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
394 Dubosar Irrigation LLC Other
395 JTA Freight LLC Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
396 Landscape Architectural Design, P.C. Engineering/Design Services
397 United Distribution Services, Inc. Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
398 Wolf Engineering, LLC Engineering/Design Services
399 2 Hopewell Other
400 Magellan Industrial Trading Company Materials
401 Abco Welding Materials
402 American Design & Manufacturing, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
403 Applied Industrial Tech Materials
404 Atlantic Fabricating Manufacturing Services
405 Capital Clean Cities of Connecticut Other
406 Connecticut Packaging Materials Materials
407 CT Packaging Material Materials
408 Eastern Industrial Automation Components
409 FarmTek Components
410 Flow Tech Inc Equipment
411 H & B Tool & Engineering Co, Inc. Manufacturing Services
412 Hire Logic, LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
413 Industronics Services Company Components
414 J E Shepard Other
415 Jones Metal Manufacturing Services
416 Maneeleys Banquet & Catering, Inc. Other
417 Metals Testing Co. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
418 Mill on the River Food Service-Restaurants/ Caterer
419 O & W Heat Treat Inc. Manufacturing Services
420 Pola Shepard Other
421 Rock Engineering Engineering/Design Services
422 Rock Engineering LLC Engineering/Design Services
423 U. S. Engineering Technical Services Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
424 US Engineering Technical Services, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
425 UTC Power Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM
426 Woodcock Refrigeration Other
427 South Windsor Garage Other
428 Vulcan Lock Other
429 AcuCut, Inc. Manufacturing Services
430 New England Drives & Controls, Inc. Equipment
431 StampTech Inc. Manufacturing Services
432 Connecticut Colonial Buildersn LLC Other
433 TTM Technologies Components
434 Willington Nameplate Manufacturing Services
435 All Phase Electrical Contracting Manufacturing Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
54
Organization Name Product or Service Category 436 Archstone Consulting LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
437 Bell Pump Service Materials
438 DBA Desai Communications, Slideffects Corp. Materials
439 Desai Communications, Slideffects Corp. Materials
440 Omega Engineering, Inc. Equipment
441 Pitney Bowes, Inc. Other
442 Van Brunt, DuBiago & Co. LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
443 Aerogel Composite, LLC Materials
444 Connecticut Center for Clean Energy Engineering Research & Development
445 Harrington Engineering Manufacturing Services
446 Corporate Display Specialties, Inc. Marketing Products/Services
447 James Stone & Assocites, LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
448 Judge Tool Sales Company, Inc. Equipment
449 Little Inc Components
450 M. A. Selmon Company Equipment
451 M.J. Oross Electrical Construction, LLC FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services
452 Merritt Staffing Other
453 Personnel Management Solutions Other
454 Reynolds Technical Service Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
455 Stratford Sandblasting CO Manufacturing Services
456 Tower Equipment Co., Inc. Equipment
457 K V Technologies Manufacturing Services
458 Miller Industrial Gases Fuel
459 Pro Graphics Inc. Marketing Products/Services
460 Stratus Technologies Equipment
461 Water Specialists Manufacturing Services
462 C & C Hydraulics, Inc. Equipment
463 ECI Screen Print, Inc. Manufacturing Services
464 Endpoint Networks Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
465 Accu-Rite Tool & Mfg Co Inc. Components
466 Environics,Inc Equipment
467 Gerber Systems Corp Other
468 Leahy Resources Other
469 MC Ergo Co. Other
470 Dymax Corp Materials
471 West State Mechanical Manufacturing Services
472 Advanced System Designs LLC Engineering/Design Services
473 Atlantic Environmental Corp. Materials
474 GBG Inc. Other
475 Renewable Energy Strategies, LLC Engineering/Design Services
476 New England Mechanical Services, Inc. Other
477 Watergrass LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
478 A&P Trucking Co Inc. Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
479 A.E. Electric LLC Other
480 Abel Womack Other
481 Aero Precision Manufacturing LLC Materials
482 Amano Integrated Systems Equipment
483 BizWiz Print & Copy Center, LLC Other
484 Component Engineers Inc. Manufacturing Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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55
Organization Name Product or Service Category 485 Connecticut Plastics Inc. Manufacturing Services
486 Dexmet Corporation Materials
487 EPS Technology Engineering/Design Services
488 Fisher Manufacturing Systems, Inc. Components
489 Integrated Technical Systems, Inc. Equipment
490 Magna-Wind, Electric Motor Repair Manufacturing Services
491 Network Installation Services, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
492 New England Enterprises Marketing Products/Services
493 Proton Onsite Hydrogen System OEM
494 R&D Precision, Inc. Manufacturing Services
495 Safety Today Equipment
496 Sign Stop Marketing Products/Services
497 Strain Measurement Devices, Inc. Components
498 Superior Fork Lift, Inc. Equipment
499 Tech Circuits Inc. Components
500 The Grey Group Professional Staffing Services Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
501 The Quinnipiac Chamber of Commerce Other
502 Town of Wallingford Other
503 USA Hauling Other
504 Wallingford Electric Division Other
505 Wallingford Winnelson Components
507 Acme Steel Rule Die Corp. Equipment
508 Alliance Food Management, Corp. Other
510 Analytical Consulting Tech Lab or Test Equipment/Services
511 Connecticut Energy Services, LLC Engineering/Design Services
512 Hubbard-Hall, Inc. Materials
513 Naugatuck Valley Engraving Company Marketing Products/Services
514 Neoperl Inc. Components
515 Park Electrochemical Corp. - Park Advanced Composite
Materials Inc. (Fibercote Industries) Materials
516 Trueline Corporation Manufacturing Services
517 ABCO Welding, Gases, Safety & Industrial Supplies Inc. Materials
518 Atlantic Design Works, LLC Marketing Products/Services
519 Automation, Inc. Components
520 Cianci Engineering LLC Engineering/Design Services
521 Dube Tool Company Equipment
522 Home Depot Components
523 Materials Handling Inc. Equipment
524 Oxford Caster Corp. Components
525 All-Brite Electric, Inc. Other
526 Filter Sales & Service Inc. Components
527 New Digital Marketing Products/Services
531 The Lee Company Components
532 Energy & Environmental Ventures II LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
533 Visconti Flash Other
534 Kahn Instruments, Inc. Equipment
535 Kell-Strom Tool International, Inc. Manufacturing Services
536 Hawk Intergrated Plastics LLC Manufacturing Services
537 Ace Taxi Services Other
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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56
Organization Name Product or Service Category 538 Acme Crating Co., LLC Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
539 Astro Aircom, LLC Manufacturing Services
540 Bagge, Cennamo & Pascoe, LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
541 Butler Company Other
542 Butler Company Other
543 Fischer Technology, Inc. Equipment
544 Infinity Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM
545 Iron Mountain Information Management, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
546 Nutmeg Exhibit Marketing Products/Services
547 Preferred Logic Inc Other
548 Radio Shack Components
549 Spencer Turbine Co Components
550 T & T Automation Components
551 TRC Environmental Corp Engineering/Design Services
552 Webster Bank Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
553 Windsor Management Co., Inc. Other
554 Ocean Air Transportation, Inc. Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
555 P. J. Lodola & Sons Inc Other
556 W.J. Norris Inc Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
557 Brainard, Keith Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
558 Brancato, Robert Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
560 Carl Rohrbach Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
561 CAT Solutions Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
562 Christine Lawlor-King Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
563 Faxon Engineering Components
564 Fran Kocum Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
565 Giantonio Patent Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
566 Great Pond Consulting/David Malley Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
567 Hecht, Kelvin Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
568 Integrated Security Systems Other
569 IPOS LLC (aka Scott Hafersat) Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
570 Jones, William Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
571 King, Joseph Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
572 Kiss Technical Services Engineering/Design Services
573 Laird Plastics Materials
574 Lowe's Commercial Services Other
575 Lueckel, William Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
576 Metropolitan District Other
577 Michael O'Neil Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
578 Parker, Ashley Marie Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
579 Perco Other
580 Reiser, Carl Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
581 Robert Fredley Engineering/Design Services
582 Robert Misage Engineering/Design Services
583 University of Connecticut Research & Development
584 Horst Engineering & Mfg Co. Manufacturing Services
585 Hydrogen Safety, LLC Engineering/Design Services
586 The Conard Corporation Manufacturing Services
587 Andros, Floyd & Miller, P.C. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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57
Organization Name Product or Service Category 588 CL&P Fuel
589 Peoples United Insurance Agency/ RC Knox Insurance Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
590 Michaud-Kinney Group LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
591 Anchor Rubber Products Ltd. Components
592 All-Phase Electric Supply Co. Components
593 Petersens Hardware, Inc. Components
594 Pace Motor Lines, Inc. Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
595 Treadwell Corporation Hydrogen System OEM
596 Altek Electronics Manufacturing Services
597 JobPro Other
598 Arcor Laser Services, LLC Manufacturing Services
599 International Transfer Service, Inc. Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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58
Appendix VI – Partial List of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in Connecticut101
Organization’s Name Product or Service Category Website
1 Fuel Cell Energy Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/
2 Infinity Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://infinityfuel.com/
3 UTC Power Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.utcpower.com/
4 Avalence LLC Hydrogen System OEM http://www.avalence.com/
5 H2 Sonics LLC Hydrogen System OEM http://www.h2sonics.com/
6 Proton OnSite Hydrogen System OEM http://www.protononsite.com/
7 Sustainable Innovations Hydrogen System OEM http://www.sustainableinnov.com/
8 Treadwell Corporation Hydrogen System OEM http://www.treadwellcorp.com/
101
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search; http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, August 11, 2011
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Appendix VII – Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies102
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical Stack
Size Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100°C
122-212°
typically
80°C
< 1 kW – 1
MW103
kW 60%
transportation
35%
stationary
• Backup power
• Portable power
• Distributed generation
• Transportation
• Specialty vehicle
• Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion & electrolyte
management problems
• Low temperature
• Quick start-up
• Sensitive to fuel
impurities
• Low temperature
waste heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100°C
194-212°F 10 – 100 kW 60%
• Military
• Space
• Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte,
leads to high performance
• Low cost components
• Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
• Electrolyte
management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200°C
302-392°F
400 kW
100 kW
module
40% • Distributed generation
• Higher temperature enables
CHP
• Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
• Pt catalyst
• Long start up time
• Low current and
power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium,
sodium and/or
potassium
carbonates, soaked
in a matrix
600-700°C
1112-1292°F
300
k W- 3 M W
300 kW
module
45 – 50% • Electric utility
• Distributed generation
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of
catalysts
• Suitable for CHP
• High temperature
corrosion and
breakdown
of cell components
• Long start up time
• Low power
density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000°C
1202-1832°F 1 kW – 2 MW 60%
• Auxiliary power
• Electric utility
• Distributed generation
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of
catalysts
• Solid electrolyte
• Suitable f o r CHP &
CHHP
• Hybrid/GT cycle
• High temperature
corrosion and
breakdown
of cell components
• High temperature
operation requires
long start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row. Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180oC. It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM. It is not sensitive to impurities. It has usable heat. Stack efficiencies of 52% on the high side are realized. HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one.
102 U.S. Department of Energy, Fuel Cells Technology Program; http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf; August 5, 2011 103
Ballard, “CLEARgen Multi-MY Systems”, http://www.ballard.com/fuel-cell-products/cleargen-multi-mw-systems.aspx, November, 2011
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Appendix VIII –Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for Connecticut
Strengths
Stationary Power – Strong market drivers (elect cost,
environmental factors, critical power), recognized global
leaders in PAFC and MCFC technology, well established
industrial base (supply chain) that overlaps with CT’s aerospace
industry
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers (appeal to
market, environmental factors), strong indigenous H2
technology and industrial base, hydrogen infrastructure plans
Economic Development Factors – Supportive state policies
towards stationary power of P.A. 11-80 technically trained
workforce.
Weaknesses
Stationary Power – Further PAFC and MCFC cost/performance
improvements required
Transportation Power – hydrogen infrastructure build out, plus
cost/performance improvements required across industry
Portable Power – limited/no commercial participation
Economic Development Factors – Need to support technology
driven, pre-commercial companies across the “valley of death”.
Opportunities
Stationary Power – As the leading supplier of large stationary
power systems, CT will benefit significantly with worldwide
strength of large scale stationary power fuel cells.
Transportation Power – As home to several progressive
suppliers of hydrogen infrastructure and hydrogen buses, CT
will also benefit significantly with general growth of
H2/transportation.
Portable Power – CT can leverage its existing technology and
resources to exploit addressable market opportunities
Economic Development Factors – recently passed P.A. 11-80
provides strong support for low emissions stationary power fuel
cells, additionally CT has excellent opportunities to export fuel
cell systems and products
Threats
Stationary Power – Progress and stronger government support
of other renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind,
geothermal. SOFC technology is a threat to PAFC/MCFC
technologies, but also an opportunity for CT to leapfrog in to
stronger SOFC activity
Transportation Power – Electric vehicles are both a threat, in
that they “raise the bar” from traditional internal combustion,
and an opportunity as an automotive platform that can
accommodate fuel cells as the next phase
Economic Development Factors – other states/regions continue
to attempt to recruit CT companies and technologists
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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Appendix IX – Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region104
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel & Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabela's Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St. Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit: Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunt's Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson & Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
104
Fuel Cells 2000, “Fuel Cell Installation Database”, http://www.fuelcells.org/info/databasefront.html, October, 2011
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Appendix X – Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America105
Company City/Town State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
# of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co. Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co.
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency, U.S.
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc.
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al,
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
105
FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America”, http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/forklifts.pdf, November,
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
63
Appendix XI – Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumed/kWh
delivered to the wheels)
-12,000 Btu/kWh 14,000 Btu/kWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent
820 g/kWh 1200 g/kWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years
No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($/YR)
$1,250 - $1,500/year $2,000/year
Time for Refueling/Changing
Batteries
4 – 8 min./day 45-60 min/day (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging & cooling)
Cost of Fuel/Electricity $6,000/year $1,300/year
Labor Cost of
refueling/Recharging
$1,100/year $8,750/year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost
$12,600
($18,000 w/o incentive)
$14,000
Net Present Value of O&M
costs (including fuel)
$52,000 $128,000
