CST Review Standard 3

Plate Tectonics operating over geologic time has changed the patterns of land, sea, and mountains on Earth’s surface.

a.Know the features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns of land, sea, and mountains on Earth’s surface.b.Know the principal structures that form at the three different kinds of plate boundaries.c.Know how to explain the properties of rocks based on the physical and chemical conditions in which they formed, including plate tectonic processes.d.Know there are two kinds of volcanoes: one kind with violent eruptions producing steep slopes and the other kind with voluminous lava flows producing gentle slopes.e.Know the explanation for the location and properties of volcanoes that are due to hot spots and the explanation for those that are due to subduction.

Which of the following provides evidence for plate tectonics?

A. Sea floor topography.B. Ocean currents.C. Coriolis effect.D. Atmospheric temperatures.

The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are typically located near what feature?

A. A midocean ridge.B. A continental shelf.C. An abyssal plain.D. A subduction trench.

A rift valley is evidence of which kind of plate boundary?

A. convergentB. divergentC. transformD. uniform

The convergence (convergent) of two continental plates would produce

A. Island arcs.B. Rift valleys.C. Folded mountains.D. trenches.

Which of the following is most responsible for the formation of new crust at the edge of a tectonic plate?

A. Mountain building at a continent-continent convergent boundary.B. Magma rising up from the mantle at a divergent boundary.C. Two tectonic plates sliding past one another at a transform boundary.D. Subduction of one oceanic plate uner another at a convergent

boundary.

It is generally true that igneous rocks

A. Contain primarily evaporites.B. Can be scratched with a penny.C. Normally contain fossils.D. Are composed of silicate materials.

Cooling rates of igneous rocks can be estimated by comparing rocks’

A. Crystal sizes.B. composition.C. density.D. Chemical reactivity.

Which of the following would most likely produce a fragmental (broken up) sedimentary rock?

A. Magma fractured on the ocean floor.B. Calcite crystallized from seawater.C. Gravel deposited in a silt bed.D. Limestone dissolved in cave formation.

Energy is transferred between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere by these three mechanisms.

A: Conduction, convection, and radiation

Define reversed polarity.

A magnetic field that points south.

Continents move because of ____ _____. As they move their _____changes.

• Plate tectonics• Latitude

A change in latitude causes a change in the continent’s ______.

• Climate.

One proof of plate tectonics is that different continents have the same ______. The tropical plant fossils are found in Antarctica because it was once near the _____.

• Fossils• Equator

The ice age at the end of the Cretaceous period was caused by a large _____. The dust ____the sun which caused extremely ____temperatures and a mass ____of many living organisms.

• Meteorite• Blocked• Cold• Extinction

Meteorite Impact Animation

Volcanic eruptions add ___________ ___________ and ___________ to the atmosphere.

• Carbon dioxide• Water vapor

Carbon Dioxide & Water Vapor

Three carbon gasses in the atmosphere are: ______________, _________________ & ___________________.

• Carbon dioxide• Methane• Chloroflurocarbons

Earth has two energy sources: ______________ and ___________________.

ExternalInternal

Earth’s internal energy source is from ___________ _________ and _________ _________.

• Radioactive decay• Gravitational energy

Earth’s external energy source is ____________ ________________.

• Solar Radiation

Earth’s internal energy source causes

• Convection currents

Convection Currents in the Mantle

Plate tectonic is the theory that explains how large pieces of the ______________ moves.

• Lithosphere

Plates move about _____________ per year.

• 3-5 Centimeters a year.

Sea floor spreading can be found at the _____ _____in the Atlantic Ocean. This is also a ___boundary.

• Mid Ocean Ridge• Divergent

Seafloor Spreading

Proof of sea-floor spreading inlcudes ____ patterns, a ______age of the sea floor, the ____features of the ocean floor.

• Magnetic • Young• topographical

Magnetic patterns on the sea-floor show a pattern of ____________ _______________.

Polarity Reversion

Magnetic Reversals Through Time

Young sea-floor rocks are ________the mid-ocean ridge and older rocks are _________.

• Near• Far

Deep ocean trenches are found at ________________ boundaries where one plate is diving under another plate. This is also a ______

ConvergentSubduction zone

Subduction at Convergent Boundary

Mountains form at convergent boundaries between ___________ and ___________ plates.

Continental Continental

Continent with Continent Conversion

Volcanoes form at convergent boundaries when _______ crust is subducting beneath __________ or __________ crust.

OceanContinentalOcean

Subduction at Convergent Boundary

Transform boundaries have ___________ earthquakes. Subduction zones earthquakes are ____________.

A. ShallowB. Deep

Transform boundary = Shallow Focus Earthquake

The largest fault system in North America is the _____________. This is a ____________ boundary.

San AndreasTransform

San Andreas Fault = Transform Boundary

Earthquakes are a major hazard in CA because it sits on ______ ___________ __________.

Several tectonic plates or three tectonic plates

The Pacific Plate and the North American plate in southern CA create a _____________ boundary. Earthquakes along the ______________ lines. These earthquakes are _________.

A. TransformB. FaultC. Shallow

Three major hazards in Southern CA can be: ____, ____, and ____.

A. LandslidesB. WildfiresC. Earthquakes

The Juan de Fuca plate is ______________ under the North American Plate in northern ______. All total, CA sits on ___________ tectonic plates.

SubductingCaliforniaThree

California sits on North American, Pacific & Juan de Fuca Plates

Two major hazards in Northern CA can be: ____________ & ______________.

VolcanoesEarthquakes

The Cascade mountain range at the Juan de Fuca plate is a _____________ mountain range.

Volcanic

______________ energy at plate boundaries is an alternative energy source for southern CA. Here __________ igneous rocks are _________ into the crust near the surface. • Geothermal• Molten• Intruding

The two industrial minerals CA mines the most are ____________ and ____________.

SandGravel

________________ is used to make cement. This rock is __________ because it is formed from the shells of dead organisms.

LimestoneOrganic

The three major rock types are ____________, ______________, and _____________.

Sedimentary MetamorphicIgneous

Igneous, Sedimentary, & Metamorphic

_____________rock forms after erosion has __________ _________Earth’s surface and the sediments are then compacted and ______________ together by pressure.

• Sedimentary • Broken down• Cemented

Igneous rocks are formed by cooled _____________. When it cools slowly _______ crystals form and when it cools quickly ________________ crystals form.

LavaLargeSmall

Igneous rock found beneath Earth’s surface is ____________________ and igneous rock found on top of Earth’s surface is _______________________.

• Intrusive• Extrusive

Basalt is an _________rock found at divergent boundaries where there is ________________.

• Igneous• Seafloor spreading

Metamorphic rock is formed when ____________ and _______________change rocks.

HeatPressure

The focus of an earthquake is located _______ the Earth’s crust and the epicenter is located directly _______________ the focus.

Inside Above

The two seismic body waves are __________ and ______________.

• Primary• Secondary

The two seismic body waves are __________and______________

• Primary• Secondary

_________________ detect seismic waves and _______________ record seismic waves.

• Seismometers• Seismographs

Seismograms show that _______ waves arrive first and ____________ waves arrive second.

• P (primary)• S (secondary)

Primary waves move ____________ and secondary waves move ________________. The ____________________ is causes the most damage.

• Parallel• Side to side• S wave

Seismologist use ________________ seismograms to determine the location of the epicenter by _______________.

• Three• Triangulation

The Mercalli scale measures the _______________ of the earthquake and the Richter scale measures the _____________ of an earthquake.

• Intensity • Magnitude

Volcanoes in the middle of the plate form from _________ _______. They are _________________ volcanoes and have _______________ viscosity

• Hot spots• Shield• Low

Cinder volcanoes have ____________ viscosity because the magma has a _________ silica content and __________________ temperatures.

HighHighCooler

Cinder volcanoes have ______________ eruptions because: 1) the viscosity of the magma is ______________, 2) it has trapped and dissolved ____________, 3) and it has built up ______________.

• Explosive• High• Gases• Pressure

Ash shot into the air can __________ solar radiation and ______________ the Earth’s surface temperature.

• Block• Decrease

The primary factors that determine the eruption of a volcano are 1) magma ____________, 2) magma______________________, 3) gas _____________.

• Composition• Temperature• Pressure

The main differences between shield, cinder, and composite volcanoes are the types of _______________, the __________ of the sides, and the ______________.

• Lava• Steepness• Height

The End