CSOM Long Version: Section 11 Learning Objectives zIdentify rationale for specialized supervision...

CSOM Long Version: Section 1 1

Learning Objectives

Identify rationale for specialized

supervision

Define goals of curriculum

Summarize knowledge regarding sex

offenders and their victims

Identify emerging approaches to

supervision


Who are Victims?

Three Studies that Document Sexual Victimization in the United States

1.) Kilpatrick, Edmunds, & Seymour, (1992). Rape in America: A Report to the Nation2.) Tjaden & Thoennes, (1998). Prevalence, Incidence,

and Consequences of Violence Against Women3.) Saunders, (2000). National Survey of Adolescents

3.) Saunders, (2000). National Survey of Adolescents


Findings

Rape in America 78 rapes per hour of women 18 and

older.


Findings (cont.)

NVAW Survey Using a definition of rape that includes forced

vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse, 18% of U.S. women surveyed said they experienced a completed or attempted rape in their lifetime.

3% of U.S. men surveyed said they experienced a completed or attempted rape in their lifetime.

1 of 6 U.S. women and 1 of 33 U.S. men have experienced an attempted or completed rape as a child and/or adult.

In last 12 months: approximately 876,100 rapes perpetrated against U.S. women.


Findings (cont.)

Rape in America 62% of victims under 18 years of age @

first assault.NVAW Survey

22% of victims under age 12 @ first assault.

32% of victims between 12 and 17 years of age @ first assault.


Findings (cont.)

National Survey of Adolescents N = 4,023 adolescents in U.S.

households (age 12-17) 8.1% reported experiencing at least

one sexual assault in their lifetime 1.8 million adolescents have been

sexually assaulted in their lifetime (based on 1995 U.S. Census data)


Relationship Between Victim and Offender (Rape in America)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

Str

an

ge

r

Stranger

Non-Stranger


Relationship Between Victim and Offender (NVAW Survey)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Ch

ild

ren

<1

2

Ad

ult

18

-29

Children

Unknown

Adult

Know

n

Know

n


Relationship Between Victim and Offender (National Survey of Adolescents)

Nearly 3 in 4 (74%) -- perpetrators were someone the victim knew well

Almost 1 in 3 (32.5%) -- perpetrators were friends with the victim

More than 1 in 5 (23.2%) -- perpetrators were strangers to the victim

About 1 in 5 (21.1%) -- perpetrators were family members of the victim


Location of Sexual Abuse(National Survey of Adolescents)

30.5% in the victim’s home

23.8% in the victim’s neighborhood

15.4% at the victim’s school


Reporting of Sexual Abuse (National Survey of Adolescents)

86% NOT reported to the authorities

13% reported to police

5.8% reported to child protective

services

5% reported to school authorities

1.3% reported to other authorities*Some cases were reported to more than one authority.


Consequences of Sexual Assault for Victims

ProstitutionPsychiatric

problems HomelessnessHIV

(Rape in America, 1992)

Eating disordersSuicide Substance

AbuseSelf-Esteem

ProblemsTeen pregnancy


Sexual Assault and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (National Survey of Adolescents)

Lifetimeprevalence ofPTSD

LifetimePrevalence ofSubstance Use/Abuse

Lifetime Prevalence ofDelinquentActs

Adolescentmales, sexuallyassaulted

28.2% 34.4% 47.2%

Adolescentmales, non-sexuallyassaulted

5.4% 9% 16.6%

Adolescentfemales,sexuallyassaulted

29.8% 27.5% 19.7%

Adolescentfemales, non-sexuallyassaulted

7.1% 5.4% 4.8%


Initial Mental Health Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

FearAnxietyLow self-esteemDepressionAnger and hostilitySexual behavior problemsAggressive/delinquent behavior

From Saunders, (1999).

Substance use/ abuse/dependencyImpaired social functioningDistorted cognitive schemataImpaired affective processing


Long-Term Mental Health Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

Sexual disordersPTSDDepressionSuicidal ideation and attemptsAnxiety disordersSubstance use/ abuse/dependencySomatic complaints

From Saunders, (1999).

Personality disordersDissociative disordersLow self-esteemImpaired social relationshipsIncreased vulnerability to other victimizations and traumatic experiences


What is a Sex Offense?

Any sexual behavior with a child or with a non-consenting adult

Penetration, contact, or non-contact behaviors

Some pornography-related activities


Overview of Sex Offenders

All socioeconomic, racial, ethnic

groups

Majority don’t present as “typical”

criminal


Offense Cycle

Sex offenses are planned

Culmination of a series of events

Offending behaviors are rationalized


Typology of Sex Offenders

Child Molesters Fixated/Pedophile Regressed/Situational

Rapists Anger Power Sadistic

Non-contact offenders: Not included (e.g., voyeurs and exhibitionists)(Groth, 1979)


Challenges to Sex Offender Supervision

Victims assaulted in familiar places by individual they know

Offenders being supervised in same community where victim lives

Offense patterns characterized by secrecy, deceit, repetitiveness, and extreme trauma to victims

Cross-over offense patterns

Fragmented response and service systems


Emerging Sex Offender Supervision Practices

Shared, consistent philosophy, and strategy

Primary concern for victim safety and

recovery

Prevention of future victimization

Sex offenders held accountable for

their actions


Emerging Sex Offender Supervision Practices (cont.)

Some offenders can be managed safely and some cannot.

A collaborative effort involving:

Supervision and treatment providers,

Victim advocates and polygraph examiners,

All agencies with responsibility for sex offender management.


Collaboration...

Improves communication

Allows for quicker, less intrusive responses to victims

Promotes the exchange of ideas among disciplines

Facilitates sharing of information

Improves problem solving

Provides on-going support

Increases understanding

Fosters a unified and comprehensive approach


Emerging Sex Offender Supervision Practices (cont.)

Traditional methods may not apply

Informed and consistent public policy

Includes evaluation and monitoring

CSOM Long Version: Section 11 Learning Objectives zIdentify rationale for specialized supervision...

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