ENERGYENERGY

Lead-Acid BatteriesLead-Acid Batteries

Lithium-ion BatteriesLithium-ion Batteries

SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors

N. KALAISELVIN. KALAISELVIkalaiselvin@cecri.res.inkalaiselvin@cecri.res.in

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Fuel CellsFuel Cells

Redox Flow BatteriesRedox Flow Batteries

ENERGY: WHY INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGIES?

Independent Indians possess Unassuming DEPENDENCE on e-gadgets : ADDICTION (Modern youngsters – typical example)(Modern youngsters – typical example)

Nation’s self sufficiency in FOOD, WATER & ENERGY – Debatable……..

Life without FOOD - 1 weekLife without WATER - 1 day 118 Cr (91.7% of Population) – Mobile users

Life without AIR - 1 minute

LIFE without e– gadgets: IMPOSSIBLE (fraction of minute /seconds)

Today’s e-tools: Ornaments / (communication) Vehicles / Outlet / Asset

Environment Environment : Biological & “e-enviro” ; Waste:Waste: Bio & e-waste [Bio sphere vs. e-sphere?]

ENERGY - Indigenous Energy - MANTRA of the current e-society

Industrial Conclave - Platform to showcase CSIR & CECRI’s contributions towards CLEAN, GREEN & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

Reduction in Carbon intensity (as per COP 21 & 22) – NEED OF THE HOUR

(E-mobility & Conversion of CO2 to value added products)

300 million have no access to Electricity - Power for all in an Environment-friendly way

(Mapping/Tapping of energy & Waste-to-wealth: Electrochemistry offers Greener Strategies )

Capability building for national self-sufficiency on Energy Generation, Conversion & Storage

(National Mission for Electric Mobility & CSIR’s ENERGY MISSION - Solution providers)

Generation: Fuel Cells; Conversion: DSSC/ OPV; Storage: Batteries & Supercapacitors

Fuel CellsFuel Cells: Adequate, affordable and clean energy for all

Lithium Technology & Beyond Lithium Lithium Technology & Beyond Lithium : e-gadgets & e-mobility

Redox Flow Batteries Redox Flow Batteries : Large scale storage and distribution applications

SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors: Hybrid electric vehicles

Lead acid batteriesLead acid batteries: Stationary and hybrid electric vehicle applications

ENERGY: NATIONAL PRIORITY & CSIR / CECRI’s CONTRIBUTION

CECRI’s CORE STRENGTH

ENERGY: AREAS OF EXPERTISE AVAILABLE @ CECRI

FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS

BEYOND LITHIUM (R&D) BEYOND LITHIUM (R&D)

LITHIUM BATTERIESLITHIUM BATTERIES

ZINC-BROMINE REDOX ZINC-BROMINE REDOX FLOW BATTERIESFLOW BATTERIES

LEAD ACID BATTERIESLEAD ACID BATTERIES

SUPERCAPACITORS SUPERCAPACITORS

PEMFC, DMFC, SOFC & Microbial fuel cellsPEMFC, DMFC, SOFC & Microbial fuel cells

18650 cells, Pouch, Prismatic & Coin Cells18650 cells, Pouch, Prismatic & Coin Cells

100 W & 500 W stack level (scalable to 1 kW)100 W & 500 W stack level (scalable to 1 kW)

VRLA Batteries & NABL Testing FacilityVRLA Batteries & NABL Testing Facility

Prismatic & Cylindrical typePrismatic & Cylindrical type

Lab scale & Coin Cell levelLab scale & Coin Cell level

• PEMFC for low humidity and elevated temperature PEMFC for low humidity and elevated temperature

(i) Series of Nafion- inorganic composite self-humidifying membranes(i) Series of Nafion- inorganic composite self-humidifying membranes

(ii) SPEEK-Carbon nanostructure composite for high performance PEFC (ii) SPEEK-Carbon nanostructure composite for high performance PEFC

(iii) Wick based internal humidification process (iii) Wick based internal humidification process

• Electro catalysts and supports (i) Pt based, non-precious metal and non-metallic catalysts for ORR; (i) Pt based, non-precious metal and non-metallic catalysts for ORR;

(ii) Porous carbon, carbon from waste, graphite nanofiber, graphene based support (ii) Porous carbon, carbon from waste, graphite nanofiber, graphene based support

materials for fuel cell catalyst developmentsmaterials for fuel cell catalyst developments

(iii) TiO(iii) TiO2 2 based nanostructures for ORRbased nanostructures for ORR

• DMFC components and systems (i) Membranes for low methanol crossover, methanol oxidation / tolerant catalysts(i) Membranes for low methanol crossover, methanol oxidation / tolerant catalysts

(ii) Alternative aromatic and biopolymer composite membranes(ii) Alternative aromatic and biopolymer composite membranes

(iii) Anion exchange membranes for alkaline DMFC(iii) Anion exchange membranes for alkaline DMFC

• High performance MEAs, performance evaluation, durability, testing protocols, etc.• Fuel cell assembly, stack engineering, standard operating testing protocols , trouble

shootings etc.

Process know-how for FUEL CELL stack / components

FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS

Development , Demonstration & Technology Transfer

•H2/air 3 kW water cooled PEMFC systems for stationary, automotive and telecommunication applications (Demonstrated at Reliance Industries Ltd., Mumbai)

•H2/air 1 kW air cooled stack - Demonstrated and delivered to IGCAR, Kalpakkam

•4.5 kW HT-PEMFC stack – Delivered to M/s. TVS Auto, Hosur

•2 (TWO) Technologies - Transferred to M/s. Genex Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, on PEMFC and DBFC.

POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLSPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS

1 kW self-sustained PEFC

45 W self-sustained DMFC

PEMFC single cell to Stacks

MEA fabrication CCM MEA

In-house developed components & PEMFC stacks

4.5 kW HT PEMFC stack to M/s. TVS Motors, Hosur

TVS Motors, Hosur

1.1. Silicon padSilicon pad2.2. Graphite plateGraphite plate3.3. GDL (CC-35)GDL (CC-35)4.4. Kapton gasketKapton gasket5.5. CCMCCM

MEA Process, Testing and Validation at IndustrialMEA Process, Testing and Validation at Industrial (Reliance) Site and Durability Data(Reliance) Site and Durability Data

3 kW PEMFC stack Validation at PATHALA GANGA site

No. of cells: 20; Active area: 160 cmNo. of cells: 20; Active area: 160 cm22; T; Topop: 60: 60ooC; HC; H2 2 & Air stoichiometry: 1.2:3.0 & Air stoichiometry: 1.2:3.0

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Stoichiometric ratio 1.2 : 3

Current at 0.6V = 81A

Current Density at 0.6V = 506mA/cm2

Power at 0.6V = 966W

Peak Power = 1018W (at 0.54V)

Cell Temperature = 550 C - 600 C

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Stoichiometric ratio 1.2 : 1.2

Current at 0.6V = 115A

Current Density at 0.6V = 718mA/cm2

Power at 0.6V = 1384W

Peak Power = 1404W (at 0.59V)

Cell Temperature = 550 C - 600 C

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1 kW H2-air PEMFC stack Demonstration

1. TVS Motor Company LimitedP B No. 4, Harita, Hosur – 635 109,Tamilnadu, India

2. Sainergy Fuel Cell India Pvt. Ltd.Aleena Towers, No 288 Burma ColonyPerungudi, Chennai 600 096, India

3. Ingsman Energy and Fuel Cell Research Organization Private LimitedPlot No.246, 3rd Link Street,Nehru Nagar, Kottivakkam,Chennai - 600 096, Tamilnadu, India

4. Reliance Corporate Park5 TTC Industrial Area, Thane-Belapur Road, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai - 400701, Maharashtra

5. KPIT Technologies Ltd.Plot No. 35 & 36, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech ParkPhase 1, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune - 411 057

6. Thermax LimitedD-13, MIDC Industrial AreaR D Aga Road, Chinchwad,Pune - 411019

Industrial Partners / Collaborators

Flow field design

GLOBAL MARKET FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

Lithium-ion Batteries: DEMAND vs. SUPPLY

Indian ScenarioIndian Scenario

Manufacturers: ???

End Users: 118 Cr (91.7% of Population)

Raw Material Availability: Satisfactory (Except Li)

Co : 44.9 million tonnesMn: 475184 thousand tonnesNi: 189 metric tonnes

Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of CECRI

CSIR & CECRI cater to this requirement : Indigenous Li-ion Technology

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PROPERTIES

PAPER-BASED CERAMIC

SEPARATOR

CELGARD

Composition Paper/SiO2/PVDF PP

Support matrix Cellulose based paper matrix

Polymer

Thickness (μm) 40 ± 6 25 Gurley value (s) 35 488 Porosity (%) 55 ± 5 40 Temperature stability (°C)

220 135

Thermal shrinkage (%)

< 1 > 1

Tensile strength (MD) MPa

> 3 130

Wettability Excellent Moderate

CECRI Cathode NPL Anode CGCRI Separator

Capacity: 175 mAh/g &GBM: 140 mAh/ g

WO2012052810A1; WO2012052810A1; EP 2630686; EP 2630686; US 2014/0087257 A1;US 2014/0087257 A1; JP5707499; JP5765644 JP5707499; JP5765644

Capacity: 450 mAh/gGBM: 225 mAh/ g

US2014/0087257A1 & US2014/0087257A1 & US2015/0364750 A1US2015/0364750 A1

(Patent Filed; 2016)(Patent Filed; 2016)

LiMgLiMg0.030.03CuCu0.170.17CoCo0.80.8OO22 Cathode Cathode

Flexible MWCNT Based AnodeFlexible MWCNT Based Anode

Paper based Ceramic Separator Paper based Ceramic Separator

TAPSUN - LIB

Indigenous Lithium-ion Battery [TAPSUN]

DRY ROOM FACILITYDRY ROOM FACILITY

LIB PROTOTYPE FABRICATION PLANT18650 Cylindrical Cells

INDUSTRIAL PARTNERS Enerrsto Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Chennai

SAIL Corporation, USA

BHEL

Indian Oil Corporation

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation

Ampere Vehicles, Coimbatore

Indigenous Technology for Powering Indigenous Technology for Powering IndiaIndia

pouch test-1 LiCoO2 vs MCMB _50 m A current_CONT 1_C10.mpr

Ew e vs. Capacity

Capa city/m A.h2,0001,5001,0005000

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1500 mAh Pouch cell

1500 mAh 18650 cell 1500 mAh 18650 cell

DRY ROOMDRY ROOM

POU

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ELLS

18650 Cells

Dry Room Facility for manufacturing Li-ion batteriesDry Room Facility for manufacturing Li-ion batteries

Cell Characteristics of 3.6 V/ 650 mAh (18650) for 2 W Solar Lantern

Commercial Cell

CSIR CELL

Anode Graphite Carbon Paper

Cathode LiCoO2 LiMgXCuYCoO2

Electrolyte 1M LiPF6 in 1: 1 EC:DEC

1M LiPF6 in 1: 1 EC:DEC

Separator Polypropylene Polypropylene

Cell Weight 35 g 24 g

Indigenous Li-ion Technology & MoU

M/s. Aroma Clean India (P) Ltd., HyderabadM/s. Aroma Clean India (P) Ltd., Hyderabad

M/s. Ennersto Solutions (P) Ltd., ChennaiM/s. Ennersto Solutions (P) Ltd., Chennai

3 W

4.8 W

20 W single cell

10 W (STACK), demonstrated at IIT Chennai

100 W Cell stack100 W Cell stack

GRID energy corresponds to 1.5% of the country’s GDP

Zn-Br2 Technology for distributed power supply- Cost effective & Economical

Zinc-Bromine Redox flow batteries

FTTPFTTP

CECRI developed Components of cell stackCECRI developed Components of cell stack

Cell stack (O-ring model)Cell stack (O-ring model)

Zinc-Bromine Redox flow batteries: FTTP @ CECRI

Cross Sectional ViewCross Sectional View

Demonstration of 500 W Zn-Br2 to Hon. S & T Minister on 26th February 2017 @CECRI

Commercialization & Business PlanCommercialization & Business Plan

September

October Business Plan

Redflow Energy Storage, Redflow Energy Storage, AustraliaAustralia

Luminous Power TechnologiesLuminous Power Technologies, , GurgaonGurgaon

Central Electronics Limited, Central Electronics Limited, SahibabadSahibabad Future Green Technology, MysoreFuture Green Technology, Mysore

Our StakeholdersOur Stakeholders

CECRI’s 6 V / 4.5 Ah VRLA battery vs. 6 V / 4.5 Ah National Panasonic VRLA battery

TAPSUN PanasonicCapacity [ Ah ] 6 V / 4.5 6 V / 4.5

Positive grid material

Lead calcium (cast) Lead calcium (Expanded mesh)

Negative grid material

Lead coated plastic grid

Lead calcium (Expanded mesh)

Parameter TAPSUN PanasonicNominal Voltage ( V ) 6.0 6.0

Rated capacity ( 20 h rate ) ( Ah ) 4.5 5

Dimensions (mm)Length 70 70Width 48 48Height 100 102

Total height 106 108Weight ( g ) 760 720

Specific energy (Wh/ Kg ) 36 37

Battery TAPSUN PANASONIC

Capacity (25OC) (Ah) @different rates

20h 4.5 4.5

10h 4.3 4.0

5 h 3.8 3.6

1 h 2.64 2.8

Internal Resistance (mΩ)

32 20

Lead coated plastic grid

2 V / 3.0 Ah 2 V / 15 Ah

50 100 150 2000.0

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Cell configuration - 1 N + 2 P

Idis- 0.150 A @ 20 h rate

Specification:

Voltage : 6 V; Capacity : 4.5 Ah @ C / 20, 25C

Cell Configuration : 2 P + 3 N; Separator : AGM

Electrolyte sp.gr : 1.3; Sp. Energy : 42 Wh/kg

LIGHT WEIGHT LEAD ACID BATTERY [TAPSUN]

IS 13369: 1992

IS 14257: 1995

IS 7372: 1995

IS 15549 : 2005

IRS 88/2004

IRS S 93/96

JIS C 8702-1: 2009

Accredited specification LEAD ACID BATTERY @ BPTEC

CSIR- Battery Performance Testing & Evaluation Centre (BPTEC)

NABL ACCREDITED TESTING FACILITIES

Industry Status

M/s Gowell Industries , Hyderabad On-going

M/s Exide, Hosur On-going

M/s Mahindra Completed

M/s Microtex, Bangalore On-going

M/s Exide, Hosur Completed

Industry Status

M/s TVS Motors, Hosur. Development of 12 V/5Ah battery for on-board charging

Proto type battery handed over to TVSM

M/s Reliance Industries, Mumbai Development of advanced lead acid batteries for stationary application

Starting Sep 2017

M/s Exide Industries, HosurCharacterization of Exide Pasted plates

On-going

M/s Livguard, DelhiDevelopment of advanced lead acid batteries

On-going

R & D

TESTING

OUR CLIENTS FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

Wilson Kipsang - KenyaWilson Kipsang - KenyaUsain Bolt - JamaicanUsain Bolt - Jamaican

Power density Power density vsvs. Energy density. Energy density

SUPERCAPACITORS @ CECRI

Non - Aqueous electrolyteNon - Aqueous electrolyte

Aqueous Asymmetric SupercapacitorAqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitor

Supercapacitors Supercapacitors vs. Batteries Batteries

Aqueous (Asymmetric) SupercapacitorAqueous (Asymmetric) Supercapacitor

Non-Aqueous SupercapacitorNon-Aqueous Supercapacitor

GG

(PVA/H(PVA/H22SOSO44))

Gel ElectrolyteGel Electrolyte

ENERGY MISSION : OUTLAYENERGY MISSION : OUTLAY

FUNDING AGENCY : CSIR

APPROVAL AWAITED

T h a n k y o u …T h a n k y o u …

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CECRI Team & CSIR CECRI Team & CSIR

Funding Agencies & Valuable ClientsFunding Agencies & Valuable Clients