CSE 332: C++ STL function objects Overview of STL Function Objects Function Object (also known as a...

CSE 332: C++ STL function objects

Overview of STL Function Objects• Function Object (also known as a Functor)

– STL Function Objects support function call syntax• E.g., a class that declares and defines operator()• E.g., by being a function pointer

– GoF Command pattern may be applied to classes and structs (user-defined types)

• Encapsulate a function call as an object• Some or all of these can be member variables

– Target object reference, function to invoke, arguments

• Generic programming allows diverse types– A function pointer (example from Lippman, LaJoie, Moo)

bool (*pf) (const string &, const & string) // function pointer

bool *pf (const string &, const & string) // function named pf

– An instance of a class providing operator()


Function Objects Extend STL Algorithms

• Make the algorithms even more general• Parameterize policy

– E.g., the order produced by a sorting algorithm

• Each functor does a single, specific operation– Often implemented as small classes or structs– Often has only one public member function, operator()

• Functors may also have member variables– Arguments not stored may be supplied at point of call– Member variables can parameterize the operation– E.g., the value k for a +k functor– E.g., arguments for an invocation on a remote object


Examples of Function Object Usagestruct GT_magnitude : public

binary_function<double, double, bool> { bool operator() (double x, double y) {

return fabs(y) < fabs(x); }};struct LT_magnitude : public

binary_function<double, double, bool> { bool operator() (double x, double y) {

return fabs(x) < fabs(y); }};

int main (int, char **) {

vector<double> u,v;

for (double d = 0.0;

d < 10.1; d += 1.0){

u.push_back (d);

v.push_back (d);

}

sort (u.begin(), u.end(),

GT_magnitude());

sort (v.begin(), v.end(),

LT_magnitude());

ostream_iterator<double>

o (cout, “ ”));

copy (u.begin(), u.end(), o);

copy (v.begin(), v.end(), o);

return 0;

}


Function Object Concepts• Basic Function Object Concepts

– Generator– Unary Function– Binary Function

• Adaptable Function Objects (turn functions into functors)– Adaptable Generator– Adaptable Unary Function– Adaptable Binary Function

• Predicates (return a boolean result)– Predicate– Binary Predicate– Adaptable Predicate– Adaptable Binary Predicate– Strict Weak Ordering

• Specialized Concepts– Random Number Generator– Hash Function


Function Object Concept Hierarchy

Adaptable Function Object

Basic Function Object

Specialized

Predicate

is-refined-byGenerator

UnaryFunction

BinaryFunction

Assignable

AdaptableGenerator

AdaptableUnary

Function

AdaptableBinary

Function

HashFunction

RandomNumber

GeneratorPredicate

AdaptablePredicate

BinaryPredicate

AdaptableBinary

Predicate

StrictWeak

Ordering


Assignable Concept

• Does not refine any other STL concept• Valid Expressions

– Copy ConstructorX(x); X x(y); X x = y;

– Assignmentx = y;

• Models of Assignable– Almost every non-const C++ built-in type– Here, all Basic Function Object concepts

• Generator, Unary Function, Binary Function• And the concepts that specialize them


Generator Concept

• Refines Assignable• Abstracts 0-ary functions (take no arguments)• Valid Expressions

– Function call signature with no arguments f()

• Semantics– Returns some value of type Result– Different invocations may return different values

• Or, can represent a constant as a 0-ary functor

– Invocation may change the function object’s internal state• So, operator() need not be a const member function


Generator Example

• Goal: fill a vector with random numbers• Generic generate algorithm

– Fills in a range given in its 1st and 2nd arguments– applies Generator Concept to its 3rd argument

• Here, the functor is simply a function pointer– To the C library’s (0-ary) rand() function

vector<int> v(100); generate(v.begin(), v.end(), rand);


Unary Function• Also a refinement of Assignable• Valid Expression

– Function call signature with one argument f(x)

– Semantics• May ignore or use single argument• Similar return, const semantics to generator

• Example - Unary Sine Functor

struct sine : public unary_function<double,double> {

double operator()(double x) const {

return sin(x); }

};


Binary Function

• Also a refinement of Assignable• Valid Expression

– Function call signature with two argumentsf(x,y)

– Semantics• May use or ignore either or both of its arguments• Similar const and return semantics to Unary Function

• Example - Exponentiation Functor

struct exponentiate : public binary_function<double,double,double> {

double operator()(double x, double y) const {

return pow(x,y); }

};


Adaptable Function Objects• Allow functors to be used with Function Object Adaptors• Associated types – of argument(s), and especially return value• How to access these associated types ?

– Define Adaptable Function Object Concepts • Adaptable Generator

F1::result_type• Adaptable Unary Function

F2::argument_type F2::result_type• Adaptable Binary Function

F3::first_argument_type F3::second_argument_type F3::result_type

• Models– Functions like Result(*f)(Arg) are not models of these concepts– Helper adapters make Adaptable Function Objects from these functions– For example ptr_fun(f) is a model of Adaptable Unary Function


Adaptable Function Object Example• Each value in v2 will be 3.0 larger than the

corresponding element in v1const int N = 1000;

vector<double> v1(N); vector<double> v2(N);

// random valuesgenerate(v1.begin(), v1.end(), rand);

transform(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), bind1st(plus<double>(), 3.0));

Adaptable Function Object

Function Object Adapter (we’ll cover these in a bit)


Predicate Concepts• Predicate

– Refinement of Unary Function– Return type must be convertible to bool

• Adaptable Predicate– Refinement of Predicate, Adaptable Unary Function– Adds typedefs for argument, return types

• Binary Predicate– Refinement of Binary Function– Return type again must be convertible to bool

• Adaptable Binary Predicate– Refinement of Binary Predicate, Adaptable Binary Function – Adds typedefs for the 2 arguments, return types

• Strict Weak Ordering– Refinement of Binary Predicate (for comparison operations)– Similar semantics to operator< but with type constraints


Random Number Generator

• Refinement of Unary Function– Unfortunately name is similar to Generator (0-ary)

• Valid Expression– Function call

f(N), where N is a positive integer

• Semantics– Returns some value of type Result– Different invocations may return different values– Normal pseudo-random distribution

• If function f is called many times with the same argument N then• Each value in range [0,N) will appear ~ equal number of times


Hash Function

• Refinement of Unary Function– Return type must be size_t

• Valid Expression– Function call

f(x)

• Semantics– Map from argument to a size_t result– Equivalent arguments must yield same result– Used by Hashed Associative Containers


Function Object Adaptors

• Adaptors transform one interface to another– I.e., they implement the Adapter pattern

• Function Object Adaptors – Perform function composition and binding– Allows fewer ad hoc function objects– Allows you to build functions as graphs (especially

chains and trees) of other functions


Composition and Binding with Function Objects• Function Composition

– f and g are both Adaptable Unary Functions– g return type is convertible to f argument type– (f ◦ g)(x) which is f(g(x)) can be written using unary_compose<f,g> or compose1(f,g)

• Function Binding– Adaptable Binary Function to Adaptable Unary Function– Bind first argument using binder1st<BinaryFun>

• Where f is an object of type binder1st<F>• f(x) F(c,x) where c is constant

– Bind second argument using binder2nd<BinaryFun>• Where f is an object of type binder2nd<F>• f(x) F(x,c) where c is constant


vector<double> angles; // ... push in some radian values ...vector<double> sines;const double pi = 3.14159265358979323846; transform(angles.begin(), angles.end(), sines.begin(),

compose1(negate<double>(), compose1(ptr_fun(sin),

bind2nd(multiplies<double>(), pi / 180.0))));

• Calculate negative of sine of angles in degrees• Performed as a sequence of three operations

– Conversion of degrees to radians – Calculation of sine– Negation

Example of Function Composition


• Carry out operations in some specified order

template <class R, class List> class Chain {

Fun2& operator()(const Fun1<R, List>& fun1, const Fun2<R, List>& fun2)

{ fun1(); return fun2();

}};

Example of Explicit Call Chains


Member Function Adaptors

• Allows use of member functions as Function Objects• Similar adaptors available for non-member functions• Take an X* or X& argument and call one of the X

object’s member functions through that argument• If the member function is virtual, call is polymorphic• Three variations

– Argument type X* vs. X&– Member Function takes zero vs. one argument– Encapsulates non-const vs. const member function


Member Function Adaptor Example

struct B { virtual void print() = 0; };

struct D1 : public B { void print() { cout << "I'm a D1" << endl; } };

struct D2 : public B { void print() { cout << "I'm a D2" << endl; } };

int main(int, char **) { vector<B*> v; v.push_back(new D1); v.push_back(new D2);

v.push_back(new D2); v.push_back(new D1); for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), mem_fun(& B::print));return 0;

}


Concluding Remarks

• Passing parameters to Functors– Can do by value or by reference– Same kinds of aliasing issues, etc. as with any other object

• Watch performance with many small function objects– Watch out especially for creation, destruction overhead– May want to inline functors constructors, destructors– Put function objects on stack instead of heap

• Function objects are a powerful, general mechanism– Reduces programming complexity, increases reuse– Several new uses of generic programming– Could go farther with parameterization than just algorithms

• Use functors to make smarter iterators and containers

CSE 332: C++ STL function objects Overview of STL Function Objects Function Object (also known as a...

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