CSCI 3136 Principles of Programming Languagesweb.cs.dal.ca/~islam/3136/slides/ppl01.pdf · CSCI...

CSCI 3136Principles of Programming Languages

Summer 2013

Aminul Islam

Faculty of Computer ScienceDalhousie University

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CSCI 3136Principles of Programming Languages

Summer 2013

Aminul IslamFaculty of Computer Science

Dalhousie University

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Basic Course Information

� Web: http://web.cs.dal.ca/~islam/3136/

� Class: Mon & Wed 12:05-13:25 at CS 127

� Lab: Fri 12:05-13:25 at CS Lab 3

� Instructor: Aminul Islam ([email protected])Office: Room # 437, The Goldberg CS Building

� Office Hour: Fri 11:00-12:00

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http://web.cs.dal.ca/~islam/3136/




� Lab: Fri 12:05-13:25 at CS Lab 3



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� Lab: Fri 12:05-13:25 at CS Lab 3



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� Lab: Fri 12:05-13:25 at CS Lab 3



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� Lab: Fri 12:05-13:25 at CS Lab 3



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� Lab: Fri 12:05-13:25 at CS Lab 3



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Textbooks and Other Material

� Class slides are available online

� Recommended text: Michael L. Scott. ProgrammingLanguage Pragmatics, 3rd edition 2009

� More relevant books listed on the course web site (some ofthem are available on-line)

� Other links can be found at course web site

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Evaluation and Plagiarism Policy

Evaluation

• 40% assignments (Five)

• 20% midterm exam

• 40% final exam

Plagiarism policy

• Assignments and exams must be done individually

• Any use of reference material (book, web, ... ) must beacknowledged

• According to Faculty policy, any suspected case of plagiarismis referred to the Academic Integrity Officer and may beforwarded to the Senate Discipline Committee. Details athttp:

//www.cs.dal.ca/graduate/studentinfo/plagiarism

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http://www.cs.dal.ca/graduate/studentinfo/plagiarism



Evaluation



• 40% final exam

Plagiarism policy





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Evaluation



• 40% final exam

Plagiarism policy





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Evaluation



• 40% final exam

Plagiarism policy





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Evaluation



• 40% final exam

Plagiarism policy





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Evaluation



• 40% final exam

Plagiarism policy





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Evaluation



• 40% final exam

Plagiarism policy





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How is This Course Useful?

� Help choose the most appropriate language for the job,evaluate trade-offs

� Make it easier to learn new languages

� Learn to simulate useful features in languages that lack them

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Course Outline

Contents

• Introduction

• Programming language, History, Paradigms• Implementation

• Lexical analysis and automata theory

• Syntactic Analysis and Context-Free Grammars

• Semantic analysis

• Names, scopes, and binding

• Control flow

• Data types and object-oriented programming

• Specialized topics

Tutorials

• Perl

• Scheme/Lisp

• Prolog

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Course Outline

Contents

• Introduction• Programming language, History, Paradigms• Implementation

• Lexical analysis and automata theory

• Syntactic Analysis and Context-Free Grammars

• Semantic analysis

• Names, scopes, and binding

• Control flow

• Data types and object-oriented programming

• Specialized topics

Tutorials

• Perl

• Scheme/Lisp

• Prolog

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We know Something in Common

• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL

According to langpop.com, 10 most cited programming languages

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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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• C

• C++

• C#

• Java

• JavaScript

• Perl

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

• SQL


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Principles of Programming Language

Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar

• Proper Name/Noun (e.g.,Gosling is the ...)

• ...

Programming Language

• Key words

• Grammar

• Variable Name (e.g., int x

= 3;)

• ...

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Principles of Programming Language?

Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Human Language

• Vocabulary

• Grammar


• ...


• Key words

• Grammar


= 3;)

• ...

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Difference between Human Language andProgramming Language

“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.”“John is a married bachelor.”

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Brief history of Programming Languages

• Machine language• Assembly language• FORTRAN (1957), COBOL

(1959), BASIC (1964), C(1972)• LISP (1959)→ Scheme (1975),

Common Lisp (1984)• Prolog (1973)

• Simula (1967), Smalltalk(1980), C++ (1985), Java(1995), C# (2002)• Perl (1987), Python (1990s),

JavaScript (1995), PHP (1995),

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• Machine language

• Assembly language• FORTRAN (1957), COBOL





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• Assembly language• FORTRAN (1957), COBOL





“Hello world” example in Machinelanguage

110011100111000001111100000001000011111000011111100000000010 \\

000011001111100001100010000010011111000100000000000001001111 \\

100000111110001000000000000000001000111110010000001100001111 \\ 100011000000000100111110011100111000111000001000111000001111

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• Assembly language

• FORTRAN (1957), COBOL(1959), BASIC (1964), C(1972)• LISP (1959)→ Scheme (1975),




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• Assembly language

• FORTRAN (1957), COBOL(1959), BASIC (1964), C(1972)• LISP (1959)→ Scheme (1975),




“Hello world” example in Assemblylanguage for the IBM-PC (i386)

dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

hello_message db ’Hello, World!’,0dh,0ah,’$’

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,9

mov dx,offset hello_message

int 21h

mov ax,4C00h

int 21h

main endp

end main57 / 100


• Machine language• Assembly language

• FORTRAN (1957), COBOL(1959), BASIC (1964), C(1972)

• LISP (1959)→ Scheme (1975),Common Lisp (1984)• Prolog (1973)



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• Machine language• Assembly language

• FORTRAN (1957), COBOL(1959), BASIC (1964), C(1972)

• LISP (1959)→ Scheme (1975),Common Lisp (1984)• Prolog (1973)



“Hello world” example in FORTRAN

program helloworld

write (*,*) ‘‘Hello, world.’’

end program helloworld

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(1959), BASIC (1964), C(1972)

• LISP (1959)→ Scheme (1975),Common Lisp (1984)

• Prolog (1973)



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(1959), BASIC (1964), C(1972)

• LISP (1959)→ Scheme (1975),Common Lisp (1984)

• Prolog (1973)



“Hello world” example in LISP

(DEFUN HELLO-WORLD ()

(PRINT (LIST ’HELLO ’WORLD)))

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Common Lisp (1984)

• Prolog (1973)



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Common Lisp (1984)

• Prolog (1973)



“Hello world” example in Prolog

?- write(’Hello world.’), nl.

Hello world.

true.

?-

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• Simula (1967), Smalltalk(1980), C++ (1985), Java(1995), C# (2002)

• Perl (1987), Python (1990s),JavaScript (1995), PHP (1995),

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“Hello world” example in Java

class HelloWorldApp {

public static void main(String[] args){

System.out.println("Hello World!");

}

}

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Programming Paradigms

Imperative programming

• assemblers, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL

• Structured programming (ALGOL, Pascal, C)

Object-oriented programming

• Smalltalk, C++, Java

Functional programming

• Lisp, Scheme, ML, Haskell

Logic programming

• Prolog, VisiCalc

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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Logic programming


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Why So Many Programming Languages?

• Evolution

• Special purpose

• Personal preference

What makes a programming language successful?

• Expressive power

• Easy to learn

• Easy to implement

• Open-source

• Good compilers (e.g., FORTRAN)

• Economics, patronage, inertia

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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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• Evolution

• Special purpose




• Easy to learn


• Open-source



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Compiler/Interpreter

{calculate greatest common divisor}program gcd(input, output);

var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do

if i > j then i := i - j

else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end.

Implementation

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var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do


else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end.

Implementation

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var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do


else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end.

Implementation

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var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do


else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end.

Implementation

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var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do


else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end.

Implementation

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var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do


else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end.

Implementation

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var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do


else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end. Implementation

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var i, j : integer;

begin

read(i, j);

while i <> j do


else j := j - i;

writeln(i);

end. Implementation

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CSCI 3136 Principles of Programming Languagesweb.cs.dal.ca/~islam/3136/slides/ppl01.pdf · CSCI...

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