CSCI 110 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING WITH C++rafea/CSCE110/Slides/14. Classes110.pdf · Prof. amr...
Transcript of CSCI 110 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING WITH C++rafea/CSCE110/Slides/14. Classes110.pdf · Prof. amr...
Prof. amr Goneid, AUC 1
CSCE 110PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
WITH C++
Prof. Amr GoneidAUC
Part 14. User Defined Classes
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User Defined Classes
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User Defined Classes OOP & Classes Data Encapsulation, Classes and objects Class Definition: Private & Public Members Constructors & Destructors Data and Function Members Accessors & Mutators Polymorphism and Overloading Example: Rational Numbers Class Example: Simple String Class
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1. OOP and Classes Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
focuses on creating ADT’s called “Classes” that identify “objects” and how they work together.
A class contains “data members” +“function members” in one object.
A member function tells an object to “operate on itself” in some way.
Objects are “self-contained”, carrying their own operations.
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2. Data Encapsulation, Classes and Objects A Class of objects is a user-defined Abstract Data
Type (ADT) An object is an instance of the class Once a class is defined, an object can be declared to
be of that type. For example, we have encountered the string class before. Since it has been defined, we can declare:
string message;So, now message is an object of that class
Classes can be used by more than one program.
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Sharing Classes
Class Class Class Class Class
Program Program Program
Standard Classes User Classes
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Classes & Encapsulation C++ classes are similar to structs, with the main
difference being that classes can have member functions, or methods, as well as variables, or data members in their definitions.
Combining data and operations (methods) together in an object is called encapsulation.
An object of a class can operate on itself by the methods or member functions of that class. e.g., an object of class string can operate by:
.find .length .at .erase etc
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3. Class Definition: Private & Public Members Classes use the technique of information hiding to
avoid incorrect use of the class. This is done by creating two areas: a public area, and a private area
public:Member Functions
private:Data members
Outside World
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Private & Public Members
External world has no access to the private area.
Users are allowed to operate on the objects of the class only via public member functions.
All member functions of a class have automatic access to all of the data members of that class.
Once we make a member variable a private member variable, there is then no way to change its value except by using one of the member functions.
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Class DefinitionA class definition contains only the prototype for its member functionsand the definitions of the data members.It is declared in a class header file (.h) The implementations for the member functions are given elsewhere, in a class implementation file (.cpp) not in the header file .These two files form the Class Library.
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class ClassName { public:
function prototypes of methods and data members that are public and can be used by statements outside the class definition.
private: prototypes of functions and type definitions and variable declarations of data members that are private and can be used only by statements inside the class definition.
}; // a semicolon must appear here
General Format of a Class Declaration (in Header File)
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The name of the header file is the class name followed by “.h “ , e.g. ClassName.h
The name of the implementation file matches that of the header file with an extension of “.cpp”, e.g. ClassName.cpp
Application programs using the class are called“client programs”.
These programs must include:#include “ClassName.h”#include “Classname.cpp”
Class Library Files
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Two special functions in the public part with thesame name as the class: The constructor is used to create and initialize
objects declared to be of that class There could be more than one constructor to
allow for different ways of initializing objects. The destructor is used to remove the objects
(specially when the data is allocated dynamically). Only one destructor is allowed.
4. Constructors and Destructors
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//File: Time.h Time Class Header File#ifndef TIME_H // used to avoid multiple definitions#define TIME_H // not part of the classclass Time{
public: Time(); // constructor, a must
~Time(); // destructor// Function prototypesvoid setTime (int, int, int);void displayTime (); const
private: int hour, minute, second;
}; // a semicolon must appear here#endif // TIME_H#include “Time.cpp"
5. Data & Function Members: Example Header File
Function cannot changeprivate members
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Implementing Member Functions
A member function is implemented in the implementation file (.cpp). The format is:
<type> <class name> :: <function name> (param list){..function body ..}
The Scope resolution operator::: prefix for each member function
Informs the compiler that the function is a member of the class
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Example Implementation File//File: Time.cpp Time Class Implementation File#include <iostream>using namespace std;
Time :: Time(){ hour = minute = second = 0; }Time::~Time() { } // do nothing
void Time :: setTime(int h, int m, int s){
hour = (h >= 0 && h < 24) ? h : 0;minute = (m >= 0 && m < 60) ? m : 0; second = (s >= 0 && s < 60) ? s : 0;
}void Time :: displayTime() const{ cout << hour << “:“ << minute << “:“ << second << endl; }
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Objects Object: a particular instance of the class. To declare an object in a client program:
The same way we declare a variable but with the type = class name, e.g.
Time t1;Time T[20];
This will also invoke the constructor. The Dot Operator allows an object to access its
public members, e.g.t1.displayTime();
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Example of Application (Client) File
//File: TimeAppl.cpp Time Class Application File#include “Time.h“#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main(){
Time t1 , t2;cout << “Start Time is: “; t1.displayTime ( );t2.setTime (5, 10, 30);cout << “End Time is: “; t2.displayTime ( );return 0;
}
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Remarks Every class should have a default constructor
(without parameters). The default constructor may also be implemented
as:Time ::Time( ) : hour(0), minute(0), second(0){ }
When used in the application program as:Time t1;then t1.hour, t1.minute and t1.second will be set initially to zero
member initializers
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Remarks An explicit value constructor may also be added
and defined as:Time( int , int , int);
and is implemented as:Time :: Time( int h, int m, int s){ hour = h; minute = m; second = s; }
We can use it in the application to initialize an object:Time t1(7,45,0);
const functions cannot modify private data members
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6. Accessors and Mutators It is possible to extract a private data member
using an accessor function. For example, to access “hour”:int getHour( ) const; // Prototype
int Time::getHour( ) const // function definition{ return hour; }
Time t1;int h = t1.getHour( ); // invoking the function
A mutator member function (like setTime( )) will be able to change the private data members.
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7. Polymorphism & Overloading Defining several functions with the same name is
called function overloading
The presence of more than one constructor for the class is an example of function overloading.
Polymorphism is what allows functions with the same name to do different things based on its arguments
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8. Example: ADT rational
Abstraction:A rational number (fraction) is a rational representation of two integers (x,y).
Elements or Members:A numerator (x) and a denominator (y), both are integers. (y) cannot be zero
Relationship:The representation is equivalent to x / y
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ADT rational (continued)
Fundamental Operations: Read a fraction from keyboard Display a fraction on the screen Add Fractions f = f1 + f2 (e.g. ½ + ¼ = ¾) Subtract Fractions f = f1 – f2 (e.g. ½ - 1/3 = 1/6)
Multiply Fractions f = f1 * f2 (e.g. ½ * ¾ = 3/8) Divide Fractions f = f1 / f2 (e.g. 1/5 / ¼ = 4/5) Reduce Fractions (e.g. 2/6 = 1/3)
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Implementing a rational ClassWe will have 3 files:
“rational.h” to contain the class definition.
“rational.cpp” to contain the implementation of the member functions.
“RationalTest.cpp” an application file to test the class.
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The Header File: rational.h// File: rational.h// Rational class definition
#ifndef RATIONAL_H // used to avoid multiple definitions#define RATIONAL_H // not part of the class
class rational{
public:// Member functions// Constructorsrational(); // Default Constructorrational(int); // Initialize numerator with denom = 1rational(int, int); // Initialize both numerator and denom.
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The Header File: rational.h (cont.)void setNum(int); // Set numerator and denominatorvoid setDenom(int);rational multiply(const rational &f); // Multiply fractionsrational divide(const rational &f); // Divide fractionsrational add(const rational &f); // Add Fractionsrational subtract(const rational &f); // Subtract Fractionsvoid readRational(); // Read a fractionvoid displayRational() const; // Display a fractionrational reduce() const; // Reduce fraction
// Accessorsint getNum() const;int getDenom() const;
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The Header File: rational.h (cont.)// Operator Style// Add object to parameterrational operator + (const rational &);// Test equality of object and parameterbool operator == (const rational &);
private:// Data members (attributes)int num; // private data fieldint denom; // private data field
}; // Note -- a class definition MUST end with a semicolon
#endif // RATIONAL_H#include "rational.cpp"
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The Implementation File: rational.cpp// File: Rational.cpp// Rational class implementation
#include <iostream>using namespace std;
// Member functions// Constructorsrational::rational() // Default Costructor{ num = 0; denom = 0; }
rational::rational(int n) // Class Constructor{ num = n; denom = 1; }
rational::rational(int n, int d) // Class Constructor{ num = n; denom = d; }
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The Implementation File: rational.cpp// Set numerator and denominatorvoid rational::setNum(int n){ num = n; }void rational::setDenom(int d){ denom = d; }
// Multiply fractionsrational rational::multiply(const rational &f){ rational temp(num * f.num, denom * f.denom);
return temp; }
// Divide fractionsrational rational::divide(const rational &f){ rational temp(num * f.denom, denom * f.num);
return temp; }
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The Implementation File: rational.cpp// Add fractionsrational rational::add(const rational &f){
rational temp(num * f.denom + f.num * denom,denom * f.denom);
return temp;}
// Subtract Fractionsrational rational::subtract(const rational &f) {
rational temp(num * f.denom - f.num * denom,denom * f.denom);
return temp;}
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The Implementation File: rational.cpp// Read a fractionvoid rational::readRational(){
char slash; // storage for /do{
cout << "Enter numerator / denominator: ";cin >> num >> slash >> denom;
}while (slash != '/');
}
// Display a fractionvoid rational::displayRational() const{
cout << num << '/' << denom;}
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The Implementation File: rational.cpp// Reduce rationalrational rational::reduce() const{
int n,m,rem,gcd;
// Get the two integersn = abs(num); m = abs(denom);while (n > 0){
rem = m % n;m = n;n = rem;
}gcd = m;rational g (num/gcd, denom/gcd);return g;
}
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The Implementation File: rational.cpp// Accessorsint rational::getNum() const{ return num; }int rational::getDenom() const{ return denom; }
// Operator-Likerational rational::operator + (const rational &f2){ rational temp (num * f2.denom + f2.num * denom, denom *
f2.denom);return temp; }
bool rational::operator == (const rational &f){ return (num == f.num && denom == f.denom); }
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Remarks It is possible to create a temporary class object within
a member function and initialize it using a constructor, e.g.rational rational::multiply(const rational &f){ rational temp (num * f.num, denom * f.denom);
return temp; }
A regular C++ operator can be “overloaded” to perform a different action on class objects. A member function can be defined to do this. If θ is an operator, the prototype will be:
<type> operator θ (parameter);e.g.
bool operator == (const rational &);
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Remarks The definition will be:
<type> <ClassName>::operator θ (parameter);e.g.bool rational::operator == (const rational &f){ return (num == f.num && denom == f.denom); }
For example:rational a , b;An expression of the form (a == b) will be evaluated as:
(a.num == b.num) && (a.denom == b.denom)
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The Application File: RationalTest.cpp// File: RationalTest.cpp// Tests the rational class#include <iostream>#include "rational.h“using namespace std;
int main(){
rational f1, f2;rational f3;// Read two rational numberscout << "Enter 1st fraction:" << endl;f1.readRational();cout << "Enter 2nd fraction:" << endl;f2.readRational();
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The Application File: RationalTest.cpp// Fraction Arithmeticf3 = f1.multiply(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " * ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;
f3 = f1.divide(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " / ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;
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The Application File: RationalTest.cppf3 = f1.add(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " + ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;
f3 = f1 + f2; // uses operator “+” for additionf1.displayRational(); cout << " + ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;
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The Application File: RationalTest.cppf3 = f1.subtract(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " - ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;
return 0;
}
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Sample Run of RationalTest.cppEnter 1st fraction:Enter numerator / denominator: 2/6Enter 2nd fraction:Enter numerator / denominator: 3/82/6 * 3/8 = 6/48 = 1/82/6 / 3/8 = 16/18 = 8/92/6 + 3/8 = 34/48 = 17/242/6 + 3/8 = 34/48 = 17/242/6 - 3/8 = -2/48 = -1/24Press any key to continue
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9. Example: Simple String ClassHere we build a simple string class to do few tasks on our own string objects, e.g.read, write, get the character at a given location, etc.We implement the string as a dynamic array of characters. We will have 3 files:
“simpleString.h” to contain the class definition. “simpleString.cpp” to contain the implementation of
the member functions. “simpleStringTest.cpp” an application file to test
the class.
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The Header File: simpleString.h// File simpleString.h// Simple string class definition#ifndef SIMPLESTRING_H#define SIMPLESTRING_Hclass simpleString{
public:// Member Functions// Constructors
simpleString();simpleString(int );
// Destructor~simpleString();
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The Header File: simpleString.h// Function Prototype definition// Read a simple string
void readString();// Display a simple string
void writeString() const;// Retrieve the character at a specified position// Returns the character \0 if position is out of bounds
char at(int) const;// Return the string length
int getLength() const;// Return the string capacity
int getCapacity() const;// Get the contents into an array
void getContents(char[ ]) const;
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The Header File: simpleString.hprivate:
// Data members (attributes)// maximum sizeint capacity;// pointer to a dynamic storage arraychar *s;// current lengthint length;
};#endif //SIMPLESTRING_H #include "simpleString.cpp"
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The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// File: simplestring.cpp// Simple string class implementation#include <iostream>using namespace std;// Member Functions...// default constructor, capacity = 255simpleString::simpleString(){ s = new char[255]; capacity = 255; length = 0; }// Constructor with argument, capacity is mValsimpleString::simpleString(int mVal){ s = new char [mVal]; capacity = mVal; length = 0;}
// Class DestructorsimpleString::~simpleString(){ delete [ ] s;}
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The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// Read a simple stringvoid simpleString::readString(){
char next; int pos = 0;
cin.get(next); while ((next != '\n') && (pos < capacity)){ // Insert next in array contents
s[pos] = next; pos++; cin.get(next); }length = pos;
}
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The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// Write a simple stringvoid simpleString::writeString() const{ for (int pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) cout << s[pos]; }
// Character at (pos). Returns \0 if position is out of boundschar simpleString::at(int pos) const {
const char nullcharacter = '\0';if ((pos < 0) || (pos >= length)){
cerr << "position " <<pos << " not defined." << endl;return nullcharacter;
}else return s[pos];
}
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The Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// Return the string lengthint simpleString::getLength() const{ return length; }
// Return the string capacityint simpleString::getCapacity() const{ return capacity; }// Get the contents into an arrayvoid simpleString::getContents(char str[ ]) const{
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) str[i] = s[i];}
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The Application File: simpleStringTest.cpp// File: simpleStringTest.cpp// Tests the simple string class
#include "simpleString.h“#include <iostream>using namespace std;
int main(){
simpleString S1;simpleString S2(20);
cout << S1.getCapacity() <<" "<<S1.getLength() << endl;cout << S2.getCapacity() <<" "<<S2.getLength() << endl;
Prof. amr Goneid, AUC 51
The Application File: simpleStringTest.cpp// Read in a string.
cout << "Enter a string and press RETURN: ";S1.readString();
// Display the string just read.cout << "The string read was: ";S1.writeString();cout << endl;// Display each character on a separate line.cout << "The characters in the string follow:" << endl;for (int pos = 0; pos < S1.getLength(); pos++)
cout << S1.at(pos) << endl;
return 0;}
Prof. amr Goneid, AUC 52
Sample Run of simpleStringTest.cpp255 020 0Enter a string and press RETURN: User ClassesThe string read was: User ClassesThe characters in the string follow:User
ClassesPress any key to continue