CSA Group Assignment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this assignment. We are deeply indebted to our teacher Mr. Gayan Jayakody whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us in all the time of completion of this assignment..

We would like to thank Asia Pacific Institute for Information Technology (APIIT) for providing us with library and computer laboratory facilities as well as the other necessary facilities which was required for the completion of this assignment.

Especially, we would like to give our special thanks to our parents whose patient love and support enabled us to complete this work.

RED Highlights are links that got caught up in the table of contents, ignore it

GREEN Highlighted words are the places where citations have gone wrong; refer from the pointafter the highlighted words for proper citation.

Project Documents can be downloaded in the following links:CSA project download link http://hotfile.com/dl/101792645/12b2414/CSA_group_assignment.docx.ht ml

Telecommunications Project (HSPA) can be downloadedat the following URL:http://hotfile.com/dl/101769843/83bda8a/Telecommunication_group_project.rar.html

Networking Project available for download with Visiofloor plans:http://hotfile.com/dl/101791370/b148726/NWN_-_Group_project.rar.html

http://hotfile.com/dl/101791370/b148726/NWN_-_Group_project.rar.html

Asia Pacific Institute of Information TechnologyComputer Systems Architecture

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................2

1.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................5

Definition of microprocessor............................................................................................................5

What is a microprocessor?................................................................................................................5

2.0 Major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design in recent year.......................6

eHow 1999-2010, About Different Types of Processors Website,[Online],.........................................7

Available: http://www.ehow.com/about_4587172_different-types-processors.html [Accessed 22 May 2010]............................................................................................................................................7

Imsas 2010, Energy Efficiency in Microprocessor Platforms Website [Online], Available: http://www.imsystech.com/technology/energy_efficiency.htm [Accessed: 22 May 2010].................10

CBS Interactive Inc, 2010 What's the best way to increase processing power? Website, [Online], Available: http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6099111.html [Accessed: 26 May 2010]...................................................................................................................................................11

3.0 Major differences between microprocessor design goals for desktop, server, embedded systems...............................................................................................................................................12

(Purinda Gunasekara. 2007)...............................................................................................................12

4.0 Choice of buying two computers A and B..............................................................................13

5.0 Compare having one ALU that is twice as fast as normal to having two ALUs....................14

5.1 ALU.....................................................................................................................................14

6.0 Three toughest problems currently facing micro-architects....................................................16

Limits of Software..........................................................................................................................16

High cost in inventions...................................................................................................................17

Unable to reduce the metal gate size further more.........................................................................17

7.0 Critical Evaluation...................................................................................................................18

They found another solution for this problem by replacing HfO2 as the metal gate oxide.so that the electric leakage is getting redused......................................................................................................20

8.0 FAQs.......................................................................................................................................21

9.0 Workload Matrix.....................................................................................................................30

10.0 Gantt chart...............................................................................................................................31

11.0 Minutes of Weekly Meetings..................................................................................................32

9.1 Minutes of meeting 1...........................................................................................................32


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12.0 List of References....................................................................................................................37

Srivatsan (2007)High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors, [Online]Available: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Vb2huWWCzvM/RdEW8XCBqkI/AAAAAAAAADs/zvvSFKJJZ68/s400/hk_mg_transistors.jpg [Accessed 21th May 2010].....................................................................37

Purinda Gunasekara. (2007), Major differences between Microprocessor design goals for Desktop, Server and Embedded Systems Architectures, [Online], Available: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/scrapbook/Microprocessor.aspx...................................................38

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Table of Figures

Figure 1................................................................................................................................................6Figure 2................................................................................................................................................6Figure 3................................................................................................................................................6Figure 4................................................................................................................................................6Figure 5................................................................................................................................................6Figure 6................................................................................................................................................6Figure 7: Comparison A and B............................................................................................................8Figure 8: Single-core systems schedule tasks on 1 CPU to multitask...............................................10Figure 9: Dual-core systems enable multitasking operating systems................................................11Figure 10: Micro processor................................................................................................................12Figure 11: Standard transistor............................................................................................................13Figure 12: High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors.......................................................................................16

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1.0 Introduction

Intel is the very first people who introduced the microprocessor to the world in 1970 and the speed of it was 108Hz.atre at about 4 years Intel invented 8080 processor running in 2MHz.This microprocessor become the world first personal microprocessor. It was named as “Alter” as the result of the completion which started because of this invention IBM started their researches with the name of “POWER”

Then in 1979 Motorola designed 68000 series of microprocessors which was implemented later by Apple in Macintosh computers. Like that till today many IT companies invented many microprocessors.

(Michael D. 2007)

Definition of microprocessor“A microprocessor, sometimes called a logic chip, is a computer processor on a microchip.”

(Anon. 2009)

What is a microprocessor?Microprocessor is made by integrated circuit which in on a microscopic silicon chip that contains millions of microscopic on/off switches which are known as transistors.

“The transistors are laid out along microscopic lines made of superfine traces of aluminum that store or manipulate data. These circuits manipulate data in certain patterns, patterns that can be programmed by software to make machines do many useful tasks.”

(Anon.2009)

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2.0 Major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design in recent year

1. Increasing number of Cores.2. High performance Energy is efficient in Microprocessor design.3. Revolution in Cables and Buses.4. Expand the size of Processors.

1. Increasing number of Cores.

(Intel, 2009)

Intel 2009, The All New 2010 Intel Core Processor Family Not Just Faster. Smarter Website,[Online], Available: http://www.intel.com/?en_US_01 [Accessed 20 May 2010]

Mainly there are two types of computer microprocessors. Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Intel microprocessors include Celeron, Pentium, and Core microprocessors. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) contents of Sempron, Athlon, and Phenom.

(eHow, 2010)

eHow 1999-2010, About Different Types of Processors Website,[Online], Available: http://www.ehow.com/about_4587172_different-types-processors.html [Accessed 22 May 2010]

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So there are lots of multicore designs in multicore architected. Normally central processing unit (CPU) includes with a single chip. But in modern world desktops and laptops are using microprocessors. Now a day’s processors are expanding to till core i3, core i5 and core i7. As a result of that most CPUs are used several chips.

Multicore processor is an integrated circuit (IC) which has two or more processors using for the computers performance, save power consumptions and using for multiple tasks.

(DeviceMag.com, 2008-2010)

DeviceMag.com 2008-2010, Intel cancels Larrabee project – to focus on integrated graphics Website,[Online], Available: http://www.devicemag.com/2010/05/25/intel-cancels-larrabee-project-to-focus-on-integrated-graphics/ [Accessed 20 May 2010]

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Multicore configuration in microprocessor.

Processor is close to the Cache (L1). This has a very speed memory. Also it’s performing well in the CPUs. But L2 Cache is not faster than L1 Cache. Also L2 Cache is larger than L1 Cache and both of these Caches are used for same purpose.

(ProQuest LLC, 2008)

ProQuest LLC 2008, MultiCore Basics Website,[Online], Available: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/multicore/review3.php [Accessed 18 May 2010]

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This is the Microprocessor performance in 1980 to 1998

(Jack Dongarra,2010)

(Intel, 2009)

Jack Dongarra 2010, Growth of Microprocessor Prrformance Website,[Online], Available: http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/SLIDES/cerfacs-799/sld005.htm [Accessed 21 May 2010]

Intel2009, Desktop Processors Website,[Online], Available: http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htm?iid=desk_nav+proc [Accessed 20 May 2010]

2. High performance Energy is efficient in Microprocessor design.

In microprocessors their power efficiency and speed efficiency are based on transistors. This is a major trend in microprocessor performance. So we should save the energy. In past Pentium family processors are waste lots of energy. As a result of that modern generation introduce Core vPro, Core i3, Core i5. Core i7 and recently released Core i7 processor Extreme Edition also. That processor’s technology gives high performance and incredible energy power very effectively.

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(Imsas 2010)

(Oklobdzija G V, KrishnamurthyK. R. 2006)

Imsas 2010, Energy Efficiency in Microprocessor Platforms Website [Online], Available: http://www.imsystech.com/technology/energy_efficiency.htm [Accessed: 22 May 2010]

Oklobdzija G V, KrishnamurthyK. R. 2006, High-performance energy-efficient microprocessor design , 1st ed, [Online]. Available: http://books.google.lk/books?id=LmfHof1p3qUC&dq=high+performance+energy+efficient+microprocessor+design&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=3ZH8S_jsMcGGkAXStJWNBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false [Accessed May 23, 2010]

3. Revolution in Cables and Buses.

Revolution of Cables and Buses are the another tread of microprocessor performance. Buses are highly expensive and because it is increase in lots of pins and circuit boards. So we can save money from reducing the buses.

(Intel, 2010)

Intel 2010, Processors Website, [Online]Available: http://www.intel.com/support/processors/tools/piu/sb/CS-015479.htm [Accessed: 22 May 2010]

4. Expand the size of Processors.

Every day people found different kinds of operating systems and many applications. So we should update our current system. Because of that we have to change the processors which is suitable for our applications and operating systems. So it is a problem to change Processors because it cost a lot. So this is also major trend in microprocessors.

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CBS Interactive Inc, 2010 What's the best way to increase processing power? Website, [Online], Available: http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6099111.html [Accessed: 26 May 2010]

UNTIL HERE

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http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6099111.html


3.0 Major differences between microprocessor design goals for desktop, server, embedded systems

The three mentioned systems are unique from each other, except for the slight

resemblances in size, purpose and the cost of the systems. As the internal workings of the

systems are designed to meet certain requirements of the customer, these systems may not

be used to overlap with each other in the industry.

“When we consider this question we can take a look at three different views, if we discuss

about the server based microprocessors their manufacturers are very much concerned about

the server uptime and stability issues. If it is a desktop system then you have to consider the

usability and the reliability and ease of use, but most importantly the cost and lastly we can

come to embedded systems which are very popular in Electrical industry more than

computer science, because of the necessity companies use Embedded systems to ease their

life. Embedded means they are built to act in a single purpose manner.”

(Purinda Gunasekara. 2007)

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4.0 Choice of buying two computers A and B

Computer A Computer BClock Speed 3GHz 2GHzCache Size 512 KB 3 MB

RAM 400MHz 400MHz

Features

Program execution time: Low

Only few active potions of the program can be stored.

Program execution time: High

Higher amount of active potions of the program can be

stored.

Figure 1: Comparison A and B

Over view

Computer A has a higher clock speed compared to computer B, which means that computer

A can execute programs faster when compared to computer B. Comparing the two

computers, computer B has the larger cache size than computer B which would result in the

computer B having more storage space for active programs than computer A.

Conclusion

Even with the difference in cache size in the computers there is not much difference

between them. The hit ratio of both would be about the same. So taking the clock speed in

to consideration, (computer A has a higher clock speed than computer B) our choice would

be computer A.

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5.0 Compare having one ALU that is twice as fast as normal to having two ALUs

5.1 ALU

The ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) is used by the microprocessor to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. These days’ modern microprocessors can perform more complicated operations involving floating point processors and such

(Marshall Brain. 2010)

A single ALU which is twice as fast as having two ALUs would be efficient on an environment that is dedicated to single processes, where a single ALU would be executing instructions actively for a single process at a time. This problem could be solved by multitasking where tasks are scheduled to run at a given time and a waiting task would also be given a turn to execute part of its process. But however, though a single ALU has twice the speed, a microprocessor with two ALUs is far more efficient in its performance.

(National Instruments Corporation. 2010)

Figure 2: Single-core systems schedule tasks on 1 CPU to multitask

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A microprocessor with two ALUs, such as a multi-core system can execute multiple tasks simultaneously and finish different tasks.

For instance, on a dual-core system as shown in the below diagram can do two tasks concurrently on each of its CPU core. It shows four application processes that are waiting to be executed; the processes could be multi tasked two at a time such as Antivirus to run along with the Web Browser and Word processor with the E-mail. Therefore multi-tasking these processes will improve the performance of the system and also increase efficiency.

(National Instruments Corporation. 2010)

Figure 3: Dual-core systems enable multitasking operating systems

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6.0 Three toughest problems currently facing micro-architects

Limits of Software

At the beginning multicore processors had only two and four cores per processor. Then it began to increase to eight and then into 32 cores which are in high- end servers. Today we have 32 processors per socket in multicore processors which are in the market. It may be developed into 1024 processors in the future in a short time. The programmers face up to raise up their performances according to the increment of the processors.

Today the problem in chip designing is speed of innovation. Day by day Chips are developed with more cores which cause to increase the number of threads and also from generation to generation the numbers of sockets are been getting greater than before. Software which runs in today servers has hard and soft limits, but it is hard to find what the limit is. That causes for low incremental performance. That means there are limits on architecture of systems caused by the software.

(Colin Barker. 2009)

Figure 4: Micro processor

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High cost in inventions

Day by day micro architects are getting complex so for that the scientists are

implementing new micro processors and devices. So for both implementing and research

activities it costs a lot. .The other problem is as there is a short time different between the

invention of new items the devices and micro processors are getting out dated in speedy

way and that is a waste of money because though how much it cost to create micro

architects that won’t survive in the market for a long time.

Unable to reduce the metal gate size further more

The metal gate is made from silicon sheets. In the past they are made by

vaporizing transistors to the silicon paper. At the time the metal gate size was

65nm but today they have invented the metal gate into 45nm and that can

hold twice large amount of transistors than the 65nm size metal gate. Year by

year the process size is getting small and there the scientists faced to a

problem. As the size of that the metal gate is getting small electrical current is

getting overflow and that become a chief problem as they can’t increase the

performance without reducing that size of it.

Figure 5: Standard transistor

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7.0 Critical Evaluation

Name: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake

Compare having one ALU that is twice as fast as normal to having two ALUs

In our assignment I have chosen to do the second question which is a comparison between ALUs, where one system has a single ALU with twice the speed of two normal ALUs and the other has two normal ALUs.

Single Core

The single ALU with twice the speed of two ALUs will be able to perform the same amount of workload as a system with two ALUs, but if it can do so one process at a time. This would be efficient in an environment where it specifically depends on single processes, such as the Intel Single Core processor which executes one process at a time actively.

Multi-core Core

In the case of a system with two ALUs such as a Multi-core system, the system can execute tasks concurrently on each of its two cores, thus finishing different tasks at the same time and efficiently.

Multitasking

Multitasking is a method that schedules processes to be performed at a given time and then another waiting process will get a turn to execute part of its task. This method allows tasks to be performed simultaneously and therefore accomplishing many tasks at the same time.

The problem in the case of a single core processor can be solved by multi-tasking. The single processes would be assigned to run two or more processes at a time concurrently, like in a Multi-core/Dual-core system, on each of its separate cores. Overall, the system with two ALUs is still far better when it comes to efficiency rather than the ALU with twice the speed.

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Name: Aminath Anjaman Thawfeeq

In this assignment I have chosen part b and c of the first question of Case study 1.

In the first part I answered I had to compare two given computer systems and make a choice of one. Where I chose computer A from the two given computers. To reach to the conclusion I gave an over view of both the computers and finally decided on the computer A taking in to consideration its clock speed as the main component from the limited amount of information give.

For the second part comparison of the three (Desktop, Server and Embedded system) are made.

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Name: Dumindi Kaduruwana

Problems currently facing micro-architects

In the Moore’s low they describe about that the number of integrated circuits are getting doubled. But when the micro architects increased the number of processes in multi-core processes they faced to a problem called speed innovation as the software are not developed to that limit. So they couldn’t make the processor small in size because then it may be short-circuit.

The scientists overcome this problem by creating the metal gate with the ability to enlarge the leakage reduction and the act of it. That new method made them overcome the problem and again they increase the processes in multi-core process. But again when they come to the problem of speed of innovation they again have to come up with a possible solution to overcome that problem.

Figure 6: High-k+ Metal Gate Transistors

They found another solution for this problem by replacing HfO2 as the metal gate oxide.so that the electric leakage is getting redused.

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Name: K.D Bhagya Subhashini

Critical Evaluation.

What have been the major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design in recent year.

As I found there are four major trends affected in microprocessor performance and design in last recent years. Cores of processors are increasing rapidly and day by day it changes very quickly. As a result of that people cannot change their computer processors. Because computer processors are cost very highly. If we change the processor we should change the RAM also. If not operating systems are not combine with the processor.

Past people normally used Pentium family processors. Those processors are waste lots of energy. In recent years it changes to Core i3, Core i5, Core i7 and ect. These modern processors are save energy power very effectively. I thought that is a very good improvement in processors, because we should save the energy. I thought that reducing the cables and buses are really good because we can save the money.

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8.0 FAQs

Name: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake

1. What is an ALU and what does it do?

ALU, known as the Arithmetic Logic Unit is used to perform calculations of CPU operations such as addition (very common), subtraction, division and multiplication.

2. Is there a difference between having one ALU that is fast as having two ALUs?

Apparently there isn’t much difference as the single ALU with double speed can get the same amount of work done as the system with two ALUs. But if it depends on a processor that is dedicated to single tasks such as Single-core processor then one task will be completed at a time, whereas a Multi-core can accomplish two tasks on each core concurrently.

3. What is a Multi-core system?

A multi-core system has two cores and can execute processes concurrently, thus improving the whole performance of the system.

4. What is a Single-core system?

A system with a single core can perform processes one at a particular time, however, the speed of their performance could be fast.

5. What is one of the most main advantages in Multi-core?

Ability to perform Multi-tasking

6. How many cores do the current processors hold?

It holds 32cores

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7. How many cores do the current processors hold?

The current processors hold 32 cores per processor

8. How many multiprocessors do they predict that a multi-core will have in the future?

1024

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Name: Aminath Anjaman Thawfeeq

1. What is a microprocessor?

An integrated circuit that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single chip.

(Anon. 2010)

2. What is a desktop?

It is a central part of the interface that allows the user easy access to the different files, applications and functions of a computer.

3. Give an example of a server?

LAN server

4. What is an embedded system?

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function.

( Anon. 2003-2010)

5. What is the main goal of a desktop microprocessor?

Convenience.

6. What is the main goal of a sever microprocessor?

Faster uptime.

7. What is the main goal of an embedded system?

Task oriented-ness.

8. What characteristic gives faster access to active programs?

Higher cache size.

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9. What causes low program execution time?

High clock speed.

10. What sort of processors is used in electrical appliances?

Embedded microprocessors.

11. Name a microprocessor manufacturer.

Intel

12. State one operating systems and one language platform that are tailored for the embedded market.

EmbeddedJava WindowsXP embedded.

13. What is Cache Memory?

“a supplementary memory system that temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker processing by the central processor of a computer”

(Cache memory. 2010).

14. What is RAM?

RAM is otherwise known as “Random Access Memeory”. Every time a program is opened it gets loaded to the hard drive in to the RAM, because reading RAM is faster than reading data from the hard drive.

(Anon.2005-2010)

15. What is clock speed?

The rate at which a processor completes a perocessing cycle.

(Anon. 2005-2010)

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Name: Dumindi Kaduruwana

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1. How many processors did a multi core processor had at the beginning?

Two and four cores for a processor

2. What is the problem they faced when they faced when they are creating the processors with multi cores?

Speed of innovation

3. What is the result of that problem?

Causes for low incremental performance

4. What is the metal gate made of?

The metal gate made by vaporized transistors to the silicon paper

5. What are transistors made out of?

Silicon

6. What’s the size of the metal gate in the past?

65nm

7. What is the different between the 65nm and 45nm metal gates?

45nm can hold double amount of transistors comparing to that 65 nm

8. What is the action which has to do to increase the performance of micro processors?

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Reduce the size of the metal gate

9. What is the problem that scientists faced when they are developing the metal gate?

As the size of that the metal gate is getting small electrical current is getting overflow and that become a chief problem as they can’t increase the performance without reducing that size of the metal gate.

10. What is the compound that the transistors are made out of?

SiO2-Silicon dioxide

11. What is the advantage for the users with the development of the processors?

The advantage for the users is that the process becomes faster

12. What are the three toughest problems in Micro architects?

FROM HERE

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Name: K.D Bhagya Subhashini

1. What are the two types of computer microprocessors?a. Intel b. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

2. What are the modern processors used in current world?a. Core vPro b. Core i3c. Core i5 d. Core i7

3. What are the brand names include in Intel microprocessors?a. Celeron microprocessorsb. Pentium microprocessorsc. Core microprocessors

4. What are the brand names include in Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) a. Sempron microprocessorsb. Athlon microprocessorsc. Phenom microprocessors

5. What has the very speed memory?a. Cache

6. What is Multicore processor?a. Multicore processor is an integrated circuit (IC) which has two or more processors

using for the computers performance, save power consumptions and using for multiple tasks

7. What are the efficiencies based on transistors?a. Power efficiency b. Speed efficiency

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8. According to diagram in below what is the large cache in the processor?a. L2 Cache

9. According to the above diagram explain it?a. Processor is close to the Cache (L1). This has a very speed memory. Also it’s

performing well in the CPUs. But L2 Cache is not faster than L1 Cache. Also L2 Cache is larger than L1 Cache and both of these Caches are used for same purpose.

10. While the growth of the Microprocessor performance what are the importance of that?a. Microprocessors have become smaller, denser and more powerful.

UNTIL HERE

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9.0 Workload Matrix

Work Assigned

Work Completed(%) Comments &

SignatureBhagya N Aminath Dumindi Bhagya S

Introduction - - 100% -

Question 1 Part (a) - - - 100%

Question 1 Part (b) - 100% - -

Question 1 Part (c) - 100% - -

Question 2 100% - - -

Question 3 - - 100% -

Gantt Chart 100% - - -

Minutes of Meetings 50% - - 50%

I hereby agree that the above members have undertaken the above tasks and their work are represented in the above table.

Name of Group Leader: Bhagya Nirmalee Senanayake

Group Leader’s Signature: ________________________

Lecturer’s Comments: …………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………...

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10.0 Gantt chart

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11.0 Minutes of Weekly Meetings

9.1 Minutes of meeting 1

Date: 07/04/2010Location: L6Duration: 3.45- 4.15

Group members present: Aminath Thawfeeq, Bhagya Senanayake, Dumindi Kaduruwana and Bhagya Subhashini.

Agenda

1. Discussion on the overall project2. Selecting a Case Study3. Division of project work

Description

1. We began our meeting by appointing Bhagya Senanayake as our group leader. Then a brief discussion was held after going through the Project hand out and the important points were highlighted.

2. After going through the four given Case studies, we decided to take on Case study one as our Group Assignment.

3. Then a few topics were divided among the group members to get started on case study, the progress of these topics would be discussed in our next Meeting which will be held on 24/04/2010.

We here by assure that the above information of the meeting is true and exact to the best of our knowledge.

Lecture Signature: …………………………………………………………………….

Lecturer Comments: …………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………….

…..………………………………………………………………..

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Date: 24/04/2010Location: L4Duration: 9.45 – 10.30


Agenda

1. Reviewing the project work2. Distribution of more topics

Description

1. Today we checked the progress of the work that was assigned to the group members in the last meeting and suggested improvements to be done.Discussed the a and b parts of the first questions and planed to add more modification to the topics.Introduction was done.

2. After reviewing the meeting we divided some more topics among the members to research.We totally divided the whole topics among the member and decided to work on them .Bhagya Nirmalee decided to take the second questionAminath Thawfeeq decided to take the b and c parts of the second question and first questionBhagya Subashini decided to take the a part of the first question and Dumindi Kaduruwana decided to take the third question




…………………………………………………………………….

…..………………………………………………………………..

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Date: 0 5/05/2010Location: L6Duration: 5.00-600


Agenda

1. Discussed ways to improve

Description

1. We discussed the two and three question and decided to find more facts related to those two questions.




…………………………………………………………………….

…..………………………………………………………………..

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Date: 11/05/2010Location: L6Duration: 4.30 -5.15


Agenda1. Check the completed work up to date.

Description

1. We finished the references and corrected some mistakes which were occured.




…………………………………………………………………….

…..………………………………………………………………..

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Date: 18/05/2010Location: L5Duration: 4.30-5.30


Agenda1. Check the completed work up to that date.

Description

1. Critical evaluation was done and paid attention on correcting the mistakes looked further ways to improve our assignment.




…………………………………………………………………….

…..………………………………………………………………..

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12.0 List of References

National Instruments Corporation. (2010) Differences between Multithreading and Multitasking for Programmers, [Online], Available: http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/6424 [Accessed 24th April 2010]

Single-core systems schedule tasks on 1 CPU to multitask. (2010) Differences between Multithreading and Multitasking for Programmers, [Online], Available: http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/6424 [Accessed 24th April 2010]

Dual-core systems enable multitasking operating systems. (2010) Differences between Multithreading and Multitasking for Programmers, [Online], Available: http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/6424 [Accessed 24th April 2010]

Marshall Brain. (2010) How Microprocessors Work, [Online], Available: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor2.htm [Accessed 28 th April 2010]

Michael D. (2007) Introduction to microprocessors, [Online], Available: http://www.tutorial5.com/content/view/84/81/[Accessed 11th May 2010]

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