CS12 Salt Marshes 10 Web - University of Hawaii Salt Marshes.pdfI. TSM/MG ecosystem services valued...
Transcript of CS12 Salt Marshes 10 Web - University of Hawaii Salt Marshes.pdfI. TSM/MG ecosystem services valued...
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NREM 665NREM 665Salt MarshesSalt Marshes
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I. Tidal Salt Marshes (TSMs)
A. Def: halophytic grassland & dwarf brushwood on alluvial sediments bordering saline H2O bodies whose H2O level fluctuates tidally (Beeftink1977)
B. Found along coasts in mid & high latitudes
1 C h1. Common where:
a. accumulation of sediment ≥ land subsidence
b. there is adequate protection from waves; (M&G 2000)
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Global salt marsh & mangrove distribution4
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C. TSMs often appear to be veg. monocultures of Spartina alterniflora
1. Veg. varies across salinity, flooding gradients, provides habitat for various of spp. adapted to deal w/ stresses of this env.
2. Diff. plant assocs. dominate coastlines in diff. countries but ecol. structure/function similar
D. TSMs mainly intertidal, located on narrow fringe (m) of steep shoreline OR large expanse (km) in coastal plains
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Estuarine Salinity Gradient
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ConnecticutConnecticut River estuary
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Altamaha River estuary, GA
http://coastgis.marsci.uga.edu/summit/images/altsalinity.jpg 8
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Tidal salt marsh (Spartina alterniflora) in coastal NC 9
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Tijuana estuary, CA
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San San QuintinQuintin Marsh, MexicoMarsh, Mexico
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Hawai‘i salt marsh: Honu‘apo
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Honu‘apo
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Honu‘apo
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Transition from Salt to Fresh Marsh
Plant Species Diversity
Salt: 17 sppSalt: 17 spp.
Brackish: 40 sppBrackish: 40 spp.
Intermediate: 54 spp.
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Tidal Freshwater Marshes
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E. TSMs boundaries set by:
1 U li it f fl di f t tid (B fti k 1977) & l t1. Upper: limit of flooding of extreme tides (Beeftick 1977) & plant competition (Bertness et al. 2002)
2 Lower: physical stresses: depth & duration of flooding2. Lower: physical stresses: depth & duration of flooding, mechanical effects of waves, sediment availability & erosion (Chapman 1960; Bertness et al. 2002)
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F. TSMs divided into 2 zones: low & high marsh (M&G 2000)
1 LM fl d d il hi h d1. LM: floods daily, higher prod.
2 HM: floods irregularly lower prod2. HM: floods irregularly, lower prod.
3 Stress-tolerant plants dominate LM while competitively-superior3. Stress tolerant plants dominate LM while competitively superior plants dominate HM (Bertness et al. 2002)
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(Mitsch & Gosselink 2000)(Mitsch & Gosselink 2000)
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Distinct zonation patterns in SE & gulf coast TSMsg
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Zonation in a southern New England salt marsh
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4. LM has tidal creeks
a bidirectional flow stable channelsa. bidirectional flow, stable channels
b. productivity creek banks > interior marsh due to better p yflushing of salts, toxins (M&G 2000)
5. Pannes
a. bare, exposed, or H2O filled depressions where evap conc. salts
b. Only a few, if any, spp. can tolerate these conditions: BG algae or other halophytes Ruppia (wigeon grass), Battis(pickelweed)(pickelweed)
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Tidal creek network behind a barrier island in coastal NC
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Tidal salt marsh creek in coastal NC
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Salt marsh Salt marsh pannepanne
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G. Ecosystem structure
1. Primary producers: vegetation & algae
a. Herbaceous veg: S. alterniflora, S. patens, Juncusg pgeradi/romerianus (needlerush)
b. Salt tolerant spp: Salicornia (glasswort), Battis maritima(pickelweed), Distichlis spicata (salt grass)
c. Benthic algae, diatoms:
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2. Consumers: insects (grasshoppers, weevils), crustaceans (crabs), birds, mammals
a. Birds:
i wading & song birds (permanent): marsh wren Capei. wading & song birds (permanent): marsh wren, Cape Sable seaside sparrow, clapper rail
ii. waterfowl (migratory): mallards, widgeons, teals, ate o ( g ato y) a a ds, dgeo s, tea s,geese
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b. Mammals: muskrat (native) & nutria (invasive) to NA
i. nutria consume leaves, shoots in GS, belowground tubors in winter
Note: Exclosure plot 100 ft x 100 ft
http://www pwrc usgs gov/factshts/nutria pdf
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http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/nutria.pdf
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Characteristic salt marsh species
(Boaden & Seed
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& Seed 1985)
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Salt marshmarsh
food webs
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H. Odum’s Big 2: Outwelling & Subsidy
1. Outwelling (Teal 1962, Odum 1971): “Coastal wetlands & estuaries tend to produce an annual excess of organic matter some ofan annual excess of organic matter, some of which is exported seaward where it represents a major energetic pathway & supports coastal fisheries”fisheries
a. applicable for exchange bet. marsh & estuary and estuary & ocean y y
b. modified by geomorphology of estuary & position of marsh in estuary
Eugene P. Odum1913-2002
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Outwelling Hypothesis
Organic matter from salt marshg(Teal 1962, Odum 1971)
Coastal Ocean
(MacKenzie 2008)
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(Teal 1962) 36
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2. Critiques of Outwelling Hypothesis
a. Haines (1977)
i. found little evidence for direct OM export from marsh studied
ii. suggested that dominant mode of C export is via DOC supporting plantktonic food chain
b. Taylor & Allanson (1995)
i foundi. found
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3. Revised Outwelling Hypothesis (Odum 2000)
a. Outwelling higher in marshes w/ high tide range or that are
t thopen to the sea
b. Exchanges of C & nutrients bet marsh & estuary arebet. marsh & estuary are aperiodic w/ storms or w/ spring tides
c. Transient fish & inverts. serve as
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4. Tidal Subsidy Concept (Odum 1980)
a. “…tides, by flushing salts & other toxins out of the marsh & by bringing in nutrientsof the marsh & by bringing in nutrients, stimulate marsh growth.”
LocationNPP
(g dw m-2 yr-1) ReferenceMassachusetts (tall) 1 320 Valiela et al 1976Massachusetts (tall) 1,320 Valiela et. al. 1976
Massachusetts (short) 420 Valiela et. al. 1976
G i 3 700 St d 1976Georgia 3,700 Stroud 1976
Mississippi 1,964 de la Cruz 1974
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Louisiana 1,473-2,895 White et. al. 1978
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5. Current thoughts on TSM productivity
a. Factors influencing primary production:
i Withi Siti. Within Site:ii. Across Sites:iii. Within & Across:
MGFMGFsTSMs
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I. TSM/MG ecosystem services valued @ $9,990 ha-1 yr-1 (Costanza et al 1997)al. 1997)
1. primary productivity
2. export C → basis of estuarine food web
3. interface bet terrestrial & marine ecosystems y
4. protect against storm surge & tsunamis
J. Due to ↑ construction of dams/reservoirs, sediment delivery to estuaries & TSMs ↓ considerably
1 i l f TSM ’t k / i i1. in some cases large areas of TSM can’t keep pace w/ rising sea levels & are experiencing subsidence (Agardy & Alder 2005)
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K. Trophic Cascades in TSMs
Potential of significant gherbivory by marsh periwinkle
(Silliman et al. 2005)
• Drought conditions weaken vegetation (Spartina alterniflora)
• Overharvesting of blue crabs →↑ periwinkle populations →↑ periwinkle populations →↑mechanical damage & disease
• ↓ productivity of Spartina →bare patches & die-back
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(Silliman & Bertness 2002)
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