Slide 1 Vitaly Shmatikov CS 345 Lexical and Syntactic Analysis.
Cs Varnavrat land Slide
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Transcript of Cs Varnavrat land Slide
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Geological Survey of India
ContributedbyNorthernRegion1
TreatmentandStabilisationofVarunavatParvatLandslide,Uttarkashi
District,Uttarakhand
Uttarkashi town (Long.7826E,Lat.3044N) is locatedat the toeof thehillslopesof
the Varunavat Parvat (Photo1), on the right bank of Bhagirathi river, at an elevation of
1150m.s.l.Itislocatedatadistanceof155kmfromRishikeshonRishikeshGangotriNational
Highway (NH108).RiverBhagirathi ispassing through the centreof the town almosthalfof
whichislocatedatthebaseofVarunavatParvat.
Amassive landslide on Varunavat Parvat started on 24 Sept. 2003 subsequent to the
incessantrainsinthearea.ThelandslideactivityprogressedeastwardfromRamLilagroundto
MasjidMohalla.Theslideactivityburiedanumberofcivilstructures likehouses,govt.offices,
hotels,etc.whichwerelocatedbythesideofNH108atthetoeofthehill.Almost3000people
wereaffectedbytheVarunavatslidesandpropertyworthRs50croreswasdamaged.However,
it isworthmentioning thatno lossofhuman lifeoccurredduring thisdisastrousslideactivity
because of timely proactive action taken by the district administration on the basis of early
warninggivenbyGSI.TheNationalHighway (NH108)wascompletelyblockedbydebris flow.
Due to blockade of this highway a 145m long alternate routewas opened between Sanskrit
MahavidyalayaMahisasurMardini temple areas. During sliding activity and blockade in
TambakhaniareathetrafficwasdivertedviaJoshiyaraTilothCollectorateDurgatempleroute.
GSIgeologistswhileworkinginthisareaaboutonemonthbeforethelandslidenoticed
some indicationsof slopemovementonVarunavatParvaton2124August2003andadvised
thedistrictadministrationforimmediateevacuationofthehighriskzoneatthetoeofthehill,
i.e.VarunavatParvat.Thepromptaction takenby thedistrictauthoritieson thisadvice from
24.09.03onwardsbywarning /evacuating the residents from identifiedhigh risk zone saved
humanliveswhenthedisasterstruckthearea.Atotalof293buildingsincluding23government
buildingswere identified.The landslidedamaged81buildingscompletely.212buildingsprone
todamagehavebeenidentifiedinbufferzone.
As soon as the enormity of the hazardwas realised byUttarakhandGovernment an
expert committee was formed by Chief Secretary, Uttarakhand in Sept.2003 to suggest
immediate remedialmeasureswithGSIas itsmember.Thereafter,aCentralComposite team
was formed by theMinistry ofHomeAffairs,Govt. of India,NewDelhi vide letterNo.D27
05/2003NDM1dated21.10.2003withDirector,GSIascoordinatorof the team toassess the
situation and to find out possibilities of the stabilisation of Varunavat Parvat as an interim
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Geological Survey of India
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measure and also to explore the feasibility of permanent stabilisation for habitation.
Subsequently,aTaskForcewassetupunderthechairpersonshipofJointSecretary,Ministryof
Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. Under the aegis of this Task Force, a Technical
Committee was formed for which Director, Geological Survey of India, Uttarakhand Unit,
Dehradunwasmadethechairman.
GeologyandTectonics
UttarkashitownislocatedintheLesserHimalayangeotectonicblockanditisbounded
bytwomajorthrustfaultsMainCentralThrust(MCT)andSrinagarThrust(ST).TheMCTexists
inthenortheastofUttarkashi,separatingrocksofGarhwalGroupandCentralCrystalline.The
Srinagar Thrust lies in the southwest of Uttarkashi and along this tectonic plane rocks of
Garhwal Group and Jaunsar Group are juxtaposed. The Garhwal Group (Proterozoic age)
comprisesquartzite,phylliteandmetabasicrockandthesedip1545 inN1040Edirection
i.e.intothehill.TherocksformingVarunavathillarecomposedofthinlybeddedquartziteand
phyllitewhich arehighlyweathered,destressed,decomposed, jointed and fractured.Thehill
slopes areof theorderof 4560 except at the topof thehillwhere the slopes are gently
sloping.ThetopportionoftheVarunavathillisoccupiedbyloose,unconsolidated,overburden
mass,exhibitinggentletopography.ThetopisatEl.1800mwhereasthetoepartofthehillisat
El.1100abovemsl.
The interfaceofoverburdenmassandunderlyingrocks isatEl.1650m.Uttarkashi lies
inZoneVofSeismicZoningMapofIndiaandithasarecordedseismichistory.
CausesofLandslides
Thecontinuousheavyrainsinthearea ledtosaturationoftheoverburden/loosemass
occupying the topof thehillsabove theEl.1650m supporting luxuriantvegetativecoverand
restingondenselyvegetatedrockyslopesofweatheredquartzite.Thesaturationbyrainwater
increased the increase inporepressure in theoverlyingoverburdenmassand lubricated the
underlying fracturedweathered rockmass. This had in fact reduced shear resistance of the
slopematerialsandthustriggeredtheslides.Oncetheslidesweretriggered,thefastmovement
ofdebris flowcarriedalong themuprootedpine treesdown theslopeandburied thehuman
settlements located at the toe of the hill around Ram Lila ground, Horticulture colony and
MasjidMohalla.Theslopemovementcontinuedforaboutamonthwithdustcloudsandthen
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Geological Survey of India
ContributedbyNorthernRegion3
subsided.Pastanthropogenicactivitiesespeciallyinthetoeofthehillhavealsorenderedthehill
slopesvulnerable.
Immediateinitiativesundertaken/ActionPlanbyGSI
Immediately after the slide activity an action plan was proposed and adopted for
immediateimplementationwhichincluded:i)creationofabufferzone,closetothetoeofthe
Varunavat.ItwasredemarcatedbyexpertsfromGSIandCBRIashighriskzone; ii)removalof
slidematerialaccumulatedclosetoRamLilagroundalongtheNHforresumingvehiculartraffic;
iii) startingof geologicalmapping byGSI in the area as andwhen site conditionspermitted
amidst intermittent slide activity in the area.Themappingwas confined to accessible slopes
onlyandtherockconditionswereinterpretedfromnearbyexposedarea;andiv)constructionof
an approach track to the crown of the slide for taking up initial stabilisation of overburden
slopes.
GeotechnicalInvestigations
For suggesting permanent stabilisation measures in the slide area, the site specific
geological/geotechnicalstudiesproposedare:i)Surveyingandcontouringoftheslideareaon
1:1,000 scale using Total Station; ii)geological and structural mapping on 1:1,000 scale;
iii)geophysicalsurveys;iv)geomechanicaltestingofoverburdenmass;v)slopestabilityanalysis
numerical modeling (by NIRM); vi) monitoring of slope movement by Automatic Target
Recognition(ATR);andvii)studiesforbiorestorationofoverburdenslopes(byForestResearch
Institute,Dehradun).
TreatmentsandStabilisationMeasures
Followingmain treatmentsweredecided for theVarunavatParvat: i) removalofslide
massandgradingoftheslopesaboveEl1670m;ii)treatmentoftheCrownPortionEl1895m
El1670mwiththehelpofrockboltingandshotcreting intherockandbiorestoration inthe
overburden mass; iii) cable anchoring in two rows above El 1670m, iv) grading of slopes
betweenEl1670m El1550mandstabilisationbymeansofgeosynthetics/geojute, rock
boltingandshotcretinginareaswhererockisencountered;v)treatmentalongthethreechutes,
viz.RamlilaGround,MasjidMohallaandTambakhanichutes;vi)constructionofgeogridwallat
thetoeofTambakhanichute;vii)constructionofaconcretewallatthetoeofRamlilaGround
Chutesothatacatchpit iscreatedbackof it;viii)constructionofamaincatchdrainallalong
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Geological Survey of India
ContributedbyNorthernRegion4
thetoeofVarunavatParvattocollectthedrainageflowingdownthethreechutesandthrough
theinterveningareas;andix)constructionofabyepasstunnelbelowTambakhanichute.
CurrentStatusofLandslide
ThemaintreatmentworksoftheVarunavatParvatlandslideareahavebeencompleted
in2008and it isworthhighlighting that there isnosliding from the treatedparts for the last
threeyears,despiteunusuallyhighrainfall(maximuminthelastthreedecades)inUttarakhand
intheyear2010.ThecontributionofGSI inthe forwarningofVarunavatParvat landslidehas
beendulyreflected inthePressReleaseofMinistryofMines,Govt.of Indiadated12.01.2005
(copy enclosed) which itself is the testimony to the importance of the role which GSI,
UttarakhandUnit,DehradunhasplayedinthetreatmentofVarunavatParvatLandslide.
GSI has recommended for posttreatment monitoring of the treated part of the
Varunavat Parvat landslide through a comprehensive monitoring scheme with the help of
instrumentsandanAutomatedRadarsystem,inordertoassesstheeffectivenessofthesupport
measures.
Photo1:ViewofVarunavatParvatbeforeLandslide
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Geological Survey of India
ContributedbyNorthernRegion5
Photo2:ViewofVarunavatParvatafterLandslideandDevelopmentofthreeChutes(GoogleEarth)
Photo3:StabilisationinrockbymeansofRockbolting,ChainlinkShotcretingandCableAnchoringin
easedslope
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Geological Survey of India
ContributedbyNorthernRegion6
Photo4SupportbymeansofConcretewallandWirecratewallintheCrownPortion
Photo5SlopeStabilisationinOverburdenMaterialbymeansofGeojute
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Geological Survey of India
ContributedbyNorthernRegion7
Photo6ViewofCatchpitatRamlilaGroundattheRoadLevel
Photo7ViewofGeogridWallatMasjidMohalla