Crystal Diffraction pattern Electron density map Atomic structure model X-ray Phasing Model building...
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Transcript of Crystal Diffraction pattern Electron density map Atomic structure model X-ray Phasing Model building...
Crystal Diffraction pattern
Electron density map
Atomic structure model
X-ray PhasingModel
building
Macromolecular crystallography
What we can get from the structures of biological macromolecules?
1. Interaction of protein-protein or protein-biomolecule
2. Mechanism of enzyme
3. Mechanisms of biological functions
4. Drug design
5. Bases for molecular dynamics simulations, protein design and engineering
http://www.ibric.org/myboard/print.php?Board=report&id=2311
The History of X-Ray Crystallography in the Eyes of Nobel Prizes
102,863 structures (2014. 8. 26) are deposited in PDBAmong those, 88.7 % are X-ray crystal structures, 10.3 % are solved by NMR and 0.8 % are by EM
Structures of biological macromolecules
Crystallization of macromolecule (protein)
What really looks like inside of crystal?
• 3X3 2D grid of protein crystal• Black box; unit cell• Red box; asymmetric unit• Infinite extension of unit cell on XYZ axis• Empty space are filled with solvent (water)• Average solvent contents of protein crystals ; 50% more or less
X-ray diffraction; special case of x-ray scattering
X-rays: 0.1 Å < λ < 1000 Å (1 Å = 10-10 m = 100 pm = 0.1 nm)atomic distances (d): ~ 1.5 ÅEx) visible light; 400 - 700 nm
Maximum resolution of diffraction data can be determined by y/D (θ); dmin=mλD/ymax
X-ray diffraction; crystal vs diffraction pattern
2D crystal Diffraction pattern
2D crystal Fourier transform
Reciprocal relationship
Reciprocal relationship
Structure of molecule in crystal can be determined from diffraction pattern by Fourier transformation
Calculating electron density; Fourier transformation
Intensity of
diffraction spot
Electron density
Structure factor
Electron density
Electron density
Phase
Fourier transformh,k,l=reciprocal latticex,y,z=coordinate of real space
Now Phase problem!!!
Patterson function; interatomic relationship within the unit cell
• Calculation of x,y,z coordinates of atoms is possible in special position of Patterson space (u,v,w), where u, v, or w has defined value (0, 1, 1/n etc. ; Harker section)
• Indeed, it is possible to determine all the positions of atoms when the number of atoms are enough small and distinguishable ( < 100 and high difference in electron density)
• But in case of protein, atoms are usually more than 1000 and the differences of electron densities are not distinguishable (C, N, O, S)
What if we can have distinguishable atoms in protein crystal?
Patterson map of heavy atom derivative
• Heavy atoms such as Hg, Au, Ag, Ur Pt can bind to the protein with some degree of specificity without disturbing structure or crystal packing in certain conditions
• Amplitude of heavy atom in FH can be obtained from experiment
• With the known electron density and coordinate obtained from Patterson function, Phase of heavy atom can be calculated
Vector presentation of structure factor
FPH = FP + FH
Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR)
FPH FP FH
First derivative second derivative
Multiple anomalous dispersion (MAD)
incident photon with relatively low energy incident photon with high enough energy
• Anomalous scattering maximized at absorption wavelength
• Synchrotron is needed for tunable wavelength• Due to the Se-methionine derivate generation by
auxotroph, most of the novel structures solved recently by MAD (SAD)
Molecular Replacement (MR)
• With using similar structure, calculating phase of unknown structure
How can I confirm that I solve the right structure in MR?
+ =
FT
Model building and refinement
Resolution vs Model
Validation of structure
• R-factor represents the ideality of the model
• R-free represents the correlation of model with experimental data (electron density)
• Validation of stereochemical ideality of model
• Residues should not be in disallowed region (white) when the resolution of map is better than 3.0 A