11

By:By:Bhaskar GuptaBhaskar Gupta(2(2ndnd year) year)Chemical EngineeringChemical Engineering

www.mnit.ac.inwww.mnit.ac.in 22

Content

Introduction Cryogenics Basics Cryogenics History Application of cryogenic Technology Future of the cryogenics

33

IntroductionIntroduction

““Cryogenics” stems from Greek and means "the Cryogenics” stems from Greek and means "the production of freezing cold"; however the term is used production of freezing cold"; however the term is used today as a synonym for the low-temperature state.today as a synonym for the low-temperature state.

Cryogenics is the study of how to attain low Cryogenics is the study of how to attain low temperatures and how materials behave when these low temperatures and how materials behave when these low temperatures are attained.temperatures are attained.

What cryogenics is not: It is not the study of freezing and What cryogenics is not: It is not the study of freezing and reviving people. This is known as Cryonics, a confusingly reviving people. This is known as Cryonics, a confusingly similar term.similar term.

Cryogenics deals with low temperatures, from about 100 Cryogenics deals with low temperatures, from about 100 Kelvin to absolute zero.Kelvin to absolute zero.

44

Absolute zero is the lowest temperature that Absolute zero is the lowest temperature that could ever be.could ever be.

The first clue to its existence came from the The first clue to its existence came from the expansion and contraction of gases.expansion and contraction of gases.

Scientists noticed that for all gases the Scientists noticed that for all gases the temperature for which they reached zero volume temperature for which they reached zero volume was about -273 Celsius. This temperature is was about -273 Celsius. This temperature is known as absolute zero and is the zero for known as absolute zero and is the zero for Kelvin temperature scale.Kelvin temperature scale.

55

Cryogenic LiquidsCryogenic Liquids

Commonly used gases, in their liquid form, Commonly used gases, in their liquid form, are nitrogen and helium. These are the are nitrogen and helium. These are the common cryogenic liquids.common cryogenic liquids.

Liquid Helium and Nitrogen are usually Liquid Helium and Nitrogen are usually stored in vacuum insulated flasks called stored in vacuum insulated flasks called Dewars.Dewars.

NitrogenNitrogen Nitrogen condenses at -195.8 C (77.36 Nitrogen condenses at -195.8 C (77.36

Kelvin) and freezes at -209.86 C (63.17 Kelvin) and freezes at -209.86 C (63.17 Kelvin). Liquid nitrogen is used in many Kelvin). Liquid nitrogen is used in many cooling systems.cooling systems.

HeliumHelium Helium boils at -268.93 C (4.2 Kelvin) and Helium boils at -268.93 C (4.2 Kelvin) and

does not freeze at atmospheric pressuredoes not freeze at atmospheric pressure

Cryogenic technology Cryogenic technology

o Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at

extremely low temperatures. extremely low temperatures.

o The combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers the The combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers the

highest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to produce highest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to produce

large amounts of thrust. large amounts of thrust.

o Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183 ° Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183 °

Celsius and hydrogen at below minus 253 ° Celsius. Celsius and hydrogen at below minus 253 ° Celsius.

History of Cryogenic TechnologyHistory of Cryogenic Technology

The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket

engines.engines.

with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963 with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963

and is still used on the Atlas V rocket. and is still used on the Atlas V rocket.

Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in

1979 , Chinese YF-73 in 1984 .1979 , Chinese YF-73 in 1984 .

The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in

space, successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only space, successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only

in 1987.in 1987.

88(AMERICAN) - ATLAS V

APPLICATION OF CRYOGENICSAPPLICATION OF CRYOGENICS

Aerospace-cryogenic enginesAerospace-cryogenic enginesMedical Field Medical Field Manufacturing field Manufacturing field Electronics FieldElectronics FieldFuels research.Fuels research.

CRYOGENICS IN MEDICAL FIELDCRYOGENICS IN MEDICAL FIELD

CRYOSURGERYCRYOSURGERY Cryosurgery (also called cryo therapy) is the use of extreme cold produced by Cryosurgery (also called cryo therapy) is the use of extreme cold produced by

liquid nitrogen (or argon gas) to destroy abnormal tissue.liquid nitrogen (or argon gas) to destroy abnormal tissue. Cryosurgery is used to treat external tumors, such as those on the skin.Cryosurgery is used to treat external tumors, such as those on the skin. For internal tumors, liquid nitrogen is circulated through a hollow instrument called For internal tumors, liquid nitrogen is circulated through a hollow instrument called

a cryoprobe.a cryoprobe. Cryosurgery has been used for many years in the treatment of skin cancerCryosurgery has been used for many years in the treatment of skin cancer

BENEFITS OF CRYOSURGERYBENEFITS OF CRYOSURGERY Cryosurgery is very effective and is less expensive than other treatment. It Cryosurgery is very effective and is less expensive than other treatment. It

can be done in your health care provider’s office and an anesthesia is not can be done in your health care provider’s office and an anesthesia is not necessary.necessary.

The treatment can be safely repeated and may be used along with The treatment can be safely repeated and may be used along with standard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, Harmon therapy and standard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, Harmon therapy and radiation.radiation.

It can be used for patients who are not good candidates for conventional It can be used for patients who are not good candidates for conventional surgery because of their age or other medical condition.surgery because of their age or other medical condition.

It is used to treat skin lesions such as freckles (for cosmetic reasons), It is used to treat skin lesions such as freckles (for cosmetic reasons), hemorrhoids and some skin cancers hemorrhoids and some skin cancers

1212

Electric power transmission in big citiesIt is difficult to transmit power by overhead cables in big cities, so underground cables are used. But underground cables get heated and the resistance of the wire increases leading to waste of power.Frozen foodCryogenic gases are used in transportation of large masses of frozen food. When very large quantities of food must be transported to regions like war zones, earthquake hit regions, etc., they must be stored for a long time.Blood bankingCertain rare blood groups are stored at low temperatures, such as −165 °C.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)MRI is a complex application of NMR where the geometry of the resonances is deconvoluted and used to image objects by detecting the relaxation of protons that have been perturbed by a radio-frequency pulse in the strong magnetic field. This is mostly commonly used in health applications

MORE OTHER APPLICATION OF CRYOGENICS

The next generation of the The next generation of the Rocket EnginesRocket Engines

All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any other engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be other engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be used as a rocket engineused as a rocket engine

There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA scientists are still working with. One of them is the “ scientists are still working with. One of them is the “ Xenon ion Xenon ion EngineEngine”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to ”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently. NASA's NASA's Deep Space-1 Deep Space-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ion spacecraft will be the first to use ion engines for propulsion. engines for propulsion.

There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.

We are looking forward that in the near future there will be We are looking forward that in the near future there will be some good technology to take us into spacesome good technology to take us into space

www.mnit.ac.inwww.mnit.ac.in 1616