CRYOGENICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Cryogenics may defined as the branch of physics which deals with very low temperature and their effect on matter.

It may be defined as Science and Technology of temperature below 120K.

The Word “cryos” is derived from the Greek word “kruos” which means cold.

Cryogenic Heat Treatment

This is the process of treating metals , Plastics and ceramics below the temperature of 120k to change their crystal structure and their properties.

This increases their wear resistance and life of metals and plastics.

They are used in the field of superconductors , cryomicrobiology and space programs

Deep Cryogenic Process

Deep cryogenic system and process is capable of treating wide variety of materials , ferrous and non-ferrous metals, metallic alloys and carbides , plastics (including nylon and Teflon) and ceramics.

This entire process takes between 34 and 78 hours depending upon the weight and material being treated.

The entire process revolves around sophisticated processor and time –temperature software .

Deep Cryogenic Process

When the metals are treated to cryogenic temperature by using computer controls , a well insulated treatment chamber and liquid nitrogen their atoms lose kinetic energy allowing the matrix to contract and work out the residual stresses resulting from the hot and cold working processes

In alloy steels:-

In this steel is treated to convert the entire austenite structure into the martenistic structure such that it changes the molecular structure of the steel such that it forms the entire new grain structure and more refined one which partly relives the thermal stresses.

The number of countable carbides increase from 30,000 to 80,000 per square millimeter which forms super-hard surface on metal.

After deep cryogenic heat treatment

Before CI Processing After CI Processing

Comparative microphotographs of steel sample shows the change in microsrtructure produced by the controlled deep cryogenic process . Uniform ,completely microstructure is related to more improvements in strength , hardness and resistance to wear.

Advantages of cryogenic processing Increases wear resistance Increases corrosion resistance Good dimensionality High Strength Good Quality Cost reduction in material manufactured Lower stress concentration. Eco-friendly No Waste Production

Applications of cryogenic technology in Industry

It is used for close tolerance machining with high surface finish.

Treated copper electrodes serve 400% longer, milling tools ,drill bits , piston rings exhibit 100%to 1200% increase in life

Cryo treated auto mobile engine components serve 50% to 200% in service life.

Ball and roller bearings show 200%to 700% increase in life.

Cryogenically treated carbide tools increased by 400%.Therefore entire industry of tools and dies is benefitted from this technology.

Cryogenic Rocket Engines

Cryogenic rocket engines are one of the important applications in the field of cryogenic technology.

The higher thrust level is achieved when liquid oxygen and liquid hydrocarbons are used as fuel .But at atmospheric conditions LOX and lower molecular hydrocarbon are in gaseous state .Therefore they are stored in liquid form by cooling them using cryogenic.

Cryogenic Fuel

Cryogenics has made possible the commercial transportation of liquefied natural gas.

Without Cryogenics nuclear research will lack liquid hydrogen and helium used in particle detectors.

Cryogenics In biology

Cryogenic temperature is used in cryobiology-the study of life and life processes at very low temperature.

It is also used in cryosurgery in which freezing is used to kill undesirable tissues.

Future use of Cryogenic

Cryogenic rocket engine would be used by NASA for its next manned moon mission

ICICLES

CONCLUSION

From this presentation it can be concluded as cryogenics can be applied to almost everywhere in every field. It finds its application in military, tooling industry, agricultural industry, aerospace, medical, recycling, household, automobile industry, cryogenics is found to improve the grain structure of everything treated be it metal or plastic or coils or engines or musical instruments or fiber. This field could be put to many other applications in various fields. Its reaches in the mentioned industries hold a good chance of extension. Hence Cryogenics proves to be very promising for the future in this world of materials

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