Crusades

Military Expeditions aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from the

Muslims

Nine Total

Eight plus a Children’s Crusade

Causes

Contributing

Immediate

Contributing Factors

Feudalism

Chivalry

Religious Idealism

Weakening of Byzantine Empire

Immediate Causes

• Conquests by Seljuk Turks

• Byzantine Emperor’s call for help

• Pope’s ambition to reunite Christendom

• Pope’s appeal to Christian knights

• Knight’s religious zeal and earthly ambitions

• Italian cities desire for commercial power

Urban IIgbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/images/urban.jpg

• Pope, upon learning of Byzantine Emperor’s distress calls Western Christians to arms

First Crusade

Facts of 1st Crusade

• Begin 1096 through 1099• Two parts:

– People’s Crusade – almost all Christians killed– Knights army – capture Jerusalem on July 15, 1099

• Thousands of Muslims and Jews slaughtered in Jerusalem and on way to Jerusalem

• The Turks will eventually reclaim Jerusalem

Second Crusade

1147-1149

2nd Crusade Facts

• 1147-1149

• Crusaders, led by King Louis VII of France and German king Conrad II, once again attempt to claim Jerusalem but failed

Third Crusade

1189-1192

Also called the Kings’ Crusades

Three Crusader Kings

King Richard “the Lionhearted”www.carpenoctem.tv/img/lionhearted.jpg

• English• Only king to finish

crusade

King Phillip IIhome.austarnet.com.au/dfgoonan/Phil2Aug.jpg

• French• Had quarrel with

Richard and went home to seize French lands from the English

Frederick Barbarossaupload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Barbarossa.jpg

• Holy Roman Emperor• Falls from his horse

and drowns

Saladinmembers.at.infoseek.co.jp/isariya/saladin.jpg

• Son of Nur ad_din• United Muslims of Egypt

and Syria• Defeats Crusaders• Considered chivalrous by

Richard• Richard and Saladin sign

Three-year truce– Christians could enter

Jerusalem freely

Fourth Crusade

1202-1204

Innocent IIIwww.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/pope_innocent_iii.jpg

• Led 4th Crusade• Crusaders will attack

and loot Christian cities of Zadar and Constantinople

Children’s Crusade

20,000 German set out for Jerusalem – Many died of hunger crossing Alps – Some went home – other were sold

into slavery

Other Crusades

Mostly aimed at Islamic cities in Northern Africa and Egypt

Effects of Crusades

Immediate

Long Term

Immediate Effects

Temporary land gains in Palestine

Sack of Constantinople

Temporary gain in papal prestige

Long-Term Effects

• Decline of papal prestige

• Decline of feudal power

• Increase in monarchs’ power

• Increased religious intolerance

• Expansion of trade by Italian cities