Running head: MODULE 7, ASSIGNMENT 3

Module 7, Assignment 3: Effectiveness of Physical Activity in Juvenile Justice

Eric T. Schultz

Argosy University

Running head: MODULE 7, ASSIGNMENT 3

Table of Contents

List of Tables ii

List of Forms iii

Abstract iv

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 2

Purpose and Rationale 7

Research Question and Hypothesis 8

Definition of Terms 8

Background/Summary 9

Literature Review 9

Methodology 12

Participants/Sample 12

Instrument and Instrumentation 14

Procedures 15

Data Analysis 17

Discussion 18

References 19

Appendices 28

A. Research Protocol 28

i

List of Tables

Table 1: 12 Week Physical Activity Plan Example 26

Table 2: Workout of the Day 27

ii

List of Forms

Data Collection Form 24

Juvenile Justice Consent Form 25

iii

Abstract

Violence, anger, and stress are elements identified to cause major public health issues

(Gardner et al., 2014). A social issue identified by Mullen (2000) is that there are too many

incidences of the use of physical restraints in juvenile correctional facilities. They also stated that

a newspaper conducted a survey and found 150 deaths due to physical restraints per year. If we

consider the information found in the literature used in this study proposal, we can conclude that

a current problem is that our juvenile justice system is lacking appropriate treatment programs,

which do not involve physical violence towards the youth offenders. There should be

interventions and treatments established, which do not involve physical violence.

Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, and Otto (2006) reported higher levels of physical

activity were associated with improved mental health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate

the effectiveness of a physical activity program intervention in a juvenile justice facility. The

effectiveness of the physical activity program will be measured by the juvenile offender facility’s

pre/post-intervention physical restraint rates and the use of the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS)

(Snell et al., 1995) as an assessment tool administered to the youth in order to measure anger.

Sibley (2012) showed that implementing a sport CrossFit model can influence new

behaviors in youth. CrossFit is an exercise program that includes functional everyday

movements, designed to increase physical performance (Cordoza, 2012).

The proposed research question is: in a juvenile correctional facility, would a voluntary,

structured, and rigorous physical activity program, which consists of daily exercises and a sport

model for recreation, lower physical restraint rates and anger tendencies in juvenile offenders?

iv

Introduction

Violence, anger, and stress are elements identified to cause major public health issues

(Gardner et al., 2014). The authors investigated and found a significant relationship between

childhood maltreatment and the anger/violence relationship. In addition, they found that violent

behavior is a societal health concern because it causes a behavioral, economic and institution

strain. The article identified its participants by traits, which indicated that they have anger

tendencies; they found common behavioral and environmental traits in their childhood that

suggest that maltreatment was the major cause of their high levels of anxiety.

Gardner, Moore and Dettore, (2014) found that anger is a coping mechanism to regulate

the physical emotional responses of anxiety. In addition, they suggest that as an individual feels

angry, “The Anger Avoidance Model (Gardner et al., p. 783)” (AAM), explains that if the anger

experienced is not processed, and if the individual has not effectively developed a coping

strategy, then the individual is at high risk for violence and anger tendencies. Gardner and

Moore, (2008) state that anger is a natural biological response in humans; when a person

responds to anger in a physically violent way (hitting and punching), it will actually perpetuate

physical violence.

The AAM model of clinical anger attempts to illustrate how anxiety causes mood

disorders and how both anxiety and mood can cause feeling angry, which leads to high arousal

levels which can impair personal emotional regulation. The model of clinical anger, (Gardner &

Moore, 2008), suggests that personal specific life events will trigger their behavior. The aversive

history of personal individual and biological vulnerability is the key to understanding and

building an effective coping strategy in dealing with anxiety.

1

Statement of the problem

A social issue, identified by Mullen (2000), is that there are too many incidences of the

use of physical restraints in juvenile correctional facilities. In 1998, there was an expose article

published in a newspaper in Hartford Connecticut that reported the death of two adolescents as a

result of the use of physical restraints (Mullen, 2000). The newspaper conducted a survey and

found 150 deaths due to physical restraints per year. In addition, The Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), collected data using the Juvenile Residential Facility

Census (Hockenberry et al., 2013). In 2010, there were 66,322 juvenile offenders placed in

2,011 residential facilities. Ninety-five percent are in detention centers. It was also reported that

20% of facilities were over capacity of their standard beds and they relied on make shift beds.

The facility census also reported that 25% of facility used mechanical restraints and 20% were

isolated from the rest of the population. Twenty percent of detention centers reported the use of

restraints such as handcuffs, leg cuffs, waistbands, leather straps, restraint chairs and strait

jackets (Hockenberry et al., 2013).

The OJJDP, reported that most juvenile offenders have a diagnosable mental disorder

(Hockenberry et al., 2013). A National Commission on Correctional Health Care reported that

many of these youth had a history of violence. The violence was predominantly fights, which

often involved weapons and injury (Bell & Jenkins, 1995). Approximately 25% of these youth

had been seriously injured and needed health care. Gallagher and Dobrin (2006), reported that

juveniles had a high risk of suicide or death by illness in juvenile justice residential facilities.

Their study indicated that 15.8% of deaths involved physical restraints. The adjusted risk of

suicide for this population is three times greater than for the general population of youth outside

2

the facility. In addition, high suicide rates indicate that there are mental health issues (Gallagher

& Dobrin, 2006).

If we consider the information found in the literature in this study proposal, we can

conclude that a current problem is that our juvenile justice system is lacking appropriate

treatment programs, which do not involve physical violence towards the youth offenders. We

know that most of these youth offenders have a history of mal-treatment, which may cause anger

tendencies and may likely lead to violent behaviors. Our society does not seem to have a proven

model to treat violent and aggressive juvenile offenders.

Purpose and Rationale

The rationale for this study is that there is a lack of research about effective interventions

or methods to treat the juvenile offender’s anxiety and anger tendencies in order to reduce

juvenile justice physical restraint rates. In addition, it is important to make the connection that

juveniles who are placed in group facilities will have an increase in anxiety, which may lead to

the aggressive or violent behaviors (Craig & Hallton, 2009). Treating the anxiety with a physical

activity intervention can positively affect mood and ultimately nullify aggressive or violent

juvenile criminal behaviors (Lubans et al., 2012; Strohle, 2009; Gardner et al., 2014).

Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, & Otto (2006) reported that higher levels of

physical activity were associated with improved mental health. In fact, they found that aerobic

exercise consistently promoted mental well-being. They suggested, as a result of their study, that

exercise produced better coping skills, self-efficacy, and the interruption of negative thoughts.

Faulkner and Biddle (2001) reported that exercise was useful with individuals who were angry

and violent. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a physical activity

3

program intervention in a juvenile justice facility. The effectiveness of the physical activity

program will be measured by the juvenile offender facility’s pre/post-intervention physical

restraint rates and the use of the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS) (Snell et al., 1995) as an assessment

tool administered to the youth in order to measure anger.

Research question and hypothesis

The proposed research question is: in a juvenile correctional facility, would a

voluntary, structured, and rigorous physical activity program, which consists of daily exercises

and a sport model for recreation, lower physical restraint rates and anger tendencies in juvenile

offenders? The hypothesis is that the use of physical restraints will decrease and anger tendencies

will decrease in most participants following the physical program. The null hypothesis is, there

will be no change in the use of physical restraints. The alternative hypothesis is the use of

physical restraints will increase following the physical intervention.

Definition of Terms

Anxiety- intense personal feelings of discomfort and typically includes fears, and

behaviors that attempt to avoid the discomfort (Gardner & Moore, 2008).

Physical Restraint - any manual method or physical or mechanical device,

material, or equipment attached or adjacent to the patient’s body that he or she

cannot easily remove that restricts freedom of movement or normal access to

one’s body (Nunno et al., 2006).

Juvenile offenders - 12-17 year-old boys or girls who have been criminally

charged and placed in a classified juvenile justice detention facility (Guarino-

Ghezzi & Byrne, 1989).

4

Physical Activity- A structured daily exercise program with a competitive sport

model.

Workout of the Day (WOD) - are sets of daily exercises of the day.

Background/Summary

In reviewing the introduction, it is clear that juvenile offenders rarely have an effective

way to deal or cope with the many complex elements of anxiety, anger, and violent behaviors. In

fact, we can see that by placing these youth in an already unfamiliar and hostile environment can

leave the youth at even more risk for negative outcomes. In addition, social anxiety adds to the

already complex behavioral issues in a juvenile facility (Zalk et al., 2011). In a report by Bell

and Jenkins (1995), the number of juvenile offenders doubled from 1987-1993, and 85% of the

increase is from violent crimes.

With the increase in the number of juvenile offenders, it’s clear that without an effective

coping strategy, these youth are increasingly at risk for more violent behaviors. Stathopoulou,

Powers, Berry, Smits, & Otto, (2006) found that by increasing physical activity one could

effectively control mood and anger. In addition, high intensity exercises can lead to personal

well-being and a higher quality of life. According to Lubans, Plonikoff & Lubans (2012),

physical activity programs impact and improve the emotional well-being in at-risk youth in a

residential juvenile detention facility.

Literature Review

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) collected data using the

Juvenile Residential Facility Census (Hockenberry, et al., 2013). In 2010, there were 66,322

5

juvenile offenders placed in 2,011 residential facilities. Ninety-five percent were in detention

centers. It was also reported that 20% of facilities where over capacity of their standard beds,

and they relied on make shift beds. The facility census also reported that 25% of facility used

mechanical restraints and 20% were isolated from the rest of the population. Twenty percent of

detention centers reported the use of restraints such as handcuffs, leg cuffs, waistbands, leather

straps, restraint chairs and strait jackets (Hockenberry et al., 2013).

According to OJJDP (2013), the most serious offence of the juveniles residing in

detention centers were crimes against the person (37%). In addition, they estimated 40%-70%

of the youth referred to the juvenile justice system were probably were diagnosed with co-

morbid mental health disorders. Others reported that the percentage even higher at 91%

(Osterlind, et al., 2007).

A National Commission on Correctional Health Care reported that many of these

youth had a history of violence. The violence was predominantly fights, which often involved

weapons and injury (Bell & Jenkins, 1995). Approximately 25% of these youth had been

seriously injured and needed health care. Gallagher and Dobrin (2006), reported that juveniles

had a high risk of suicide or death by illness in juvenile justice residential facilities. Their study

indicated that 15.8% of deaths involved physical restraints. The adjusted risk of suicide for this

population is three times greater than for the general population of youth outside the facility. In

addition, high suicide rates indicate that there are mental health issues (Gallagher & Dobrin,

2006).

Physical restraint is a behavioral management technique to control unwanted behaviors in

institutionalized children and adolescents. On the other hand, some proponents believe and are

6

convinced that the use of restraints can result in therapeutic benefits (Nunno et al., 2006).

Smith and Bowman (2009) conducted a study in which they reported that the experience of

physical restraint resulted in emotional trauma. While they recognized that the use of physical

restraint was sometimes necessary there were resultant adverse effects. Others have been

concerned that this activity is aggressive and punitive, which is not useful therapeutically (Nunno

et al., 2006).

According to Van Zalk, Van Zalk, and Kerr (2011), when adolescents are placed in

unfamiliar situations, social anxiety, depression and self-esteem becomes prevalent. Therefore,

it is reasonable to expect an increase of anxiety and depression and a decrease in self-esteem;

when this occurs, the prevalence of mental illness increases. Kort-Butler (2012), reports that

patterns in self-esteem and extracurricular activities are dynamic. Adolescents who invest in

these types of activities increase their engagement and commitment; they partially identify

themselves with a specific activity. In addition, in order to control their behavior they should be

able to participate in healthy, therapeutic activities, which are age and developmentally (Kort-

Butler, 2012).

Craig and Halton (2009) make the connection that anxiety can lead to aggressive or

violent behaviors, and by treating the anxiety with a physical activity intervention, it can

positively affect mood, and, ultimately, nullify aggressive or violent juvenile criminal behaviors

(Lubans et al., 2012; Strohle, 2009). Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, and Otto (2006)

reported higher levels of physical activity were associated with improved mental health. In fact

they found that aerobic exercise consistently promoted mental well-being. They suggested, as a

result of their study, that exercise produced better coping skills, self-efficacy, and the

interruption of negative thoughts. 7

Lubans, Plotnikoff and Lubans, (2012), did a review of physical activities that

included exercise, adventure programs such as rock climbing, ropes courses, horseback riding,

sailing and canoeing. There were positive outcomes with the use of these various programs,

which showed improvements in self-esteem, resilience, self-awareness, and critical thinking.

Studies, report that exercise is clinically effective in treating major depression and panic

disorders (Strohle, (2009); Faulkner & Biddle, (2001); Callaghan, (2004).

In fact, studies have reported that the prevalence of mental illness increased when there

is no physical activity. Gardner, Moore and Dettore (2014) discovered a relationship between

the emotional regulation of anger and violent behaviors. They found similarities through their

personal behavioral history in which they can predict angry tendencies in individuals.

Gardner and Moore, (2008), report that anger is natural to human’s biological profile and

cannot be avoided; however, they believe that anger can be positively diverted into a coping

strategy by using physical activity. Gardner and Moore (2006) suggest that anxiety, anger and

violent behaviors are the most common reasons for failures in physical performance. Sibley

(2012) has shown that implementing a sport CrossFit model can influence new behaviors in

youth. According to Mackenzie and Cordoza (2012), Greg Glassman is known to be the founder

of CrossFit in 1999.

CrossFit is an exercise program, which includes functional everyday movements,

designed to increase physical performance Cordoza, (2012). In addition, the CrossFit Model is

made up of high intense, “workout of the day” or WOD. According to Sibley (2012), a sport

CrossFit education model has been used comprehensively to teach sport at high schools and

middle schools throughout the country. 8

Methodology

Participants/Sample

In a study by Guarino-Ghezzi and Byrne (1989), there was the development of a model

that resulted in a structured classification system. They found that by classifying the juvenile

offenders they could more effectively treat the juveniles. They identified rearrests,

reconvictions, and crimes committed; they considered a treatment intervention to decide the

classification. For example, classifications are recognized in levels of groups, group 1 consists

of juveniles classified with levels 1-3, and they are grouped based on treatment needs and

behavioral disposition. This group is considered low risk classification. The low risk group has

been found guilty of committing crimes such as petty theft, skipping school and other

misdemeanor level crimes. In addition, the juveniles in this classification have not shown

aggressive behaviors.

Levels 4-7 juvenile offender classifications are seen as moderate risk for behavioral

problems, and their treatment is differentiated by their crime and behavior history. Juveniles in

this classification have shown moderate levels of violent behaviors. The crimes in this class are

sexual assaults, battery, and other violent acts such as robbery and gang activity. This is a

moderate risk classification.

Levels 8-10 are for the more violent behaviors, juveniles in this class group are seen as

high risk for further criminal behaviors that will most likely follow them into adult hood. The

juveniles in this class have committed several crimes that have severely injured themselves or

9

have resulted in a death. In the state of Massachusetts, youth offenders are classified into the

appropriate facility by levels. It is important to note that this study provided a structured model

for classification of juveniles for other states to follow (Guarino-Ghezzi & Byrne, 1989).

In a policy review done by Hinton, Sims, Adams, and West (2007), they found that from

1990-2007 there were juvenile detention centers located across America with facilities that hold

anywhere from 50-250 juveniles each. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency

Prevention (OJJDP) collected data using the Juvenile Residential Facility Census (Hockenberry,

Sickmund & Sladky, 2013). In 2010, there were 66,322 juvenile offenders placed in 2,011

residential facilities. Ninety-five percent are in detention centers. The sample of participants

will come from an established classification system in order to best identify types or expectation

of behaviors.

The population for this study is 12-17 year old boys who have been criminally charged.

The participants for the sample are youth from this age group residing in a juvenile detention

facility in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The name of the facility is J. Paul Taylor Juvenile Justice

Detention Facility. The facility holds up to 200 juvenile offenders and are classified as moderate

risk. According to the http://cyfd.org/about-cyfd/publications-reports; the detention center is

made up of mostly Hispanics, Native American and White ethnicity.

The study sample is a convenience sample and the facility is considered moderate for

risks in aggressive behaviors. The facility will hold up to 200 juveniles, and only one facility

will be used. The facility has 4 dorm buildings that hold 50 rooms each. The dorms are named,

Agave, Mesquite, Saguaro and Yucca.

10

Instrument and Instrumentation

The juveniles in this study sample will have a choice to participate in the study. There

will be two groups. Group 1 will include the juveniles that give consent to participate in the

physical activity intervention. Group 2 will be the youth that agree to participate but are the

control group and will not be included in the physical activity intervention. The juveniles that

decided not to give consent or participate in the physical activity intervention in the facility will

not be included in the study. (Please see the attached form, page 29.) An attempt should be

made to keep the participating groups in respective dorms and not to mix participating and non-

participating youth. Example: Of the 200 youth facility, Agave Dorm will house the non-

participants, the other three dorms will house the control and experimental groups.

The research team will administer the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS) (Snell et al., 1995).

This scale is an objective self-report instrument, which measures the psychological

physiological, affective, cognitive, motoric and behavior symptoms that constitute the syndrome

of clinical anger. The internal consistency of the scale resulted in Cronhbach alpha of .94. This

scale is found to be unifactorial, adequately reliable and uncontaminated by social, desirable, and

lying tendencies. This tool will be administered before and after the intervention.

The researcher will also format an instrument to count the number of physical restraint

incidences in each group. The participant’s case files are available for the researcher to count

their past physical restraints and/or violent behaviors rates/incidences. The validity of the sample

is valid because the population of the sample who is participating is consistent with the sample

who is not participating in the intervention.

11

Procedures

The youth participating in the study will be utilizing CrossFit physical training principles.

CrossFit is a variety of high-intense, functional movements involving a combination of exercises,

which require speed, strength and endurance. CrossFit for kids uses the same principles as the

adult program, but they are scaled down for safety (Sibley, 2012). Workouts will be in 30

minute durations called workout of the day (WOD).

The youth who will participate in the study will follow WOD three times a day. The 1st

time will be before breakfast, 2nd time will be after lunch, and the 3rd time will be after dinner,

but before showers. Example: WOD Monday-Friday 1st session 6:30am-7:00am, 2nd session

12:30pm-1:00pm and 3rd at 7:00pm-7:30pm. This intervention will last for 12 weeks.

The WOD will utilize specific equipment that include a variety of weighted sandbags,

medicine balls, barbells, kettle bells, weighted sleds, tires, ropes, and anything else that can be

found as part of the CrossFit system. During the 12 week intervention the WOD should increases

in difficulty each week gradually. The WOD can also be formulated with a supplemental

instructional book: “Power Speed Endurance” by Brian Mackenzie and Glen Cordoza, (2012).

The research staff will coordinate with the facility staff to train them further on incorporating

exercises from the book into the exercise program. Please see the attached form as an example

of a 12 week intervention program.

According to Mackenzie and Cordoza (2012), Greg Glassman is known to be the founder

of CrossFit in 1999. This book demonstrates proper form and technique for every functional

physical movement defined by the CrossFit principles. In addition, the book has colored pictures

to support the text, which describes every workout in the CrossFit data bank. According to

12

Sibley (2012), a sport education model has been used comprehensively to teach sports at

high schools and middle schools throughout the country.

Sibley (2012) has shown that implementing a sport CrossFit model can influence new

behaviors in youth. In this study, on Saturdays, the CrossFit exercises which have been used for

the WOD during the week will be used in a sport education model. Saturday’s events will

measure time and distance relative to the WOD; this creates a sport like event. The staff will

post all data regarding, participants’ time and distance in the common areas. During the week,

the workouts are not measured for time and distance.

The events on Saturday will run 9am-12pm. Break for lunch and return to finish any

events not finished. The WOD for the sporting events should be consistent for all the

participants. Examples: The 1st WOD might consist of 20 repetitions of full body squats, 20

mountain climbers, 50 jumping jacks, and participants will run one mile. The youth should

repeat until the 30 minutes is up. The 2nd WOD might consist of: running two miles and

flipping tires until the end of the 30 minutes. Then the 3rd WOD might consist of 50 pushups,

20 overhead presses with a 15 pound (lb.) medicine ball, side crawls for 50 yards. Please note

that training is available for implementing these WOD. The book “Power Speed Endurance” by

Brian Mackenzie and Glen Cordoza, (2012), will be available to customize WOD for the youth

on site. At the end of the 12 weeks, the physical incidence reports, which include physical

restraints, will be counted. The previous 12 weeks of incidence reports which include physical

restraints will also be counted.

13

Data Analysis

In order to control extraneous circumstances or limitations for this study, the researcher

will follow the facility’s definition of physical restraints and count them accordingly. If the

researcher follows his or her own personal definition of physical restraint, there could be a

limitation of the data. It is also important to note that the physical restraint rates should be

calculated by percentage because participation from the sample may not parallel the previous

data. Therefore, data analysis tools that reveal physical restraint percentage rates of the given

population should be used, such as a t-test analysis to compare the means with the pre and post

numbers (Gliner et al., 2009).

The physical restraint rates from Group 1 will be divided by the number of participants

and will give you a percentage rate. The physical restraint rates from Group 2 will be divided

by the number of participants. The percentage rate from Group 1 will be compared to percentage

rate from Group 2.

Discussion

It is clear from the literature that the majority of adolescents in residential detention

centers have experienced violence, been victims of violence, and are at some risk of death and

serious injury. There is evidence that mental illness is frequently diagnosed in this population,

which perpetuates the mental instability of the juvenile, which increases the risk of continued

delinquency, health issues, and possible death. Therefore, the use of physical restraints should

be minimized and, possibly, eliminated. Since it is known that mental disorders are common in

the juvenile justice population, other interventions should be developed to control unwanted

behavior. 14

The use of physical restraints in a juvenile correctional residential detention facility

involves controversial and complex issues. The literature review attempted to demonstrate the

problems associated with the use of physical restraints. While there has been evidence of death

and emotional trauma linked to the use of physical restraints, there is no method or therapeutic

intervention/activity that has been adequately studied to replace the use of physical restraints and

how to best to modify unwanted behavior.

As an exercise psychologist, it is important to research possible methods to assist our

society in finding viable and effective metal health practices, which promote lifelong well-being.

Research shows regular exercise promotes wellness.

Limitations of this particular study are: the study can be subjective in its interpretation

and/or perceptions because of the unknown cause and effect of the past and current behaviors of

the juvenile offenders. In addition, I believe, careful consideration of how to design this study

should be evaluated. The control group in this case could actually intensify the results; the youth

who are not participating in the study could possibly become angry and hostile, which could

create added tension in the dorms. Furthermore, the sudden removal of juvenile offenders from

the facility can contribute to changes in the results, and possibly effect of one or more of the

variables in an unforeseen situation.

15

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Table 1

12 Week Physical Activity Plan Example

Week Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday1 #1,3,4 #7,4,10 #5,8,11 #7,9,11 #8,1,2 m-f

combined-

2 #2,8,1 #9,10,8 #3,1,9 #6,9,1 #10,7,8 m-f combined

-

3 #9,6,6 #1,8,7 #1,5,10 #7,10,12 #4,7,10

m-f combined

-

4 #10,8,12 #12,7,3 #1,3,4 #7,4,10 #7,9,11 m-f combined

-

5 #12,7,3 #1,3,4 #7,4,10 #5,8,11 #8,1,2 m-f combined

-

6 #7,9,11 #8,1,2 #9,10,8 #3,1,9 #1,3,4 m-f combined

-

7 #12,7,3 #5,8,11 #6,9,1 #7,4,10 #9,6,6 m-f combined

-

8 #7,4,10 #1,3,4 #2,8,1 #7,4,10 #3,1,9 m-f combined

-

9 #7,9,11 #8,1,2 #5,8,11 #12,7,3 #2,8,1 m-f combined

-

10 #2,8,1 #9,10,8 #12,7,3 #1,3,4 #7,9,11 m-f combined

-

11 #3,1,9 #7,9,11 #7,4,10 #5,8,11 #8,1,2 m-f combined

-

12 #12,7,3 #3,1,9 #9,10,8 #2,8,1 #12,7,3 m-f combined

-

Please note that this is an example of how the 12 week program might look

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Table 2

Workouts of the Day

1. WOD #1 - will consist of a 1 mile run, combined with stacking 50-20lb sand bags in a

pyramid formation. To perform this exercise, the youth will choose the order in which to

complete the task. The sand bag course should be 50 yards long, the youth will carry the

sand bags across 50 yards and build a pyramid. The youth can carry more than one bag

at a time.

2. WOD #2 - will consist of a 1 mile run, combined with pulling a 50lb sled 100 yards and

returning with it by pushing it back.

3. WOD #3 - will be 3 Sets of 20 pull-ups, 50 push-ups, and 50 squats. There should be a 2

minute rest between sets.

4. WOD #4 - will be the tire flip for 100 yards combined with a 1 mile run, and 20- 8 count

body builders.

5. WOD#5- will be a fireman’s carry, which will be 50lb weighted objects in each hand.

The youth’s distance will be measured after 30 min.

6. WOD#6 - 5k run

7. WOD#7 - will be 100 jumping jacks, 50 leg lifts, 50 crunches, and 50 mountain climbers.

There should be a 2 minute rest between sets.

8. WOD#8 – 2 mile run, side crawls for 50 yards on each side.

9. WOD#9 - seated sled pull for 100 yards, 500 yard 20lb sand bag carry/run.

10. WOD#10 - will be 3 Sets of 10 duck walks for 50 yards, bear crawls for 50 yards, 100

yard sprint.

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11. WOD#11 - will be 3 Sets of 200 yard sprints, 20-8 count bodybuilders. There should be a

4 minute rest between sets.

12. WOD#12 - will be 3 Sets of Vertical rope climb-30ft and 30 squat hops.

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Data Collection Form

ID#____________

Age____________

Reason for admission

______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Length of stay____

Physical activity history

_________________________________________________________________

Physical restraint occurrences previous 12

weeks________________________________________

Physical restraint occurrences during the 12 week

intervention_____________________________

24

Juvenile Justice Consent Form

The purpose of the research is to provide you with a proven results physical activity

exercise program. You will engage in exercise activities that include a rigorous physical

training program which could result in the increase of personal physical ability. In

addition this program should help you control behavior in a positive way.

I, __________________________ would like to participate in the physical activity

exercise program mentioned above that is a part of this juvenile justice program. I also

understand that by participating I could be subject to early release. A negative possibility

might be physical injury including death. I also understand that all information and data

will be kept confidential by the research staff.

Minor Child_____________________ Date___________

Facility Manager_________________

25

Appendix A

(IRB)Research Protocol

The purpose of my research is to enhance and discover new knowledge in the field of

sport-exercise psychology. In addition, I will increase my personal knowledge as a professional

consumer of research. The purpose for this research is to design and implement a physical

activity exercise program, specifically for the juvenile justice population, in order to reduce

aggressive or violent behaviors in the facility. In addition, the results should reveal behavior

change, in hopes that adult criminal behaviors can be nullified by an effective intervention

during the early stages of adolescent years.

To find out if a physical activity exercise program will reduce aggressive or violent

behaviors in a juvenile justice setting, the research question is; would the implementation of a

voluntary, structured, and rigorous physical activity program, which consisted of exercise that

are task specific in a juvenile correctional facility lower the incidences of physical restraint rates?

The rationale for this study is that there is a lack of research on how to reduce juvenile justice

physical restraint rates.

In addition, it is important to make the connection that anxiety can lead to aggressive or

violent behaviors (Craig & Hallton, 2009), and by treating the anxiety with a physical activity

intervention, it can positively affect mood and ultimately nullify aggressive or violent juvenile

criminal behaviors (Lubans et al., 2012; Strohle, 2009).

According to Gliner, Morgan and Leech (2009), the research design is a between groups

design because this design compares physical restraint rates during the intervention and the rates

26

without the intervention. The sample consists of 200 youth in a juvenile justice facility in Las

Cruces, New Mexico. The youth sample is juvenile justice offenders serving a sentence of 9

months in a behavior management facility. The facility is filled to capacity 100% of the time.

When one youth departs, another is waiting to take the open bed that same day.

The physical activity exercise program, which is the independent variable, will be

incorporated into the youth’s daily schedule. The physical activity exercise program will be for

12 weeks. Upon completion, the youth will not have the physical activity exercise program for

the following 12 weeks. The alternating of the intervention/nonintervention (12 week periods)

will last for a total of nine months. The physical restraint rates is the dependent variable. This

variable will be measured by the number of physical restraint incidences during each 12 week

period.

The incentives for participation is a possible early release for good behavior. Also, an

incentive for participating is the fact that participating could lead to increased performance. The

youth’s daily activities are highly structured. Obstacles such as high walls, mud, swings, big

puzzles, steep climbs, heavy lifting, rope ladders, and pole perches require that the participants

use fast and slow deliberate movements. On Saturdays the participant will use a competitive

sport model for recreation. These teams will participate in challenging activities that will require

individual physical ability to perform.

During the week the youth will exercise for 30 minutes, three times a day. The exercises

will be specific to the physical tasks. For example, a posted schedule will tell the youth what

events are being held the following Saturday. If the event is the “Sand Bag Stack” the youth will

practice exercises associated with the activity. The staff will prepare them in order to be familiar

with the expected activities. 27

The risks to the participants could include minor to major physical injury. In a juvenile

corrections facility, consent is given from the state governing the youth. The staff are held at the

highest standards of institutional confidentiality. To also ensure confidentially, the research

team will not share information with the normal facility staff.

28