Crossborder dynamics and security in the southern Ethiopia-northern Kenya borderlands
Transcript of Crossborder dynamics and security in the southern Ethiopia-northern Kenya borderlands
CROSSBORDERDYNAMICSANDSECURITYINTHESOUTHERNETHIOPIA-NORTHERNKENYABORDERLANDS
FIONAFLINTAN,ILRI(INTERNATIONALLIVESTOCKRESEARCHINSTITUTE)ANDILC(INTERNATIONALLANDCOALITION)
GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE • 530mileborder,withMoyaleatitsheartestablishedbyBriHsh/ItalianspliLngGabraandBoranterritories.Treaty1970.NotfullydemarcatedsHlltoday.
• GovernmentpoliciesinKenyacontainmentratherthanengagementandmorerecentlyimpunity;inEthiopiaagenerallackofengagementandmorerecentlyethnicfederalisminfluencingdecisions.
• AbsenceofeffecHvebordercontrols• IssuesofnaHonalsecuritye.g.EthiopiangovernmentmakesporadicincursionoverborderinpursuitofOLF;“fighHngbetweenpastoralistgroups”.LackofcontroloverlocalmiliHas(andsecurityforces).
CUSTOMARY PERSPECTIVE • Trans-clanandtrans-naHonaltradenetwork• TradiHonofresource-sharingandmovementacrossborder.CustomaryinsHtuHonsstrongerinEthiopia.
• “Free”movementofpeople(goods,culture&kinship,schools&healthposts)andlivestock
OromoviewoftradiHonalterritoryacrossthreecountries
Golbo Grazing Area – crosses border MigraHonpa`erns50yearsago(Elias2006/2015).Splitseparated“motherfromchild”(GufaOba2013).
Migration patterns today (Elias 2009/2015)
Major livestock trading route
Ethiopia-Kenya(Moyale)livestocktradingroute
• Todatemuchtradeinformal–toleratedbygovernments.• Astudyconcludedtheeconomicvalueofca`letradeinexcessof2mUSD,butonly38%isformal–1.2misinformal(BassaandWoldamanuel2015).• AtMoyalenumberoftaxespaid–eithersideofborder.• Studysaidonly2100USDintaxes(0.2%).• Mutualunderstandingamongstborderofficialsandtraders.• Fewbanks–foreignexchangeblackmarket.• Lackofinfrastructure.• Lackofhumanandanimalwelfare• LackofprotecHonoflivestockroutes• Manyadvocatethatifformalisedmoneycouldbereinvestedintheabove.Stepsbeingtakentowardsthis.
High variability in vegetation and climate changes
Steadilydecliningrainfallandincreasedtemperaturessince1976(Elias2015)
Source:IBLI
Other movements across border – Prosopis juliflora (CABI 2016)
Source:CEWARN2015
Source:C
EWARN
2015
History of conflict • Conflictsoccurintheformofca`lerustling,inter-ethnicandclanviolence,yetincreasinglyarepoliHcisedandhavemorecomplexcauses,sparkedbyaparHculareventorintervenHon.
• 1960sshikamovement–armedSomaligroupswhoturnedonlesser-armedBoran.OgadenwarbetweenSomaliandEthiopia–armedBoranagainstSomali.
• 1990sSomaliGarrisupportedEthiopiagovt,OLFmeantBoranostracised.LossofBoranalandtoSomaliregion.GarriiniHatedprocessofincorporaHngMoyaleintoSomaliregion(GLR–GarriLandRepublic).
History of conflict • 2009conflictovernewboreholedrilledbyOromiagovt–70,000Borandisplaced
• GarriandBoranconflict2012–30,000BoranfleeingintoKenyathroughMoyale
• OnKenyasideGabraturnedagainsttheBoranandworkedtowardsousHngthemfromEastofIsiolo-MoyaleHighway.PartnershipwithGarriandclansinKenya.SupportfromKenyasecurityforces.FighHngbetweentwo.
• DecentralisaHon–GabrawontopseatsinelecHon2013elecHonandBoranexcludedfromcountygovt.ChangesinboundariesbyElectoralBoundaryCommission.PushbyGabratoremoveBoranfromlandsinkenya–incessantfighHngincludinginMoyale.70,000fleeingtoBorana,Ethiopia,lossoflivesandlivelihoods,infrastructureetc.
Peace-building initiatives • Local–ModogahseDeclaraHonfornorthernKenya2001revalidated2011
• SupportedbyNGOs/CSOse.g.reciprocalgrazingagreements;cross-bordercommi`ees
• IOMandKenyagovernmentsupporHnginter-clanandcross-borderdialoguesalongtheborder.
• NaHonalpoliciesandprogrammes
• 20billionKShsMarsabitCounty/BoranaZoneKenya/EthiopiagovtIntegratedCross-border&Area-basedProgrammesupportedbyIGAD.
• IGAD–CEWARUandCEWARN
CHALLENGES:ConflicthighlypoliHcised;lossofcustomaryauthority;commercialisaHonofleadership;corrupHonandlethargyingovtadministraHon(K);internaHonalsecuritydimensions;arms;religiousfacHons;ethnicity;
Land insecurity is fundamental issue
• LackofitonbothsidesledtorangelandfragmentaHon,lossofkeyresources,blockageoflivestockroutes,degradaHon,conflict,lossofresilience(copingstrategiescompromised)
• CommunityLandAct(2016)inKenyaandcommunallandtenuresystem(Ethiopia).
• CountyspaHalplanning(Kenya)andnaHonal/locallanduseplanning(Ethiopia).
• MappingandprotecHonoflivestockroutes.
• ElecHonsKenya2017–landissuescentral.
Future initiatives that will impact area and volatility – Challenges & opportunities
Other initiatives • CommunityLandAct2016KenyaandpilotsoncommunallandtenureinEthiopia
• UnemploymentofyouthandtargeHngprogrammestothem
• IniHaHvessuchasIBLI–Index-basedLivestockInsurance
• UNEA2Res.2/24CombaHngdeserHficaHon,landdegradaHonanddroughtandpromoHngsustainablepastoralism&rangelands;InternaHonalYearofPastoralists&Rangelands
• IGAD:MOUonAnimalHealthandSanitaryMeasures;drakTranshumanceProtocol