Crop Protection: Insects, Nematodes- How to Put Together an IPM Program

for Your Farm

Norm LepplaNorm LepplaUniversity of Florida, IFAS

Leppla’s CareerLeppla’s Career

University of Arizona- Insect Behavior &University of Arizona- Insect Behavior &Rearing Research (2 yr)Rearing Research (2 yr)

USDA, ARS- Pest Management & USDA, ARS- Pest Management & Biological Control, FL & TX (17 yr)Biological Control, FL & TX (17 yr)

USDA, APHIS- Methods Development, USDA, APHIS- Methods Development, Washington DC & International (7 yr)Washington DC & International (7 yr)

University of Florida- Administration & University of Florida- Administration & Integrated Pest Management (15 yr)Integrated Pest Management (15 yr)

Collecting Cabbage LoopersCollecting Cabbage Loopers in Hastings, Floridain Hastings, Florida

IntroductionIntroduction

• Topics• What is IPM? • IPM practices and applications• Sources of IPM information• Pesticide use and safety • IPM for potato

IPM topics from producers?

Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is a long-standing, science-based decision-making process that identifies and reduces risks from pests and pest management strategies. It coordinates information on pest biology, the environment, and available technology to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means, while posing the least risk to people, property, resources, and the environment. IPM provides an effective strategy for managing pests from developed agricultural, residential, and public areas to wild lands. IPM provides an effective, all encompassing, sustainable approach to protect natural resources, crops, animals and people from pests. IPM recommendations are frequently recognized as Best Management Practices (BMP’s) to manage weeds, disease and insects for production of food and fiber (USDA National Road Map for Integrated Pest Management).

What is IPM?

IPM is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information and available pest control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of damage by the most economical means with the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment. - EPA.

What is IPM?

There is no “Magic bullet“

What Causes Pest Outbreaks?

Alien invasive speciesAlien invasive species Disrupted environmentsDisrupted environments Pesticide resistancePesticide resistance Local invasionsLocal invasions PerceptionsPerceptions Others causes?Others causes?

• Pest outbreaks & disease epidemics

• Environmental contamination

• Human health hazards

• Pest mgmt. costs

• Reduce

risk…

IPM SystemINCREASE…

• Reliability

• Sustainability

Cultural Methods

Biological Control

Chem

IPM Practices

Biological knowledgeBiological knowledge Monitoring and inspectionMonitoring and inspection Act to control pests when necessaryAct to control pests when necessary Choose least-risk options Choose least-risk options Long-term, preventative practicesLong-term, preventative practices Evaluation and recordsEvaluation and records Pesticide managementPesticide management Continual improvementContinual improvement

Generic IPM ProgramGeneric IPM Program

• Habitat-specific integrated pest management guides, fact sheets, EDIS articles, Featured Creatures, etc.• Links to specialized websites with pest management information specific to a crop or situation• Key contacts for expert advice on managing pests• Additional resources for pest identification and management, e.g., diagnostic services

Direct Access to IPM InformationDirect Access to IPM Information

Extension Extension GuidesGuides

Grower’s IPM Guide for FloridaGrower’s IPM Guide for FloridaTomato & Pepper Production Tomato & Pepper Production

Table of ContentsTable of Contents– Chapter 1- Introduction WHY IPM? Chapter 1- Introduction WHY IPM? – Chapter 2- Tomato & Pepper ProductionChapter 2- Tomato & Pepper Production– Chapter 3- Soil & Nutrient ManagementChapter 3- Soil & Nutrient Management– Chapter 4- Pest ManagementChapter 4- Pest Management– Chapter 5- Disease ManagementChapter 5- Disease Management– Chapter 6- Weed ManagementChapter 6- Weed Management– Chapter 7- Cultural & Physical Controls Chapter 7- Cultural & Physical Controls – Chapter 8- Biological ControlChapter 8- Biological Control– Chapter 9- Chemical ControlChapter 9- Chemical Control

                                                                                                             

                                                                                                              

Featured Creatures provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms. The site is a cooperative venture of the University of Florida's Department of Entomology and Nematology and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Division of Plant Industry. All articles are official publications of the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

Electronic Data Information Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS)Source (EDIS)

The EDIS website is a comprehensive, The EDIS website is a comprehensive, single-source repository of all current single-source repository of all current

UF/IFAS numbered peer-reviewed UF/IFAS numbered peer-reviewed publications (about 7,500). publications (about 7,500).

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/

• AgricultureAgriculture

• Community DevelopmentCommunity Development

• EnvironmentEnvironment

• Families & ConsumersFamilies & Consumers

• 4H Youth development4H Youth development

• Lawn & GardenLawn & Garden

• AquacultureAquaculture• CropsCrops• LivestockLivestock• Nursery & GHNursery & GH• Organic farmingOrganic farming• Agricultural safetyAgricultural safety• Small farmsSmall farms• Turf & sodTurf & sod

Electronic Data InformationElectronic Data Information Source (EDIS) Source (EDIS)

Florida Crop/PestManagement Profile: PotatoesMark A. Mossler and Chad Hutchinsonhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi030 (Revised 2008)

Webb, S.E. 2007. Insect Management for Potatoes. Entomology and Nematology Department document ENY-469. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG155)

Noling, J.W. 2005. Nematode Management in Potatoes (Irish or White). EDIS publication ENY029. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/NG029)

Roberts, P., Weingartner, P., and Kucharek, T. 2007. 2007 Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Potato, Irish. EDIS publication PDMG-V3-46. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PG053)

Stall, W.M. and Hutchinson, C.M. 2005. Weed Control in Potato. EDIS publication HS194. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG035)

Pesticide InformationPesticide Information

• UF/IFAS Pesticide Information OfficeUF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office

• CDMS- ChemSearch CDMS- ChemSearch

• CDMS- CDMS- http://www.cdms.net/http://www.cdms.net/

• LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspxLabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx

• EPA- EPA- http://www.epa.gov/http://www.epa.gov/

• opp00001/regulating/opp00001/regulating/

• registering/data_sources.htmregistering/data_sources.htm

• Extension Pesticide Applicator TrainingExtension Pesticide Applicator Training

http://www.flpesticide.us/http://www.flpesticide.us/

Florida Pesticide Product Data

15584 Products Registered

Select and Submit Search Option

Active Ingredient EPA Registration Number

Site of Application Product Name

Pest to be Controlled Company Name

FDACS, Division of Agricultural Environmental FDACS, Division of Agricultural Environmental Services, Bureau of Pesticides- Online Pesticide Services, Bureau of Pesticides- Online Pesticide

Registration SystemRegistration System

http://utahpests.usu.edu/ipm/files/uploads/pptdocs/05sh-pesticides-new.pdf

http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/pesticide_applicator/Insecticide%20Resistance.pdf

Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance

Steve TothSteve TothSouthern Region IPM CenterSouthern Region IPM Center

Tom AndersonTom AndersonFMC CorporationFMC Corporation

Fred FishelFred FishelUF/IFASUF/IFAS

1. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (Carbamates, Carbaryl; Organophosphates, Malathion)2. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists (Cyclodiene organochlorines, chlordane; Phenylpyrazoles, Fipronil)3. Sodium channel modulators (Pyrethroids, Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin; DDT, Methoxychlor, DDT)4. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists (Neonicotinoids, Imidacloprid; Nicotine Nicotine; Sulfoxaflor, Sulfoxaflor5. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators (Spinosyns, Spinosad)6. Chloride channel activators (Avermectins, Abamectin; Milbemycins) 7. Juvenile hormone mimics (Juvenile hormone analogues, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb, Pyriproxyfen)8. Miscellaneous nonspecific (multi-site) inhibitors (Alky halides, Methyl bromide, Chloropicrin, Sulfuryl fluoride)9. Selective homopteran feeding blockers (Pymetrozine, Flonicamid)10. Mite growth inhibitors (Clofentezine)11. Microbial disruptor of insect midgut membranes (Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce;

Bacillus sphaericus)12. Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase (Diafenthiuron; Organotin miticides, Azocyclotin)13. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of proton gradient (Chlorfenapyr; Sulfuramid)14. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers (Nereistoxin analogues, Bensultap) 15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 (Benzoylureas, Diflubenzuron) 16. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 (Buprofezin)17. Moulting disruptor, Dipteran (Cyromazine)18. Ecdysone receptor agonists (Diacylhydrazines, Tebufenozide)19. Octopaminergic receptor agonists (Amitraz)20. Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors (Hydramethylnon)21. Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors (METI acaricides and insecticides, Fenpyroximate, Rotenone)22. Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers (Indoxacarb)23. Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase - Lipid synthesis, growth regulation (Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives,

Spirotetramat)24. Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors (Zinc phosphide, Cyanide)25. Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors (Beta-ketonitrile derivatives, Cyenopyrafen) 26. Vacant27. Vacant28. Ryanodine receptor modulators (Diamides, Chlorantraniliprole) 29. (UN) Compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action (Azadirachtin, Azadirachtin; Cryolite, Cryolite)

IRAC Insecticide ClassificationIRAC Insecticide Classification

Whitefly Insecticides Examples IRAC Active Ingredient

Nerve /Muscle poisons

Contact Carbamate Vydate 1A Restricted

Organophosphate Monitor 1B Restricted

Cyclodiene Thionex 1C End 2014 Restricted

Pyrethroid Mustang 2 Restricted

Systemic Neonicotinoids AdmireProvado

4A Imidacloprid Tolerance issues

ActaraPlatinum

4A Thiamethoxam

VenomScorpion

4A Dinotefuran

Assail 4A Acetamiprid

Diamides Coragen, Verimark*

28 Rynaxypyr, Cyazypyr

IPM for Potato

http://spudman.com/downloads/2012_SpudmanSurveyResults.pdf

Spudman Survey- January 2012

The top three potato varieties: • Russet Burbank• Yukon Gold• Norland

Our Healthy Grown sustainable Our Healthy Grown sustainable farmers work with ecologists, farmers work with ecologists, conservationists and University of conservationists and University of Wisconsin researchers to utilize and Wisconsin researchers to utilize and find better, less-invasive ways to find better, less-invasive ways to manage pests and invasive plants.manage pests and invasive plants.

~and~

Restore natural ecosystems, prevent Restore natural ecosystems, prevent erosion, support native plants and erosion, support native plants and animals, conserve quality water, and animals, conserve quality water, and improve potato production.improve potato production.

• RussetRusset• Round WhiteRound White• Round RedRound Red• Yellow FleshYellow Flesh• Blue & PurpleBlue & Purple

IPM PartnershipsIPM Partnerships

Page 30www.perishablesgroup.com

Detailed Findings 2004

When you purchase potatoes, what do you look for in your selection?

62%

53%

24%

16%12%

6% 6% 5%

14%

Price Appearance /Quality

Brand name Appealingpackaging or

label

Nutritioninformation

Signage onthe

shelf/display

Organic Coupon Other

Purchase intent increased when shoppers heard about the Healthy Grown concept: 81% of consumers indicated they were more likely to purchase Healthy Grown after hearing it was certified environmentally-friendly, WWF endorsed and “good for you and the environment”

Tox Score

Distribution of Toxicity Score

for all 90 Surveyed Growers in 1998

Nu

mb

er o

f G

ro

we

rs

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Std. Dev = 811.29

Mean = 2153

N = 90.00

10%

Eccounting System

Better Toxicity Score

xxxxxxx

Ecological Potato Standards for 2009

http://protectedharvest.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Healthy-Grown-Potato-Standard_01_09.pdf

Colorado Potato BeetlesWirewormsFlea BeetlesLeafhoppersAphidsCaterpillars

Root-knot nematode

Late BlightEarly BlightCorky Ringspot VirusRhizoctonia Stem Rot and Black ScurfBlack Leg

Pest Management Decisions Pest Management Decisions (14 points)(14 points)

Pesticides (avoided-always)Pesticides (avoided-always)

Strategy (IPM-pesticides only)Strategy (IPM-pesticides only)

Certified applicator (yes-no)Certified applicator (yes-no)

Equipment calibrated (yes-no)Equipment calibrated (yes-no)

Drift management plan (yes-no)Drift management plan (yes-no)

Field Management Decisions Field Management Decisions (43 points)(43 points)

Planting (4+ year rotation-no rotationPlanting (4+ year rotation-no rotation

Distance (>1/2-mile - <1/4-mileDistance (>1/2-mile - <1/4-mile

Planting (certified seed)Planting (certified seed)

Planting (consulted seed producer)Planting (consulted seed producer)

Remote sensing (photographyRemote sensing (photography

Remote sensing (satellite)Remote sensing (satellite)

Enhance biodiversity (buffers, windbreaks)Enhance biodiversity (buffers, windbreaks)

Harvest (soil temperature >45Harvest (soil temperature >45ooF)F)

Storage (no damaged potatoes)Storage (no damaged potatoes)

Scouting (61 Points)Scouting (61 Points)

1A-Method (observations-structured)1A-Method (observations-structured)

1B-Training (employee-crop advisor)1B-Training (employee-crop advisor)

1C-Additional Scouting (employee-crop advisor)1C-Additional Scouting (employee-crop advisor)

1D-Frequency (emergence-harvest1D-Frequency (emergence-harvest

1E-Purpose (monitor-reach threshold)1E-Purpose (monitor-reach threshold)

1F-Records (none-data analysis)1F-Records (none-data analysis)

1G- Bonus (geo-referencing)1G- Bonus (geo-referencing)

Insect Management (64 points)Insect Management (64 points)

Management prior to plantingManagement prior to planting

Bonus- Use beneficial insectsBonus- Use beneficial insects

IPM practices during the growing seasonIPM practices during the growing season

Bonus- manage habitatBonus- manage habitat

Colorado potato beetle managedColorado potato beetle managed

Potato leafhoppers managedPotato leafhoppers managed

Aphids managedAphids managed

6A. Which of the following practices did you use to manage insects prior to planting this year’s crop? (check all that apply)

•Culturally manage a potato insect pest (e.g. wireworm, European corn borer) in the crop planted prior to potatoes in this field. = 1 point

•Select resistant or tolerant varieties. = 1 point

•Avoid planting potatoes on fields adjacent to previous year's potatoes. = 3 points

•Avoid using similar chemical control tactics (e.g. systemics) on fields adjacent to the previous year's potatoes for a resistance management practice. = 2 points

6. Insect Management Section

6C. Which of the following practices did you use to manage insects during the growing season: (check all that apply)

•Adjust the planting date of the potatoes on this field in order to avoid insect problems. = 2 points•Select an insecticide based on preserving natural enemies. = 3 points•Manage the health of the crop to enhance its ability to with stand a degree of pest pressure. = 1 point•Plant trap crops (e.g. field edges) or use physical barriers (e.g., plastic-lined trenches) along field borders to slow the migration of Colorado potato beetles into this field. = 3 points•Use a fall trap crop (e.g. a strip of potatoes that are not vinekilled) to concentrate beetles for more efficient control of overwintering beetles. = 3 points•Avoid spraying for insects just before vinekill or harvest. = 1 point•Scout potatoes for insect pests at least weekly throughout the growing season in a systematic pattern. = 2 points•Keep field records on the density of each insect pest for long-term comparisons. = 2 points•Rotate chemistry families of insecticides specifically to avoid the emergence of resistance. = 3 point

6. Insect Management Section

Pesticide Use Lists

Toxicity Factors have four components: (1) acute mammalian toxicity, (2) chronic mammalian toxicity, (3) ecotoxicity, (4) impacts on beneficial organisms.

Maximum toxicity units: SS = 800 toxicity units per acre for the season. LS = 1200 toxicity units per acre for the season.

Application rate X toxicity value = toxicity units

Toxicity Units

Total toxicity units = all compounds sprayed during the growing season

Potential Threats to IPM Potential Threats to IPM SystemsSystems

Loss of pesticidesLoss of pesticides Offshore competitionOffshore competition Damaging weatherDamaging weather Population GrowthPopulation Growth EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism Government “assistance”Government “assistance”

Potential Threats to IPM Potential Threats to IPM SystemsSystems

Food borne illnesses Food borne illnesses Land availability and useLand availability and use Labor and immigrationLabor and immigration Water quality and quantity Water quality and quantity Higher operating costs (fuel)Higher operating costs (fuel) New plant pests and diseasesNew plant pests and diseases

http://ipm.ifas.ufl.eduhttp://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu

IPM FloridaIPM Florida provides statewide, interdisciplinary provides statewide, interdisciplinary and inter-unit coordination and assistance for and inter-unit coordination and assistance for

UF/IFAS integrated pest management research UF/IFAS integrated pest management research Extension and education facultyExtension and education faculty