CROP PRODUCTIVITY INDEX CPI SOIL ROOT SHOOT
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Transcript of CROP PRODUCTIVITY INDEX CPI SOIL ROOT SHOOT
CROP PRODUCTIVITY INDEXCPI
SOIL ROOT SHOOT
CROP YIELD
Tanah yg padat menghambat pertumbuhan akar (kanan)
Sumber: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/resources/soils/structure/compaction
Pemadatan tanah mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan tanaman. There are not enough pores or spaces in compacted soil to allow unrestricted root
movement, infiltration, drainage or air circulation.
The restricted roots are often unable to take up
sufficient water or nutrients from the soil.
Pertumbuhan tanaman terhambat dan hasilnya lebih rendah , terutama
selama periode kekeringan.
Lapisan Tanah padat tidak dapat
ditembus oleh akar tanaman
Effect of solution pH on soybean root growth (Sanzonowicz et al., 1998).
Sumber: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc541de/units/ch3/main3_4.html
pH larutan media tumbuh berpengaruh
terhadap pertumbuhan
pemanjangan akar kedelai.
Pemanjangan akar utama dan akar-akar
cabang meningkat eksponensial dengan
meningkatnya pH media tumbuhnya.
Influence of solution Al3+ on corn root growth at tasseling in two North Carolina Ultisols (Jallah and Smyth, 1998).
Sumber: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc541de/units/ch3/main3_4.html
Peningkatan konsentrasi Al dalam larutan
tanah menghambat pertumbuhan panjang akar
tanaman jagung.
Influence of exchangeable Al3+ on corn root growth in Oxisols and Ultisols (Gonzalez-Erico et al., 1979; Jallah and Smyth, 1998).
Sumber: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc541de/units/ch3/main3_4.html
Peningkatan kejenuhan Al dalam tanah
mengakibatkan hambatan
pertumbuhan panjang akar
tanaman, khususnya
pada kejenuhan Al di
atas 30%.
Influence of solution Ca from different sources on increasing root growth in wheat grown in a Ca deficient Oxisol.
Sumber: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc541de/units/ch3/main3_4.html
Pada tanah-tanah masam yang kaya Al3+ tukar, efek
toksisitas Al dapat dikurangi atau dicegah
dengan jalan meningkatkan konsnetrasi Ca2+ dalam larutan tanah. For example, Ritchie et al. (1983) added 0.1 cmol Ca2+
kg-1 to an Oxisol containing only 0.02 cmol Ca2+ kg-1, observing a 50%
increase in wheat root growth, independent of Ca
source
Efek Ca terhadap panjang akar utama tunggang tanaman
kedelai
(Sanzonowicz et al., 1998b).
Sumber: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc541de/units/ch3/main3_4.html
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Bagian-bagian akar tanaman, mulai dari bulu akar, epidermis, korteks, hingga
pembuluh Xilem.
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Bagian-bagian akar: Penampang longitudinal
i. MERISTEM UJUNG1. cell division 2. hormone (PGR) synthesis ii. TUDUNG AKAR1. geotropic response (senses gravity) also light 2. protection of apical meristem 3. facilitates penetration 4. synthesis and release of hormones
iii. ZONE PEMANJANGAN DAN DIFERENSIASI
iv. ZONE BULU AKAR1. 5-10 mm di belakang ujung akar2. Panjang, densitas dan umur bulu akar3. Bertahan hidup beberapa hari4. Dipengaruhi oleh hormon dan suplai hara
v. Pembentukan akar laeral dan pertumbuhan nya
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Faktor-faktor yg mempengaruhi pertumbuhan akar
1. Hormon-hormon dari tumbuhan dan mikroba tanah2. Unsur hara - Concept of compensatory growth-phloem unloading
increases where nutrients, water, etc. available.3. Air tanah - Loss of turgor required for cell elongation4. Mechanical impedance - Can't enter pores less than root tip diameter in
width5. Temperature - Optimum 20-25 degrees Celcius6. Aeration - Need 10-15% oxygen in the soil gas phase7. Calcium - Need at least about 15% of total cations8. Organic compounds - Some high molecular weight enhance root initiation
and elongation. Some low mw cpds at high conc can inhibit9. Microorganism - Inoculation usually inhibits root growth and root hair
formation, but some can stimulate by nutrient mobilizatioin, nitrogen fixatioin and synthesis of PGRs (hormones)
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Sistem akar tanaman kapri (Pisum arvense) yg
menunjukkan pertumbuhan akar yg lebat (proliferasi akar) akibat penempatan
pupuk P dan K 5 cm di samping benih dan 7-5 cm di
bawah permukaan tanah
(Cooke, 1954).
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Modifikasi bentuk akar tanaman barley (Hordeum vulgare) yg
diakibatkan oleh suplai nitrat (1-0 mM) di bagian tengah dari
salah satu sumbu akar; sedangkan di bagian lainnya
konsentrasi nitrat hanya 1/100 nya.
Photograph taken 15 days after treatment (Drew and Saker,
1975).
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Tipe-tipe Sistem Akar TanamanA - Shallow, spreading fibrous root system. B - fibrous root system penetrating the soil evenly
from 1 to 1.5 m. c - tap root system, in which main primary root penetrates soil 2.5 m or more. D - fibrous root system developed from adventilous roots growing at lower nodes of stem. E -
tap root system in carrot (Daucus carota).
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Sistem akar tanaman di daerah Prairie berumput-
pendek, setelah berlangsungnya periode
tahun dg surah hujan rata-rata (Hays, Kansas).
Al - Allionis lineraris, Ap - Aristida purpurea, Aps - Ambrosia psilostachya, Bd - Buchloe dactyloides, Bg - Bouteloua gracilis, Kg - Kuhnia glutinosa, Lj - Lygodesmia juncea, Mc - Malvastrun coccineum, Pt - Psoralia tenuiflora, Sm - Solidago mollis, Ss - Sideranthus spinulosus.
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Sistem akar tanaman di
suatu daerah setelah
berlangsungnya periode
tahun kering.
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Efek jumlah curah-hujan thd
kedalaman perakaran tanaman
gandum winter. (Tekstur tanah
Lempung berpasir halus
hingga Lempung berdebu di
daerah Great Plains)
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Laju pemanjangan akar tanaman kacangtanah
dan kapas sebagai fungsi dari kekuatan
tanah (resistensi
penetrasi akar).
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Sistem akar tanaman barley muda yang
tumbuh di lapangan pada tanah-tanah yang bobot isi (BI)
nya berbeda (Kiri ) BI = 1.35 g cm -3;
(kanan) BI = 1.50 g cm -3.
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Efek suhu-tanah di zone perakaran
terhadap morfologi akar
kentang dan pertumbuhan
batang kecambah kentang
(Sattelmacher et al., 1990)
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Pengaruh pH larutan hara
terhadap pemanjangan akar Lupinus
angustifolius dan Pisum sativum selama periode tumbuh 60 jam
(Tang et al., 1992)
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Efek ratio molaritas Ca/Total
kation dalam larutan tanah
terhadap pertumbuhan akar tanaman
kapas.
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Efek pengapuran subsoil masam (pH 4.6) thd pemanjangan akar tanaman kapas *
% massa tanah (subsoil )yg dikapur **
Jarak antara lapisan yg dikapur (cm) Panjang akar relatif
Tidka terbatas - 32
10 4.5 38
20 4.0 57
40 3.0 57
60 2.0 70
100 - 100
*Based on Pearson et al. (1973)**Application of the same dose, but differently distributed
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Root Growth and Development2001 Peter Graham and Deborah Allan
Sumber: http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil5611/content/RootGrowth_Development/index.htm
Aspects of the rhizosphere that may
influence the arrival of ions at the absorptive surface of the root.
The extent of the unstirred layer that surrounds roots in solution culture is
indicated.
Dalam lapisan ini, konsentrasi ion-ion
dapat dnagat berbeda dengan konsentrasinya
dalam larutan keseluruhan .
. Quercus ilex root growth in response to heterogeneous conditions of soil bulk density and soil NH4-N content
Elena Cubera, Gerardo Moreno, Alejandro Solla.Soil and Tillage Research. Volume 103, Issue 1, April 2009, Pages 16–22
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198708001724
Variation of fine root densities with depth
of Quercus ilex seedlings grown in soil with different
doses of NH4: control, 0.1, 0.25,
and 1 g NH4 L−1 soil.
Sebagian besar akar-akar halus tumbuh
dalam topsoil .
SHOOT-ROOT RELATIONSHIP
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429004001479
Physiological mechanisms of crop responses to soil compaction. The thickness of the lines reflect qualitatively the importance attributed to
each of the three major pathways. Pathway 1 involves direct root perception of soil hardness, and root
signals inducing reduction in shoot growth. Pathway 2 involves a strong, reinforcing loop of reduced shoot and root growth which is
mediated by impairment of the ability of root systems and canopies to capture resources.
Pathway 3 involves reductions in the efficiency in the use of resources, as exemplified by radiation-use efficiency (RUE) and transpiration
efficiency (TE).
Crop responses to compacted soil: capture and efficiency in the use of water and radiation
Víctor O. Sadras, Garry J. O’Leary, David K. Roget. Field Crops Research. Volume 91, Issues 2–3, 14 February 2005, Pages 131–148.
SHOOT-ROOT RELATIONSHIP
Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429004001479