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CIMMYT Eastern and Southern Africa On-Farm Research (OFR/FSR) Networking Workshop/ Network Reports No.l5 INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPROVEMENT CENTER CROP - LIVESTOCK INTERACTIONS IN ON-FARM RESEARCH Harare, Zimbabwe, June 27·30, 1988. Network Report No. 15 MAY 1989 CIMMYT Regional Office PO Box MP 154 Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe

Transcript of CROP - libcatalog.cimmyt.orglibcatalog.cimmyt.org/Download/cim/53291.pdf · INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND...

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CIMMYT Eastern and Southern Africa On-Farm Research (OFR/FSR) Networking Workshop/ Network Reports No.l5

INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPROVEMENT CENTER

CROP - LIVESTOCK INTERACTIONS

IN ON-FARM RESEARCH

Harare, Zimbabwe, June 27·30, 1988.

Network Report No. 15 MAY 1989

CIMMYT Regional Office PO Box MP 154 Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe

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CROP-LIVESTOCK INTERACTIONS

IN ON-FARM RESEARCH HARARE, ZIMBABWE JUNE 27-30, 1988

CONTENTS:

SECTION 1 Executive Summary

SECTION 2 Origins and Objectives of the Workshop

SECTION 3 Reports of Working Groups Concluding Discussion Session

SECTION 4 Summaries of Paper Contents and Discussions

Appendix I Appendix II Appendix Ill Appendix IV

List of Papers Presented List of Participants Workshop Programme List of Other Reports

PAGE 1

3

6 12

17

59 61 66 69

Network Report No.15 Nay 1989

CINNVT Regional Office P.O. Box MP 15" Harare. Zi•babwe

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SECTION 1

Executive Summary

This workshop was organised in response to requests by National Research Directors for more attention to be given by on-farm research teams to exploiting potential crop livestock interactions in the farming systems within which they work.

On-farm researchers from countries in Eastern and Southern AfriGa were brought together with members of International Agricultural Research Centres (CIMMYT, ILCA, ICRAF, WINROCK INTERNATIONAL) to exchange experiences with, and ideas on, exploiting crop/livestock interactions within the framework of on-farm research. The major findings and conclusions from the papers presented and discussions held are listed below

1. Most national programme on-farm research teams have not gone beyond describing crop/livestock systems and identifying existing interactions. Since in most cases livestock scientists are new members of OFR teams, there have been few livestock related trials.

2. International Research Centres often have different approaches to systems research and analysis. At the one extreme CIMMYT methodologies focus on marginal improvement of current systems while at the other ICRAF aims to develop regional and ecology wide research programmes designed to develop new production systems. These differences in approach are a source of some confusion for national researchers since they often look to international research centres for guidance on procedures to use in crop/livestock systems ~nd research.

3. Guidelines on how to conduct on-farm research with livestock are not as well developed as those for crop~. To this end ILCA needs to be encouraged to speed up the publication of its livestock research manual.

4. National on-farm research programmes should focus on the development and improvement of crop/livestock interactions which farmers are already exploiting in their farming systems. The research required to develop new systems or introduce large new components into existing systems is resource expensive and should be directed towards international project funding and staffing.

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5. On-farm research has the potential to describe and understand existing crop/livestock interactions and to suggest possibilities for the exploitation of new crop/livestock interactions. These potential interventions should be researched and developed by commodity teams and international centres, not by national on-farm research teams.

6. On-farm crop and livestock trjals must be kept simple. The quantification ·of indirect effects of interactions, though important to assess, should be done on-station by commodity teams, not on-farm.

1. The design of on-farm crop livestock trials needs to be directed more towards demonstrating differences to farmers, assessing changes in farmer resource allocations and judging the practicality of implementation, than to careful measurement of technical responses on small replicated plots in order to obtain statistically significant results.

8. On-farm research can contribute towards better exploitation of potential crop/livestock interactions but Research Directors of national programmes need to be prepared to do the following to facilitate this:

(a) strengthen on-farm research teams by providing appropriate (especially livestock) expertise and experience.

(b) recognise that the major contribution of on-farm research will be to identify possibilities for exploitation of crop/livestock interactions in specific and locatised situations.

(c) require commodity teams to base part of their research agendas on the findings of on-farm research teams.

(d) not require on-farm research teams to measure the extent of technical effects of crop/livestock interactions, but to test systems' feasibility and farmer acceptance of proposed interventions.

9. Better exploitation of potential crop/livestock interactions is not a matter for on-farm research teams alone. It requires close collaboration between on-farm research, national commodity research and international research projects.

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SECTION 2

Origins ~nd Ob~ectives of the Workshop

This workshop was organised in response to expressed need by a number of Agricultural Research Directors in Eastern and Southern Africa for more interchange of information and knowledge on the subject of crop/livestock interactions in systems based research and extension.

Some of the factors influencing this felt need include the following:-

1) there has been a distinct crop bias in on-farm systems research programmes.

2) this crop bias has operated within small farm systems where livestock ,are an important component.

3) most extension messages for crops and livestock are quite separate and may even be conflicting.

4) given that many farmers are managing crop/livestock systems in an integrated way, there is an intuative feeling that potential must exist to exploit the interactions that exist between crops and livestock.

Directors of Research and Extension have been disappointed in their expectations from the implementation of systems based on-farm research programmes, particularly with respect to the lack of integrated crop/livestock research proposals that have come out of on-farm problem diagnosis and trial implementation. This disappointment may have to do with one or a combination of the following.

a) Methodologies and procedures developed for crops systems research are not compatible with livestock systems research and therefore one does one or the other, but not both together.

b) There may not be fundamental differences in methdologies, but there are in fact few opportunities at the field level for exploiting interactions, either because of the structure of the farming systems, or because farmers do not manage their crops and livestock systems in an integrated way.

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c) Neither of the above is the case and in fact opportunities have been found to conduct useful integrated crop/livestock research and other on-farm researchers should be able to draw on these experiences to better satisfy the expectations of their directors.

In order to develop field level experience on these possible scenarios, participants were invited to prepare papers on either:

(a) Diagnosis of production problems in crop/livestock systems.

(b) Identification of research opportunities and implementation and management of an integrated crop/livestock research programme.

Most of the papers submitted covered topic (a) and in order to orient discussion on implementation as well as descriptive issues, a group assignment was developed in which participants were asked to design a research programme aimed at testing/exploiting crop/livestock interactions.

Each day of the workshop had a specific objective and the presentations and groups were arrranged accordingly.

The objective of Day 1 was to look at concepts and methods of systems research focussing on (a) crops, (b) agroforestry and (c)livestock. An example of livestock systems research needs and the implementation of an on-farm research programme in Zimbabwe was also presented. Discussion focused on conceptual and methodological issues with particular attention given to the compatibility of crop, agroforestry and livestock systems research. A group assignment to design an integrated crop/livestock on-farm programme was given to participants, who worked on this in the last session of the day.

Day 2 focussed on issues related to the problem of conducting on-farm research with livestock. ILCA presented ideas about the difficulties and gave an overview of the content of their on-farm livestock research manual and study into crop/livestock interactions in sub saharan Africa. Two examples from the region were selected to illustrate how on-farm research has been implemented. An afternoon field trip to a small dairy and milk marketing scheme run by Dairy Marketing Board gave participants a chance to see a crop/livestock development project in operation.

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Day 3 focused on issues of integrated on-farm crop livestock research. A Winrock project illustrated how this integration can take place and the types of results that may be generated. Three examples from the region were also presented. In the final session groups reported back on their assignment to design an integrated crop/livestock research programme.

A final wrap-up discussion session on the lessons learned from the workshop concluded the proceedings.

Section 3 of the report (following) summarises the findings of the group working sessions and of the final wrap-up discussions. It pulls together many of the threads woven by the various papers presented by participant on their experiences with intergrated crop/livestock on-farm research.

Section 4 of the report present a brief summary of all the papers and of the discussion following each in order of the presentation at the workshop. Copies of the full papers will be made available on request for those requiring the full text.

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SECTION 3

Rep~rts ~f W~rk;ng Gr~uos and F;nal o;scuss;on Sess;ons

3.1 Introduction

Participants were invited to present papers outlining their experiences with either:

(a) diagnosis of production problems in crop/livestock systems;

or

(b) implementation of on-farm research activities aimed at exploiting crop/livestock interactions.

Most of the papers selected topic (a). Thus in order to facilitate discussion around the design and implementation issues, one of these descriptive papers was used as a case study and participants were asked to design an on-farm research programme aimed at exploiting crop/livestock interactions in the case study area: Lundazi in the, Eastern Province of Zambia. (the full text of the paper is included in Section 4, page 25).

3.2 The Case Study Area

Lundazi is at an elevation of 1100 to 1900 m above sea level and receives well distributed rainfall of about 1000 mm over a 5-6 month single growing season. The soils are mostly sandy clay loams. A traditional usufruct land tenure system prevails whereby households are allocated use rights to arable land. Grazing land, forests etc are communally owned and used.

Maize is the major crop and is intercropped with beans, groundnuts and pumpkins on about 80% of the cultivated area. The maize/beans intercropping may be practiced for ten years continually before the land is rested. Yields of between one and two tons per hectare of maize are achieved. Hybrid seed and inorganic fertilisers are commonly used to maintain fertility. Labour and draught are the most limiting resources for farm households. Almost all the land is prepared by oxen but only 56% of households own their own draught animals. The average area cultivated per season is 3.5 hectares but varies according to access of oxen for ploughing,

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Generally cattle are not given supplementary feed during the dry season. They rely largely on in-situ crop residues and other browse material available. Calving rate is about 60% but calf survival to one year is only about 45%. The majority of calves are born during the dry season (May -September). Calf mortality is highest in the wet season and most deaths are attributed to East Coast fever (50%) and Black Water (23%). Adult mortality is approximately 4% but in some years rises to as high as 12% mainly due to Trypanosomiasis.

3.3 The Groupwork Assignment

Three groups were each given the following assignment: You have been assigned to the on-farm research (OFR) team in Lundazi. Your director of research has asked you to develop proposals for an integrated crop/livestock research ' programme. The major aim is to test crop and livestock interventions that exploit potential interventions and are likely to have the greatest impact on the productivity of the system. You may decide that the best opportunities for improving the productivity of the system are likely to come from crop or livestock interventions that do not involve much in the way of crop/livestock interactions. If this is the case, you should still design an integrated research programme but state why you consider that crop or livestock specific interventions would have been a better choice.

You are required to report back to plenary on the following:

1. List three or four problem areas which you regard as the major ones in the crop/livestock system.

2. Define each problem in terms of target groups.

3. For each problem area indicate, (1) what further information you need to define more clearly the extent and importance of the problem and, (ii) the implications of potential interventions to the system.

4. For the problem area selected identify a list of potential interventions and list them under the following headings:

Crops Specific Livestock Specific Potential Interactions

5. Select two interventions under the Potential Interactions heading. For each selected intervention:

a) provide a problem statement which indicates how productivity is being constrained in the system.

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b) state the specific hypotheses to be tested and give details of the research activities you will implement to test the hypotheses.

c) for any trials give a description of the trial design:

treatments types and numbers of farmers involved. data to be collected and methods of

collection methods to be used to evaluate the trials.

3.4 Results of Group Working Sessions

The three groups identified a similar set of major problems limiting the productivity of the system. These are given below. ·

1 •

2.

3.

Major Problems Identified

Labour bottlenecks at peak time in the cropping season

Low soil fertility due to continuous cropping and low use of inorganic fertilisers and manure

Lack of draught power leading to late planting and untimely crop production operations

No of Groups Reporting

3

3

3

4. Poor nutrition of cattle in the dry season 2

3.4.1 Potential Solutions Exploiting Crop/Livestock Interactions.

There was no consensus as to which potential solutions exploited crop/livestock interactions and which did not fall into this category. If one takes a loose and indirect definition of an interaction, most interventions could be said to have implications for both crops and livestock in the case study systems.

The groups designed four on-farm trials with fairly direct crop/livestock interactions. Two of the trials addressed the question of soil fertility and the other two focussed on cattle nutrition through the dry season.

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Each designed trial will be described briefly followed by a summary of the discussion that followed each groups presentation.

Trial 1 Use of Manure to Improve Soil Fertility in Maize Production.

Problem Statement: Continuous maize cropping is leading to low soil nutrient status and few farmers are applying inorganic fertilizer at the recommended rates.

Hypotheses: Application of cattle manure would be an economically viable alternative to both inorganic fertilisation at the recommended rate and no inorganic fertilisation.

Trial Description: 2 x 2 factorial in randomised complete block design with 2 replications on 4 sites (farmer fields).

Experimental factors: Factor

Manure Compound fertiliser

Non Experimental Factors:

Discussion

Levels

7.5 tons/ha, Recommended,

At farmer levels

Zero. Zero,

The group was asked what types of information they would have to collect in order to be able to confirm their hypotheses on the economics of manure application.

It became clear that some of the costs associated with manure application would be difficult to measure, especially the labour costs of carting and spreading the manure. It was suggested that one reason farmers do not use manure more now was because of the extra labour required for digging and carting. It was therefore essential to measure the extra labour requirement. It was then suggested that the proposed plot size of 30m2 would be too small from which to obtain accurate labour input information.

The direct crop-livestock interaction aspects·were clear in· that a key crop input came from the livestock enterprise. Indeed questions were raised about the extent of this potential exploitable interaction. Low cattle numbers led to

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shortage of manure and it was suggested that cattle numbers set a limit set on the impact of the suggested intervention.

Some of the groups argued that increases in maize yields through manuring would result in more crop residues, better dry season cattle nutrition and hence more manure (eventually). 'This would not necessarily be the case unless management of the crop residues changed. Hence these indirect interactions were thought to be somewhat tenuous and certainly not testable under the present trial.·

Other groups argued that more direct ways of increasing cattle numbers was required first (see subsequent trials). Such interventions could be seen as having crop implications through increasing the opportunity for utilising manure to increase soil fertility. Even then effects of overstocking could negate the efforts to increase manure.

Trial 2 Improvement of Soil N Status to Increase Crop Yields

The second trial aimed at improving soil fertility was designed on the basis of the hypothesis that improving crop yields would increase grain and stover production and that this would have a multiplier effect through the system via improved cattle nutrition etc.

While the hypothesis of the second trial more explicitly stated how crop/livestock interactions were expected to be exploited, the design and treatments were essentially the same as for Trial 1.

Discussion

Apart from questions on technical aspects such as whether manure would do much for Soil N, the main question raised by this trial was "what makes it different than straight component research on increasing crop yields?-

The answer tended to be in terms of following through on the potential interaction beneifts. But then the question was raised as to how these interaction benefits might be measured and how essential it was to measure them. Since farmers would basically respond to the direct benefits. Increased maize yields and positiv~ gross benefits from this yield increase is what adoption or non adoption would depend on. The indirect benefits (increased stover, better cattle dry season feeding, fitter ploughing oxen etc) would be heavily discounted by farmers because of both time and community dilution factors.

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Trials 3 & 4 Improvement of Stover for dry season cattle feeding.

Problem Statement:

Poor winter nutrition leads to poor herd performance and also leads to reduced crop production through lower supplies of manure and draft.

Hypothesis:

More efficient use can be made of exisiting stover supplies by treatment, mixing with legumes or addditional supplementation.

Experimental Factors:

Stover on its own Stover and groundnut hay Stover and supplement Stover and urea

Response variables to be measured:

Discussion

cattle weight gains quantity and quantity of ploughed land body scores calf performance production manure

These trials set out to quantify some of the direct interaction benefits from improved dry season feeding such as quality and quantity of ploughed land.

It was suggested that, for the evaluation of the trial, it was necessary to go beyond measuring animal weight gains, since farmers were unlikely to invest in improved feeding just to obtain heavier cattle. However~it was also acknowledged that the need to measure response variables such as draught performance, calf performance and manure production made these trials very complex. Given this complexity the question of whether such trials ~hould be conducted on-farm was raised. Most felt that·on-farm trials needed to be kept as simple as possible with easily estimated response varibale from 2-4 different treatments.

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3.5 Concluding Discussion Session

Given that the major objective of the workshop was to respond to National Directors of Research concern for greater exchange of information on crop/livestock interaction in on-farm research, this final session set out to ask what had been learned from the exchanges over the last 2 days. Three areas of experience were reviewed.

3.5.1 Potential for Exploiting Interactions in Crop/Livestock Systems.

Did the experience indicate a large untapped potential or was this limted and variable? It was suggested that in some systems (eg Kenya Highlands) the potential for exploiting crop/livestock interactions was much greater than in others (e.g. Eastern Province, Zambia).

Two critical issues were put forward. The first had to do with the technical potential. Where biological potential was high there were better opportunities for exploiting crop/livestock interactions. For example, if fodder crops grew well with little fertilisation the potential for crop/livestock interactions was good. If moisture was not limiting so that major food crops could be intercropped with forages a similar potential existed.

The second critical issue had to do with farmers' perceptions and objectives. If land and livestock feed were scarce, farmers would be interested in intensive feed production and animal management possibilities. Farmers had to perceive the value of exploiting interactions and this would generally only be the case when there was a compelling need for a crop or livestock by-product. Farmers will not devote resources to exploiting interactions for the sake of doing so. The gains must more then compensate the cost.

A question was posed as to whether crop/livestock interactions were always positive. It was agreed that some may not be as for example the arable/grazing clash. But researchers would seek to exploit the positive interactions and in most integrated crop/livestock systems potential positive interactions existed. The critical question is which of these are worth exploiting.

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3.5.2 How Should Research Programmes be Designed to find and Evaluate Positive Interactions that are Worth Exploiting?

Papers were invited from CIMMYT, ICRAF, ILCA and WINROCK on these centres' concepts of on-farm research with special reference to crop/livestock interactions.

The CIMMYT approach to on-farm research is based on seeking ways to improve current production in local specific farming systems. This is done through detailed investigation of existing production and testing of a single or a few interventions. It aims at improving system productivity by a stepwise progression from the existing situation.

This contrasts quite markedly with the schemes presented by ICRAF which take a broader geographic (regional) and system (ecology-wide) perspective. Their approach aims at developing appropriate packages for given land use systems based on knowledge about the agro-ecological and economic resource bases. This implies a broad-based holistic approach which seeks to develop entirely new systems of production that better exploit existing resources and crop/livestock agro-forestry interventions than existing systems do.

The Winrock experience and ILCA approaches come somewhere between these two extremes. For example ILCA has done much work on establishing new animal cultivation methods for vertisols, which open up opportunities for new cropping patterns. WINROCK work in Western Kenya has demonstrated that a long term well-staffed and funded research programme in a high-potential location can develop appropriate new crop/livestock packages including new livestock breeds,, new feed crops and new management methods.·

Participants recognised the distinction between approaches aimed at marginal improvements and those· aimed at development of entirely new systems. However, they found it difficult to define the boundary between the two.

One aspect that seemed clear was that national research· systems, largely because of limited funds, did not have the capacity to follow the more holistic.system development research approaches. This was something that would be best left to international centres such as ICRAF and WINROCK. Even these expressed concern

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about shortage of resources to conduct broad based crop/livestock systems research.

However, national research programmes could utilise approaches aimed at marginal improvement of existing production systems. These approaches had the added advantage of promising payoffs in the shorter term, though the impacts may be more limited.

3.5.3 How Can the Benefits of Crop/livestock Interactions be Evaluated?

Based on group presentations of proposed crop/livestock trials, two types of evaluation could be distinguished:

(a) Direct, eg use of manure to improve soil fertility

(b) Direct and indirect, eg improved animal nutrition leading to better animal performance and better crop production.

It was suggested that on-farm research be kept simple and that no attempt should be made to measure second and third level effects of a technical change on-farm. Rather the likely extent of the secondary and tertiary effect could be established on station. Based on the results, this intervention may or may not be taken to the farm. At the farm level the emphasis should be on establishing how the intervention fits into the existing system, how farmers are able to manage it, what benefits farmers value most and farmers' overall response to the intervention.

This implies a change in the approach adopted by rersearch scientists in designing on-farm trials. Small replicated plots and- careful measurement of technical response variables must give way to designs which allow farmers to recognise differences, enable researchers to judge changes in farmer resource allocations and identify potential implementation problems.

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3.5.4. What Have Been the Major Problems or Constraints Identified in Relation to Crop/Livestock Interactions Research?

Three types of problems were identified:

(a) Methodological (see sections 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 above)

(b) Systems related. Some interactions need community-wide change and acceptance for implementation to occur. Many potential interventions concerning improved nutrition and grazing of cattle have this community element. Motivation and organization of communities has been more of an extension than a research activity in the past. It is difficult enough to reorganise communities to implement a proven technology such as rotational grazing. It will be even more difficult to do so to test a potentially beneficial new technique/system.

(c) Institutional

In some countries (eg. Tanzania) different crop and livestock research organisations exist. Even when crops and livestock are in the same research organization the research programmes of the crops and livestock divisions are very often unrelated.

3.5.5 Concluding Comments

On-farm research (OFR) has a strong role to play in identifying opportunities for exploiting crop/livestock interactions. This should be its major contribution. However this requires having both crop and livestock specialists in on-farm research teams. Also OFR is still relatively new and has yet to be taken seriously by many commodity researchers. Thus ideas about opportunities for crop/livestock interactions may not be heeded by many commodity researchers.

If national research directors are serious about using on-farm research to better exploit crop/livestcok interactions, they must be prepared:

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(a) to strengthen OFR teams with appropriate disciplinary expertise.

(b) to recognise that the major contribution of OFR research teams will be to identify possibilities for exploiting crop/livestock interventions at local levels.

{c) to require commodity teams to base their component research on the findings of on-farm research teams.

(d) not to require OFR teams to measure the extent of technical effects of crop/livestock interactions but to test system feasibility and farmer acceptance of proposed interventions.

At the international level broader based holistic systems research programmes must be the major source of new technical opportunities (new livestock breeds, new crops, new management methods, new tools and equipment, new crop/livestock mixes). Expansion of the availability of such new components and systems will provide commodity researchers with greater potential for responding to the opportunities identified by the OFR teams.

Exploitation of crop/livestock interactions is not a matter for OFR teams alone. However, they have a vital role to play because with them in place the possibility of discovering opportunities that might be exploited are much greater. To capitalize on this opportunity, on-farm and commodity research programmes in national systems must work closely together and they in turn need to be serviced by systems research at the international level.

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SECTION 4

SUMMARIES OF PAPER CONTENTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Crop Svstems Rese~rch Overv;ew of the CIMMVT Appro~ch

S R Waddington. CIMMYT, P 0 Box MP 154, Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe

On-farm research aims to increase the productivity of farm enterprises and raise farm income and security by identifying technical constraints to production (Diagnosis), and developing solutions to those problems with farmers physical, biological and socio-economic circumstances in mind (Planning). Finally, these solutions are tested by experiments situated on farmers' fields (Experimentation), and the results evaluated using farmer criteria and objectives (Assessment and Recommendation).

Diagnosis may start with a review of existing background/secondary data on the target area, followed by an informal survey. Finally, a formal survey focusses on prioritising research opportunities. This phase may overlap with experimentation as researchers refine their understanding of the farming system.

Information gathered during diagnosis is used in planning, i.e. detailed definition of problems, their ranking in importance and their relationship to causes. At this stage possible solutions are mooted and screened, and the promising ones are incorporated into the experimental program. In addition to experimental work, planning may· also include teaching of farmers in the use of a technology, generation of information for use on on-station research or provision of data, evidence and analysis to agricultural policy makers.

OF experiments progress from diagnostic trials, through exploratory trials, determinative trials, verification trials to demonstrations. In. these trials, done on farmers'· fields, measured responses e.g. grain yeild are-used as indicators of improvements in crop system productivity. Experiments have the same basic designs and implementation procedures as on-station agronomic experiments.

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Agronomic, statistical, and economic analyses make up the assessment which also include farmers'views on treatment performance.

Technologies that have been tried and tested are then demonstrated to farmers, and extension services are very important during this recommendation phase.

As CIMMYT has had very little or no experience with livestock research, only an academic discussion can be held as to how compatible the approach can be with livestock OFR.

Unlike in crops where diagnosis can be narrowed down, livestock have multiple outputs (milk, meat, hides, manure and draught) and so there is need to have a broader view of livestock OFR. As livestock production problems have repercussions throughout a system and are intertwined with other cropping problems in the farming system it is difficult to differentiate between causes and effects.

CIMMYT planning and experimentation procedures are most suitable to crops and not livestock. Each crops trial may look at only one problem or even one solution for a target group of farmers and assessment is generally of one output. Experimental design, management and data collection are more difficult for livestock than crops as animals are mobile. Replication and control may be difficult given too few animals and a large range of ages and conditions. Other problems that may be encountered include longer-term research needed on some aspects (e.g. reproductive rate and growth studies) and value placed on animals (cattle are expensive hence farmers are often reluctant to let

·researchers use them).

Discussion .·

E Shumba (Question)

G Sempeho (Answer)

Methodologies for crops are short-term because.of the economic environment changes. How do you take the time framework into account in livestock research.

Projects are foreign funded, have specific terms of reference and focus on certain issues. This often hampers smooth running of integrated on-farm research.

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V Rutunga (Question)

S Waddington (Answer)

A Sheikh (Comment)

Farmers are constrained by many factors, some of which are institutional. Do you take that into account?

We take into account the institutional factors that exist and results from OFR can influence policies on institional issues. Farmers may forego the adoption of technologies because of lack of institutional support. The implications in terms of potential production increases lost can be quantified through OFR and presented to policymakers.

Linkage is also a problem e.g. in Somalia research and extension are two different institutions and there is no extension of livestock per se. There is therefore a need to link crop/livestock research and also to link research and extension.

ICRAF's Research and Collaborat;ve Strategy w;th Nat;onal Inst;tut;ons

M Avila and D N Ngugi Agroforestry Project, Makoka Agricultural Research Station, Private Bag 3, Thondwe, Malawi.

Project Content

The paper describes the conceptual framework of agroforestry research and the progress achieved to date by Collbaorative Programs (COLLPRO) a division of ICRAF in collaboration with National, Regional, and International institutions. It highlights selected issues of interdisplinary research in agroforestry systems. COLLPRO is assisted by the Research Development and the Information and Communication Divisions in ICRAF.

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Project Description

The main aim is to develop tehcnologies to solve farmers' problems in specific ecological zones, using a systems approach. The research process begins with diagnosis and design in order to identify agroforestry potential and opportunities to exploit them. This is followed by trials usually on-station but frequently on the farmers' fields. Subsequent evaluation and extension provide feedback into design and testing.

Project Findings

Problems that have been identified include low management and yields of (annual and perennial) crops. These result in low soil fertility, low livestock produc~ivity, insufficient and poor quality firewood and building materials resulting from rapid deforestation, and competition for labour between livetsock herding and cropping.

To solve these, hedgerows intercropping, boundary planting, fodder banks, trees on grass strips/terraces, improved fallow, mixed intercropping and living fences are some of the technologies put forward by scientists working in both bimodal and unimodal rainfall environments. Progress has also been reported in screening Multi-Purpose Trees (MPTs) for specific land uses, and in evaluating MPTs under improved management.

Recommendations to improve the impact of agroforestry include a multi-disciplinary approach to agroforestry, committment by policymakers and researchers, strengthening of leadership of research teams and establishment of meaningful inter-institutional linkages.

Discussion

G Sempeho (Question)

M Avila (Answer)

We are informed that ICRAF's mandate is the provision of advisory service to national agroforestry programs. Could you comment on the ICRAF research station at Machakos in Kenya?

Yes, we are an advisory unit, but the forty-hectare research station was established so that we could carry out on-station experiments and demonstrate new methodologies. It enables the scientist to get a feel

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of how the system works and it is also a major site for screening and evaluation of MPTs for specific agroecological zones.

B Mombeshora (Question) What has been the response to the agroforestry campaign in the different zones?

M Avila (Answer)

L Ngwira (Question)

M Avila (Answer)

A Low (Question)

M Avila (Answer)

National institutions have been very responsive to agroforestry and there is ready donor support for sustainability. However, at the moment, agroforestry does not have much to deliver to national programs as a lot of hypotheses await verification.

I am worried about the sustainability of the agroforestry programs after ICRAF pulls out. For example, how sustainable is the agroforestry unit in Malawi once ICRAF pulls out?

Only when we have delivered the goods of agroforestry can we be assured of donor funding. There is also need to train more people so that at least some of them remai~ committed in spite of these problems.

You have mentioned two approaches that you use, namely improving the current system and developing new systems. Do you follow different approaches in persuading farmers to adopt improvement to their current systems compared to introducing totally new systems.

The two approaches are not mutually exclusive. The approach used depends on what the researcher intends to change in the existing system. The steps employed in on-farm research by CIMMYT are more difficult in agroforestry because of multiple outputs.

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L;vest~ck On-Farm Research ;n z;mbabwe and s~me Aspects of ;t Related to Crop Product; on

H Hamudikuwanda Henderson Research Station P Bag 2004, Mazowe, Zimbabwe

Project Context

The paper reviews OFR in communal farming areas of Zimbabwe by the Department of Research and Specialist Services

Project Description

Monitoring studies in Chivi and Mangwende are information given the problems encountered in namely control of units, farmer perception of sizes and problems with handling facilities. have been done on-station.

Project Findings

main source of 1 ivestock risk, herd Most studies

Research has shown varying levels of importance bf different classes of livestock. Cattle rearing is a residual activity and cattle are important as wealth for rituals and as sources of draft power, milk and manure. It has been hypothesised that low protein and energy availabi.lity reduce performance of draft animals, adversely aff~cting crop production

Constraints to livestock production have been attributed to inadequate feed, but no study has verified this. This may well be due to other factors such as land tenure discouraging investment in livestock. Grazing schemes, though current favourites, give only a twenty_-five per cent increase in carrying capacity and are likely to be limited by fertility and cost of fertilisers required. There is also need to screen suitable legumes by both crop and livestock scientists. Other suggestions singled out for further work include intercropping, overplanting and thinning, stripping and use of crop residues.

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Discussion

C Kamau (Question) Is crop production practical on a communal basis in Zimbabwe's communal areas?

B Mombeshora (Answer) Arable holdings are used individually but land belongs to the state and so the communal farmer cannot sell the peice of land allocated to him.

(M Avila & D Mbewe helped clarify the distinction between arable holdings and grazing areas under communal land tenure system in Zimbabwe).

W Mwenya (Question) What guarantee does the government have that if cattle numbers increase, the offtake percentage is going to increase?

H Hamudikuwanda (Answer) We assume that if the number of livestock especially cattle is increased, then the many uses of livestock are satisfied and selling is one of them.

L Motjope (Question) How can we advocate increased cattle numbers, yet there are complaints of low productivity due to constraints imposed by overgrazing.

H Hamudikuwanda (Answer) I agree. Unless those constraints are alleviated, then increasing cattle numbers will not solve the problems.

A Low (Comment) Getting statistically significant results with OFR even with crops is difficult and is yet more difficult with livetsock. There are problems of multiple uses and farmers perception of the utility of improving cattle condition through better feeding. We should perhaps think in terms of designing trials. which allow us the opportunity to get maximum feedback from farmers and base evaluation on farmer assessments rather than collecting

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T Smith (Comment)

the finer details we need for statistical analyses.

An example is work done in Nigeria on ammonia treatment of crop residues. The trial was judged by the number of farmers who opted for the trial in the following year. This is one way of evaluating OFR. ,

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FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN ZIMBABWE: DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN COMMUNAL AREA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

B.G. Mombeshora Head of the Farming Systems Research Unit. Department of Research and Specialist Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement. P.O. Box 8108, Causeway, Harare. Zimbabwe.

ProJect Context

The paper presents an historical account and description of the Farming Systems Research Unit (FSRU), its objectives, organisation, procedures and research programme.

Project Description

The FSRU was instituted in 1982 as a response to the need to link crop and livestock OFR. The FSRU has resident teams operating in Mangwende, a high potential region and Chivi, a low potential region, plus a core team stationed in Harare.

Surveys carried out in 1982 provide the ~perational framework for the FSRU. Possible technological interventions largely on herbage· legumes, fodder trees (leucaena), crop selective residue feeding were started in 1986 and continue to date.

Discussion

C. Mwenya: (Question) Should researchers introduce new technologies, such as the use of urea, without, as currently is the case, enough institutional support for these technologies, or should we improve the existing technologies?.

B.G. Mombeshora (Answer) The introduction of new technologies is not a negative thing as long as the technology does not conflict.with the farmers' objectives. Any new technologies which fail to take cognisance of the farmer's

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M. Avila (Question)

A. Sempeho (Comment)

objectives will have a much smaller impact.

What kind of analysis do we need in order to evaluate the feasibility of the technology to the farmer? In livestock research, the evaluation of trials is different. We should be able to design experiments in livestock OFR based on evaluation through farmer response.

Observations and formal surveys should be taken into account when evaluating these OFR trials. We should not stick only to the conventional economic and statistical analyses. Also, more time is required to evaluate OFR results and it is important to look at results in the context of the whole system.

DIAGNOSIS OF PRODUCTION PROBLEMS IN CROP/LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS: MWASE CATTLE DEVELOPMENT AREA, LUNDAZI., ZAMBIA

Mr R Kwalampa, Eastern Province, Department ~f Agriculture, P.O.Box 510046, Chipata, Zambia

1. INTRODUCTION

Mwase Cattle Development Area is one of six Cattle Development Area Programmes in Zambia. It was conceived in 1977 and approved for implementation during the third National Development Plan commencing in 1979. This programme was to concentrate on defined areas where development was most needed and investment would achieve the greatest effect.

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2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME

The following were the objectives of the project as the time of its conception in 1977.

"The primary objective of the programme is to develop the local cattle industry in specific areas where there are already a lot of cattle, and to improve their rate of production to a level which is technically possible within the constraints of the local natural resources this target, is is estimated will involve approximately doubling the present average rate of production. The strategy to be employed to attain this objective will be firstly a concerted attack upon reproduction constraints and upon the causes of calf mortality; secondly, to create conditions favourable to the growth of co-operatives cattle enterprises on a village or village group basis, since it is considered that some form of co-operation is, in the final analysis , absolutely and technically essential if the higher levels of beef husbandry efficiency are to be attained in communal grazed traditional herds" (MAWD, 1977).

The 1983 Cattle Development Area Co-ordinators report recommended that the objectives of the project should include an extension programme directed towards the whole farming system which meant attention to crop production as well among others. Animal draught power and testing of ox-equipment has also been included. Maize/legume trials have been of maize stover for dry season grazing and the improvement of soil fertility by pasture legumes

3. PROJECT SURVEYS ON AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Baseline data on farmers priorities, activities and levels of production was established through formal and informal surveys conducted in the Mwase CDA and Lundazi District between 1981 and 1983. _ This was for the purpose of assisting the development of strategies to improve production and monitoring progress of the project. The surveys identified crop and animal_ production systems and established the inter relationship between these two elements of the whole farm system.

The demographic, land use, resources and crops agronomy aspects were combined in a survey designed by the EPAD Project Evaluation Unit and conducted between March and

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April, 1983 by the agricultural economist attached to the Mwase CDA Project.

Four villages in Mwase CDA were selected at random and 10 households were selected at random within each village. Yields were recorded in July/August, 1983.

In November and December 1983 a livestock survey was conducted by the EPAD Project Evaluation Unit in the same four CDA villages together with five randomly selected non - CDA villages in Lundazi District to establish:

(i} The socio-economic importance of all livestock types within and outside the CDA.

(ii) Livestock management practices of the area and the constraints to improved livestock production.

To supplement these quantitative assessments, informal surveys were conducted in the sampled villages.

4. Results

For the purpose of this paper only the findings that point out production constraints/problems in this crop/livestock system are presented under various sub headings.

4.1 Farm Resources

The surveys found that resources of sampled farmers varied quite substantially within and between villages. The average house-hold had 6.35 persons, 37% of whom (15-45 years) were available to participate in farm work.

The family average for main cultivated area was 3.92 ha. comprising 2.2 gardens of 1.78 ha each. Each garden was further divided into 2.32 plots of 0.11 ha each. This gave an average 1.67 ha per adult. This degree of fragmentation did not significantly alter with increased cultivated area.

· Ox-ridgers were owned by 58% of the sample, 30% owned an ox-drawn plough and 23% owned an ox-cart. Some 30% of farmers put land availability as a major constraints of increased production.

Four categories of farmers have been identified from the survey and some data in these categories are shown below:

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Farmer Size Farmers Av. Working Farmers Avai 1 Farmers Category Class No. Cult Oxen/ With labour hiring

(ha) Area ha. Oxen % /ha. labour % ------------------------------------------------------------1 0-1.99 13 1.33 0.4 31 1.7 30 2 2-3.99 17 2.97 0.4 47 0.9 35 3 4-5.99 9 4.74 0.4 67 0.9 56 4 6.0+ 5 7.38 0.8 100 0.6 62 ------------------------------------------------------------Category 1. · Traditional subsistence hand cultivation

Category 2. Hand/ox hirer-semi improved, emerging as an improved grower and hiring oxen to expand his area but retaining a large proportion of traditional farming methods.

Category 3. Ox hirer/owner improved - transitional between the ox hirer and ox owner using improved. techniques of production

Category 4. Ox owner/improved - using mostly improved technology but not necessarily the full package of techniques complementing the technology. The larger farmers are the most credit worthy and generally receive extension visits but 42% of farmers consider lack of capital a major constraint to increased production. Category 4 farmers hire out oxen for ploughing only after they have used them and then only in return for seasonal labour from the hirer at critical times of the crop calendar

4.2 Cropping

Land is historically cropped for at least 3 to 4 years before fallow in a predomintly continuous local maize system intercropped with beans, groundnuts and pumpkins. Since the early seventies hybrid maize and sunflower cash crops have been introduced into the system and in some areas land shortages have incieased and cropping periods of up to 10 years, are common again with few breaks from maize cultivation.

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The table shows yields of various crops in kg/ha.

CROP AREA

Hybrid maize 1.33

Local maize 1. 58

Sunflower 0.18

Groundnuts 0.28

Fingermillet 0.08

Beans 0.05

3.50

4.3 Labour and Draught Resources

38

45

5

8

2.5

1.5

100.0

YIELD (kgs/ha)

2,700

1,620

400

(450)

The labour and draught resources available to the household as well as the methods of use, are critical determinants of the total cropped area and hence surplus agricultural production in the district. In Mwase CDA 50% of farmers cited lack of oxen as a major constraint to increased production. In Lundazi district about 90% of land preparation is by oxen.

Cattle are given few specific feeds other than crop residues at harvest time. During the dry season cattle roam around unherded throughout the village lands browsing for feed which is scarce towards the end of the season. Bush fires started by villagers hunting for rodents also deplete feed reserves.

Oxen are not usually used to weed crops. They are not hired until the owner has cultivated his land. Hire charges are generally in kind as field labour during the growing season.

Farmers in Lundazi seem to fail to recognise that feeding of draught animals ia an essential precondition to efficient cultivation.

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4.4 Livestock

Livestock, feature as major aspects of the households social status and small animals feature as major sources of protein to the family especially chickens and doves which are found widely throughout the district. Cattle production is traditional and meat is not normally taken from anything but dying animals or those in poor condition. Cattle are important for social purposes especially bride price, and usually are sold only when there is a substantial cash requirement.

The livestock ownership is shown below:

ITEM

Oxen Cows Bulls Steers Heifers Sheep Goats Pigs Chickens Doves

HOUSEHOLD OWNING LIVESTOCK (%)

56 23

9 28 30

2 19 21 88 21

AVERAGE NO/ OWNING HOUSEHOLDS

3.67 9.00 1 . 00 2.67 3.15 2.00 4. 13 3.89

13.00 52.67

OVERALL AVERAGE

2.05 2.09 0.09 0.62 0.95 0.05 0.77 0.81

11 . 49 10.81

4.4.1 Cattle a) Reproductive Performance .

About 75% of calves are born during the dry season, though calves are born throughout the year. There are two peaks in the calving period, the main peak being from May to August and the other pe~k between October and January.

An average calving rate of 63% has been recorded. Calf survival has varied from approximately 40% to 55%. This is of a bull~ cow and heifer ratio of 1:41. Only 10% of Kraals have bulls.

b) Calf Mortality 75% of calf mortality occurs during the wet season and most deaths are attributable to Ee::s~. Cost Feaver.

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Field observations have shown that calves born early in the dry season have much greater chance of survival than calves born at other times.

Causes of mortality in calves have been estimated as follows: East Cost fever 50% Other tick-borne diseases 7% Black Quarter 23% Accdental Death 20%

In general, poor nutrition combined with tick borne diseases and drowning in muddy kraals, takes up the majority of wet season deaths while Black Quarter and a few isolated cases of ECF are the main causes of dry season deaths.

c) Adult Mortality

Adult mortality has been 4% and is constant through out the year.

Black Quarter has been recorded as causing 30% mortality in the susceptible age group (6 months to 4 years) of animals in non vaccinated herds, and in some years ranks with East Cost Fever as a major cause of mortalities. Trypanosomiasis has caused considerable problems in the past and mortality rates up to 12% of the adults have been recorded from diptank areas where the disease problem was concentrated.

5. DISCUSSION

5.1 Farm Resources

Though the percentages of farmers with ox ridgers and ploughs were assessed it is not known what make these implements were. Work done at Mtowe (Msekocika) Project in Chipata South, Zambia (See appendix) indi~ate that there could be significant differences in the suitability of various makes of the implements to the ox cultivators in Eastern Province. Efficiency of ridging and ploughing will affect the farmers return to his inputs.

The effect of ox-owners hiring oxen for ploughing only after they have used them and the charge in the form o:f seasonal labour at critical times of the

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crop calender is that the ox hirer will have poor timings of the crop calender. This will adversely affect yield.

This could be solved by institutionalised ox hire. This would improve the rate of categories 1,2 and 3 moving towards category 4.

5.2 Cropping

The length of fallow following continous maize for 3 to 10 years has not been assessed. However the table showing crop yields per ha point out to the fact that the cropping system in practice deteriorates soil fertility. The farmer has to apply inorganic fertilizers in order to realise reasonable yields. This seriously affects the 42% of farmers who consider lack of capital as a major constraint to increase production.

Higher maize prices have led to an increase in maize production upsetting the rotation and intercropping of the crops listed in the table.

5.3 Labour and Draught Resources

While improvement of oxen supply could increase hectarage under crops, the following factors would improve the use of oxen.

a) Nutrition

At the start of the cropping season .animals have come through the long dry season where in most cases towards the latter end, the food available is below maintenance. At this time oxen are.too weak to give adequate draught power.

Poor nutrition in early life also delays the age at training

b) Training

Training of oxen has also been recognised as a key issue. This is most important if oxen are to be used for interrow cultivation during the cropping season, as most farmers do not use oxen. because of the crop damage caused by

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improperly trained oxen. Improved training will also reduce the manpower requirements for ox work.

c) Ox Harness

Improvements in harness design which lower the point of traction and reduce the galls caused by the currently used yoke system will increase the amount of work which oxen are able to do in a season.

5.4 Livestock

5. 4. 1 Cattle

a) Reproductive performance

The two peaks in calving period reflect the effect of nutrition on reproductive performance. The main peak in May to August coincides with conception during free range grazing on maize stover. Another peak occurs between October and January coinciding with conception during the wet season, Despite the availability of good quality grass in the rain season, labour shortage in this season reduces the number of hours animals are taken out for grazing. Despite the bull: Cow and Heifer ratio of 1:41 and 10% kraals having bulls, the mixing of herds during free range grazing ensures 63% calving rate. Herds with bulls had a spread of calves throught the season while most calves born to herds without any bulls were dropped in the dry season.

Grazing bulls separately in the rain season where labour is available can be seriously considered.

b) .calf Mortality

The much greater chance of survival in claves droped in the dry season appears to be due to a combination of factors.

i) Calves are field immunised against ECF by a dry season nymphal chatlenge of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and di·sease transimitted by nymphae appears to be less

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severe than that transmitteed by adults in the wet season.

ii) Nutritional stress is less during the dry season as fewer cows are milked and animals are allowed to graze free range.

iii) Other stress factors brought on by poor husbandry are reduced (rain, muddy conditions, etc).

Farmers place low importance on calves and rarely report deaths on calves and reports are often too late to enable proper diagnosis.

Generally, poor nutrition combined with tick borne disease, and drowning in muddy kraals, takes up the majority of wet season deaths while Black Quarter and a few isolated cases of ECF are the main causes of dry season deaths.

Spraying of calves, an attack on overmilking and improvement of calf pens in the rain season would reduce calf mortalities quite considerably.

c) Adult Mortality

The average of 4% mortality in adults is considered low. There seems to be enzootic stability to tick borne diseases. However poor nutrition and old age lower the animals resistance.

A reliable vaccination programme would reduce mortalities caused by Black Quarter. Most mortalities are a combination of many factors including poor nutrition, old age, chronic liver-fluke, tuberculosis and chronic protozoal infections. On postmortem most of these dieseases appear in combination and it is difficult to attribute the death to a specific disease. Overall improvement on management rather than dealing with specific cases would be the answer to improved livestock production.

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6. CONCLUSION

It is observed that socio-economic and technical factors interact in the circumstances of crop/livestock farm system. In order to develop recommendations for the improvement of production in this farm system a multi-disciplinary approach should always be adopted. This will help in completeness of recommendations in regard to socio-economic and technical factors at pla~.

Discussion

M. Meltzer (Question)

R. Kwalampa (Answer)

J. Onim : (Question)

·R. Kwalampa: (Answer)

On the aspect of inputs and use of fertiliser, how much is used and what proportion of farmers is using fertilisers? Are the animals vaccinated against disease?

The survey did not record the amounts of fertiliser used. It limited itself to whether the farmer used fertiliser or not. Not all animals are vaccinated, which is why the recorded mortality rates are quite high.

How did you arrive at your yield figures?

Yields were estimated from shelled maize and taking into account estimates of amounts consumed as green maize.

B.G. Mombeshora:(Question) What size of herd do you need to get a draft team o~ four oxen?

R. Kwalampa (Answer) There is sharing of oxen among relatives so they do not aim to have specific herd numbers to produce a draft team. Farmers normally have a pair of oxen which they combine with their neighbours' animals to form a team of four oxen.

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B.G. Mombeshora: (Question) What is the optimum land carrying capacity and does it change during the rainy season?

R. Kwalampa (Answer) The recommended carrying capacity throughout the year is one Livestock Unit (L.U) per 6-8 hectares, where one L.U is 350 kg.

On the A,,eged o;ff;cu,t;es of On-farm Research w;th ,;vestock.

John Mcintire. Livestock Economics Unit, International Livestock Centre for Africa. P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Project Context

The paper reviews the difficulties faced in Livestock On-Farm Trials (LOFT) and attempts to present either similarities with Crop On-Farm Trials (COFT) or ways to overcome these difficulties.

Recommendations

On the observation that animal mobility makes it difficult to describe environment livestock interactions and is difficult to measure and control, the paper suggests that it is a source of non-treatment error, and there are similar sources in COFT.

On the problem of the duration of animal production, and of the temporal pattern of reproduction, the paper·suggests that any trials that are affected by these should be on research stations where long term costs can be reduced.

To counter the difficulty in finding comparable units (synchronization of-life-cycle), the paper cites similar problems with crops, such as planting date effects, and goes on to suggest that asyncronicity is advantageous as it spreads the work load. In response to measurement of multiple outputs, the paper suggested methods of measuring milk production, draft power, hides and meat and proposes exclusion of manure on grounds of low value. ·

Other difficulties discussed are non-market outputs, size of experimental unit, producer attitudes, management variability, joint ownership of animals and resource attributes.

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Discussion

G. Sempeho (Comment)

J. Mcintire (Comment)

A. Low (Question)

J. Mcintire (Answer)

A. Low : (Question)

J. Mcintire : (Answer)

M. Avila (Observation)

The problems of OFR can be solved if you encounter only one or a few treatments at any point in time, but if there are numerous treatments and interactions with non treatment variables at the same time it becomes difficult to go around them in a simple way.

Three-quarters of the benefits of any trial are observed at the station, so it is important to depend more on on-station results than OFR results. If there are problems you cannot overcome easily on station they are invariably also met at the the

·field level.

How do you value the advantage of having animals in better condition at the onset of the rains and the effect on cultivation, tillage and crops?

You can run trials to look at animal traction per unit area and time, depth of cultivation yields etc.

So it will be a multi-stage trial?

Of course, because you need to partition the benefits·.

On attitudes of farmers, animals are important to the household so farmers are reluctant to take up treatments, which require additional investment from the household. Farmers will screen some of the proposed treatments on the basis of what they are interested in and this may be different from what researchers assume.

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CROP-LIVESTOCK INTERACTIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: TECHNOLOGIES AND RESEARCH PRIORITIES

John Mcintire, Daniel Bourzak and Prabha Pingali

ILCA, Addis Ababa; IEMVPT, Addis Ababa; IRRI, Philippines.

Project Context

The paper presents a comparative review of crop/livestock interactions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Project Description

Field visits to forty locations with different agroclimatic conditions, population, densities and market access provided data collected through a questiQnaire. Farm manaaement data was provided by ILCA and ICRISAT.

Project Findings/Recommendations

There is little green manuring and no green manuring with legumes, excepting in Rwanda and Burundi. Fertilizer use is not widespread, suggesting a supply contraint to its diffusion. Observations showed that soil recycling of crop residues (which is reputed to be needed for long term sustainability of the farming system) is not done except with stubble. It has been shown that animal manures are insufficient to maintain long-term soil fertility. In economic terms sufficient manure could only be produced at stocking rates so high that they would conflict with crop production through land competition. ·

It has been observed that sown forages have largely failed because they are incompatible with African farming systems.

It has also been observed that many farmers selectvely feed dairy or meat animals at the expense of draft animals. Experiments in Ethiopia have also shown little feed intake response to work stress, confirming the point that nutrition is not crucial for the improvement of draft power. The paper concludes that it may be profitable to study means other than nutrition of releasing the constraint of working capacity.

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Discussion

T. Smith : (Comment)

J. Munthali: (Question)

J. Onim (Answer)

J. Mcintire (Answer)

C.K. Kamau (Comment)

Hughens (Question)

J Mcintire (Answer)

Tree legumes are used best as supplement to rather than substitutes for crop residues.

Crop residue supply is seasonal and runs out by the time its most needed to support land preparation. Has anybody.done any eocnomic analysis that looks at growing fodder and conserving it for this critical period?.

There is a chance of doing some conservation work with fodder for these periods.

Experience in Kenya shows that the costs of high mortality and low calving rate is less than the cost of making hay.

Farmers have other activities besides keeping cattle, hence they face time constraints.

You said that animal traction is inappropriate in Nigeria because of the agroclimate. How do you explain the Asian experience in this respect?

Animals traction in the humid tropics has taken off where there is lowland rice production on heavy soils.

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DIAGNOSIS OF PRODUCTION PROBLEMS IN CROP/LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA

Dadi,L. Kumsa, T. and Afeta, A. Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Project Context

The paper reviews current crop and livestock production in the highlands of Ethiopia, their interaction and constraints to production.

Project Description

Subsistence crop production, using local varieties with poor genetic potential characterises Ethiopia. Major crops are teff, maize, sorghum, barley, wheat, beans, peas and linseed, .seventy-five per cent of which is consumed on the farm.

At 26 million Ethiopia has the largest cattle population in Africa. Other livestock include 24 million sheep, 18 million goats, 7 million equines, 1 million camels and 52 million poultry. However, livestock productivity is low across the board.

Paired oxen do most of the cultivation and threshing. A survey showed that both cash income and area under crops increased with an increase in the number of oxen owned. Because of high population densities and deforestation manure is used as fuel and for building, while crop residues provide the bulk of animal feed.

Critical shortages of draft power exist, e.g in Nazret, Bako 37% and 65% of farmers respectively do not ·have draft oxen. To covercome this some farmers either exchange labour for draft, borrow, share , hire or engage in share cropping. Where livestock feed shortages exist, seasonal transhumance is done to aleviate the problem. In response to land shortages, double cropping has become common in densely populated areas. Other constraints faced are poor soil fertility, erratic rainfall, animal pests and ·diseases, ~navailability of fertilizer, poor infrastructure and inadequate credit facilities.

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Project Findings/Recommendations

The FSR Team at Bako is encouraging establishment of forage crops under maize through intercropping to improve nutrition of livestock.

Discussion

M. Meltzer: (Question) Does the government offer subsidised vaccines to farmers?

L. Dadi : (Answer) The veterinary service is not even adequate to meet all the farmers' needs.

L. Ngwira

A. Low

(Question) Why are ILCA and CIMMYT not cooperating to exploit crop/livestock interactions?

(Answer) What maize/livestock interactions should CIMMYT and ILCA jointly work on? ILCA does work on crop residues, animal traction etc. CIMMYT dosn't have any maize agronomy research of its own in the region but works with National Programmes. The best place to bring CIMMYT and ILCA together on crop/livestock interaction is at its National Programme level for example CIMMYT and ILCA have both provided support and technical input to Zimbabwe's farming systems unit. Perhaps this input has not been as well integrated as it could or should have been.

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Performance of Mer;no Lambs ;n Lesotho: We;ght Gra;ns of Supplemented and Non supplemented Mer;no Lambs under Extens;ve Cond;t;ons.

By W.H. Schacht, V.R. Ramakhula and L. Motjope. LAPIS Project and Research Division Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperatives and Marketing. Maseru, Lesotho.

Project Context

The project described was undertaken by the Ministry of Agriculture, Co-operatives and Marketing at Lekubane Research Station near Thaba Tseka. The station is 2 275 metres above sea leval and received between 800 - 1000mm of rainfall.

ProJect Description

The aim of the project was to monitor weight gains and lamb performance with and without supplementary feeding. Merino lambs were blocked on liveweight and were allocated 12 each to a treatment. The treatments compared pre- and post­weaning supplemental feeding, post - weaning supplemental feeding only and no supplemental feeding at all. The feed comprised a mixture of hominy chop and lucerne hay, as shown in Table 1

Table 1. Ration composition, and CP and DE of the experimental ration and its individual ingredients. Ration figures are reported on a 100% dry matter basis.

Composition CP DE Component % % Meal/kg

Hominy Chop 60 10.7 3.66 Chopped Lucerne Hay 40 20.0 2.69 Experiemental Ration 100 14.4 3.27

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Project Findings/Recommendations

Lambs receiving pre - and post - weaning feeding gained most weight followed by those receiving post weaning feeding. (Table 2) Earlier withdrawal of supplementary feeding was shown to increase fecundity but may also slow growth rates in lambs. This is to be studied further, together with effect of supplementation on fibre production.

Table 2. Increased weight gains made by the supplemented lambs in treatment 1 and 2 relative to lambs in treatment 3. Value of the liveweight gain along with feed comsumption and costs is also listed. (Average weight gain for lambs in treatment 3 was 9.0 kg during the pre-weaing period and 1.7 kg during the post-weaning phase).

Time Period

Treatment

Kg

1 pre-weaning Post-weaning

Treatment 2 post-weaning

Total Weight Gain

Kg

11.6 5.9

5.2

Weight Gain Above Treatment

Va 1 ue( M) 1 Kg

2.6 5.20 4.2 8.40

3.5 7.00

Feed Consumption

Cost(M) 2

10.3 2. 13 27.2 5.63

21.3 4.41

, Based on the price (M2.00/kg liveweight) offered by the National Feedlot for lambs at the time of the study.

2 Cost of the hominy chop/lucerne hay supplement was M.207/kg, exclusive of transport and labour costs.

DISCUSSION A. Sheikh : (Question) What is the twinning rate of the

merino?

L. Motjope

G. Sempeho

(Answer) It is not a pure merino, but a crossbreed that twins occasionally.

(Question) Your stocking rate of 300% is too high. What measures are you taking to control it?

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V. Ramakhula

L. Motjope

G. Sempeno

(Answer) First, we think that the American system of livestock unit calculation is not appropriate and so we had to revise it to 1 L.U = 350 kg and this reduces the 300% rate considerably.

(Answer) The government is trying to reduce the number of animals in communal areas through the grazing permit system. It is also introducing a dual purpose breed for lowland areas.

(Question) What is the reaction from those farmers whose animals are not part of the scheme?

V. Ramakhula : (Answer) Every farmer has got sheep in all treatments.

T. Smith : (Question)

L. Motjope : (Answer)

A. Low (Question)

L. Motjope (Answer)

How long is .your breeding season

The breeding season is two months (60 days) every 12 months. The animals are vaccinated against worms on arrival at the station.

I am wondering about the adoption of this lamb feeding technology by farmers. Does it fit into the current farming system?

As farmers have to pay a fee for each of their animals in the scheme, they can easily adopt the supplementary feeding scheme.

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IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION, MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF ON-FARM CROP LIVESTOCK TRIALS

J.F.M. Onim, P.P. Semenye, and H.A. Fitzhugh. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development P.O. Box 252, Maseno, Kenya.

Project Context

With an average household owning one hectare, competition between pasture and crop land has forced farmers to reduce livestock herds in favour of growing food crops. The Small-Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program (SR-CRSP) is undertaking research into dual purpose goats (DPGs) that would produce both meat and milk. Funding is by USAID.

Project Description

A baseline survey and subsequent ones in Western Kenya showed that DPGs are not such a new idea.

The Goal Oriented Project Planning (GOPP) method has been adopted. This entails multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and experimentation.

Some of the constraints identified were diseases, nutritional problems, low soil fertility, low levels of managem~nt and low yielding food and feed crop varieties and hence the need for new DPGs. Trials comparing major forage characteristics were held in Maseno and results are shown in Table 1 below

Project Findings/ Recommendations

Constraints that have been attended to are the development of a new DPG breed, an effective vaccine for contagious Caprine Pleuropheumonia (CCPP), the development of goat management packages (Tables 3 & 4) for small scale farmers and assessment of the economics and acceptability of these packages.

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TABLE 1: Comparison among major forage characteristics in four commercial maize hybrids, four experimental population by hybrids and four farmers• populations in the first rainy season of 1986 at Maseno

Forage characteristic

Kaize Seedling thinnings Leaves 156 days old Stover at harvesting at 156 days old cul ti vars

------------------------------------------------------------------------~----D" CP IVD No/plant CP IVD Plant D" CP <kg/hal (l) m (%) (I) ht. (kg/hal Yield

leal (kg/ hal

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kai1osi DC (1) 351.6 19.9 47.7 15.9 10.7 47.7 320.0 7269.1 394.3 Haaisi DC 395.8 22.3 66.2 16.5 11.7 48.3 319.3 6777.8 287.9 Nyahera DC 248.8 17.6 65.7 16.8 11.5 55.6 337.3 7176.5 274.5 "asu11bi DC 251.9 22.3 51.6 16.0 12.6 55.0 307.3 5765.4 214.0 Kaiaosi x H512 324.2 20.1 67.3 16.6 13.9 62.0 325.3 9530.9 509.5

Hati si x H512 329.0 21.5 54.4 16.0 11.0 56.1 318.7 9312.3 458.3 Nyahera x H512 236.9 19.1 62.6 16.3 12.8 55.2 313.0 8828.4 365.0 Kasuabi x H512 251.9 22.0 58.3 15.7 14.1 50.9 305.3 7680.9 260.7 H614 394.9 21.1 66.5 17.4 12.4 53.8 340.3 10233.3 603.8

H511 299.7 16.1 62.7 15.0 12.4 47.0 308.7 6223.7 307.7 H622 427.5 23.6 60.3 16.1 11.4 61.5 310.7 6602.5 138.3 HS010 508.8 22.2 56.0 15.4 10.9 50.4 319.0 8230.9 447.3

LSD 0.05 3.45 10.3 1.20 6.80 296.2 2357.1 180.0 LSD 0.01 4.69 14.0 9.24 3203.8 244.7

Level of significance NS II If I NS If f ff ff

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DC< 1 > Double cobber

NS Not significant at p - 0.05

* Significant at p - 0.05

** Significant at P- 0.01

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TABLE 2 : Comparison among major factors that lead to Grain yields in four commercial maize hybrids, four experimental population hybrids and four farmers• populations in the first rainy season of 1986 at Maseno.

. Maize Cultivars

Kaimosi DC<l> Hamisi DC Nyahera DC Masumbi DC

Means

Kaimosi X H512 Hamisi X H512 Nyahera X H512 Masumbi X H512

Means

H614 H511 H622 H010

Means

LSD 0.05

0.01

Level of significance

Yield <kg/ha>

6493.8 7135.8 5691.4 5802.5

6475

5469.1 7074.1 6938.3 6419.8

6475

7395. 1 4925.9 5901.0 5222.2

5861

1355.5

1842.3

**

Grain characteristics

DC frequency (I.)

23.0 32.3 28.0 27.1

27.6

17.1 16.0 18.8 21.5

18.5

17.4 5.1

14.4 6.8

10.9

8.4

11.4

***

No. of days to flowering

76.3 73.0 78.3 74.0

75.4

78.0 73.0 74.0 74.7

74.9

79.0 71.3 79.0 72.7

75.5

1..37

1.87

***

Ratio of

TC:BC

1. 35 1.12 1. 58 1.87

1.48

2.00 1.80 1.02 2.74

1.89

* ---------------------------------------------------------------DC = Double cobber NS = Not significance at p = 0.05 * = Signicant at p = 0.05 ** = Significant at p = 0.01 *** = Significant at p = 0.001 TC = Top c:ob BC = Bottom c:ob

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TABLE 3: Vine DM Yields and Forage Qualities, Tuber Yields and some Tuber Qualities of 17 sweet potato cultivars in Maseno.

Vine Tuber

-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------Cul ti vars DH XC.P • lNDF Fresh DH CP

Yields Yields m (%)

1t. ha-l at-1 8 •onths-1 8 •onths-1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------· S.P. "as 1 9.3 17.8 67.0 6.0 22.4 4.7

2 8.4 14.3 66.6 18.5 24.4 5.7 3 5.5 16.0 78.2 o.o 11.1 4.4 4 4.8 17.8 62.9 19.9 21.8 4.7 5 4.8 14.2 72.2 5.3 25.3 5.4 6 7.6 20.7 66.7 11.9 26.5 7 11.7 13.4 44.1 6.5 31.5 4.4 8 8.4 18.3 51.5 7.4 31.6 3.4 9 8.8 12.0 48.8 14.4 20.8 6.7 10 8.4 17.4 48.0 6.1 15.0 6.7 11 14.1 13.4 49.3 o.o 12 9.6 15.6 45.5 7.1 24.2 6.0 13 5.8 19.1 41.2 20.9 32.6 8.0 14 10.0 21.2 15.1 12.1 22.8 3.4 15 7.2 2.0 17 10.5 16.0 37.4 4.9 18 9.2 17.8 50.9 7.0 18.9 2.7

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------· N 17.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 14 13 "eans 8.5 16.6 55.0 8.9 23.5 5.1 IS 6.0ff 7,11 146.511 41.911 37.2ff 2.3N!

**P<O.l

No tubers in the first two samples, but some were found after 8 months

NS Not significant at P<0.05

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DISCUSSION

L. Dadi : (Comment) Since animals are given to farmers free of charge, are they likely to be interested in future when they have to adopt and invest in the technology? Farmers are always interested in such free benefits.

J. Onim (Response) I accept the criticism concerning the adoption of the technology by farmers. But at the moment this is a pilot project where we are testing simple comparisons and experimenting.

W. Mwenya (Question) Why should you work on dual-purpose goats and not dual-purpose cows?

J. Onim (Answer) A cow requires five times more in

A. Afeta

resources than a goat, which places the technology out of reach of the resource-poor farmers. Besides, most farms are relatively small.

(Question) It seems you are discouraging farmers from growing hybrid maize varieties that have low protein levels in the residues so are you not discouraging future improvements of these hybrids?

· J. Onim (Answer) Most hybrid varieties require high input levels that farmers cannot afford.

A. Low (Question)

J. Onim (Answer)

Your objective is to come up with packages. To what ~xtent has the DPG related work resulted in the development of these packages can be taken up by individual farmers?

We have done a lot of single­technology development and testing such as the use of sweet potatoes at feed. By the end of the program in 1990, we will know what to include in these packages when we have synthesised the results from these experiments.

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G. Sempeho (Question) Will you introduce these single-commodity packages for farmers to choose from as one package or introduce each one of them sequentially year by year.

J. Onim (Answer) We initially came up with a straight pasture program which farmers refused, so recently we have come up with these small single - commodity technologies which farmers can choose from to see which one suits them best.

IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES, IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A RESEARCH PROGRAMME IN SWAZILAND

P. Mhkatshwa. Malkerns Research Station, P.O. Box 4, Malkerns, Swaziland.

Project Context

The paper presents the management of research programmes in Swaziland by the Yeild and Pasture Management Section of the Research and Planning Department in the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.

Project Description

Through a Consultancy by Winrock International, it was identified that nutrition of ruminant livestock·is the biggest constraint to animal production. To solve this trials were started to introduce and test grasses, legumes and browses at Malkerns, Nhlongano, and Luve.

Project Findings

Results are for one season and are therefore not definitive. On-farm Trials with leucaena seem to show that although farmers like it, they do not take care of it, largely because it competes labour with maize for labour.

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DISCUSSION

L. Dadi : (Question) You say Swaziland has one of the highest livestock densities in Africa. Why then is relevant research lacking in your ministry and what is your governments' policy towards livestock?

P. Mhkatshwa (Answer) Before independence animal health was emphasised and production research was never done. Swaziland has a good health record. It has eradicated foot and mouth disease, for example, we now need more work on production research.

SOME ASPECTS OF CROP-LIVESTOCK INTERACTIONS IN ON-FARM RESEARCH IN TANZANIA

D. Sungusia and G. Sempeho TARO, P.O. Box 9761, Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Formerly TALIRO, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.

Project Context

The paper looks at Crop-Livestock interactions in two of Tanzania's agro-ecological zones, namely the Northen Highlands and the Central Semi-arid Lands.

Northern Highlands

Project Description

The irregularity of the topography and the abrupt change in the elevation has been rise to at least two major types of farming systems in the zone. Two crop associations, one · perennial (coffee and bananas) and the other annual (Maize and beans) are managed together with stall-fed livestock by farmers who inhabit the slopes in one type of farming system. In the other system in the plains, an annual crop association (maize and beans) is integrated with pastures.

The coffee-banana holdings average one hectare. The livestock are kept in stalls and consist of cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chickens. The average number per household is reported to be five cattle (mainly cows) and two small . ruminants. The animals are stall fed (cut and carry system)

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with grass, chopped banana leaves and crop residues. The accumulated manure is used to fertilize the coffee-banana plots near the homstead and it is by virtue of this that production levels are maintained. The use of animals for draft purposes is not practieed in this zone.

Project Findings

A diagnostic survey conducted in 1983 revealed land scarcity as one of the major constraints and therefore on-farm trials are geared towards raising yields per unit area. In addition, on-farm research on improved small scale dairy production is being carried out.

Although the farming system has evolved over generations, it has proved to be appropriate and self sustaining for the area. Not only does it provide food, feed and manure, it also generates cash income for the households. The major weakness is tha lack of energy linkages derived from draft power. In order to enhance the complementarity of crop and livestock production enterprises in this system, OFR will focuss on utilisation of draft power and introduction of adaptable multi-purpose crops such as jojoba bean, deucaena etc.

Central Semi-arid Lands*

Project Description

The semi-arid lands of central Tanzania are on a plateau (1000 m above sea level). The ecosystem seems to be very similar to that found in the Southern Sahel. Rainfall is highly variable and this had an important influence on the development by agriculture in the zone. Farmers have given priority to growing crops, which are more drought tolerant (i.e sorghum, millet, oilseeds, etc).

Project Findings

Diagnostic surveys conducted in Dodoma Region (Anon 1986; Cunard 1985) have revealed that the average farm size is five hectares fragmented in 1 - 3 plots. Livestock production is an important part of the agro-pastoral farming system. On average, farmers keep 38 cattle, 25 small ruminants, 4 donkeys and 17 chickens. The animals are grazed on natural pastures and are allowed to loose-graze on crop residues immediately after harvesting. Due to the long dry season (over seven months) animals are usually moved to distant grazing areas in search of pastures and water.

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Observations made on crop-livestock interactions in the central zone did not portray favourable interactions in terms of receprocal benefits in productivity. The use of animals for draft purposes in the zone is negligible. except for donkeys, which are S9fetimes used to haul water and farm produce, cattle are rarely used mainly due to compassion. Similarly, the use of farm yard manure in crop production is not practiced. Competitive interaction was observed on land use, whereby grazing lands are taken for crop farming, thus pushing livestock to marginal areas.

Complementary relationships observed in the zone ·include the keeping of livestock for food and cash. Barter trade between livestock and grains is a common practice.

On-farm research will focus on : supplementary feeding trials using crop residues, utilization of draft power and uses of farm yard manure as fertilizer and source of biogas

DISCUSSION

L. Dadi (Question)

G. Sempeho · (Answer)

A. Sheikh (Question)

D. Sungusia (Answer)

c. Kamau (Question)

You talk of popularising conservation techniques, yet l~bour is a constraint. Have you tested these techniques on the farm first?

With most of these techniques we do not need to do on-farm trials, but simply have to take them to the farmers.

Your interventions seem to be too many. Do you hope to overcome all these numerous constraints at the same time?

These activities are on-going. Some are under extension or just being popularised and some still need testing. However, the list appears to be manageable.

Draft power is being overlooked by some of our [Kenyan] policy makers in favour of tractor power. What is the situation like in Tanzania?

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D. Sungusia (Answer) It differs from one zone to another and depends on farmer circumstances. Where animals are few, mechanisation has been taken up. But the Tanzanian government has a positive drive towards draft power.

CROP LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN KENYA

C.R. Kamau and S.M. Wangia KARI Secretariat, P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, KENYA

Project Context

Agricultural research in Kenya is being reorganised through training by CIMMYT and World Bank personnel based in Kenya.

Project Description

A case study was carried out in Kakamega to identify factors that may have discouraged farmers from adopting milk production from improved dairy cattle breeds. Data was collected from a pre-survey and a formal survey. The questionnaire, comprising 93 questions was applied to 53 farmers. It was divided into five parts namely general information on the farmers experience, training and labour land use with special reference to dairy cattle livestock management, labour/land/ cash problems and food /milk surplus and deficit related questions.

Project Findings/Recommendations

Most farmers preferred local cattle to improved/exotic breeds of cattle because their high disease tolerance, ability to withstand nutritional stress and smaller feed requirements. Other factors limiting adoption of improved cattle include small land size, competition for land (with crops being given priority), limited cash for drugs and feeds and lack of formal training in agriculture and livestoc~ management.

Recommendations include cross-breeding, especially with Jersey, a more co-ordinated disease control campaign, research into the possible appplication of zero grazing and fodder production, and the inclusion of dairy management in the extension services provided to the farmers.

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DISCUSSION

M. Meltzer (Question) What is the real situation with the artificial insemination? It is working or does it have problems?

c. Kamau (Answer) Efficiency is low. Often when the cow is ready, the semen is not there, so farmers resort to using their own bulls.

W. Mwenya (Question) Has the artificial insemination program been cost effective?

c. Kamau (Answer) The artificial insemination program is subsidised. Farmers pay only one shilling.

G. Sempeho (Comment) Farmers are reluctant to take up exotic breeds because they are susceptible to diseases. few farmers took exotic animals· initially but others followed after they have seen the performance of these breeds. So we should not overlook the potential of exotic breeds.

DIAGNOSIS OF PRODUCTION PROBLEMS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN SOMALIA (NOT PRESENTED)

A.O. Sheikh Central Agricultural Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Mogadishu, Somalia.

Project Context

OFR was introduced in Somalia in 1982 through FAO support. The team consisted of one economist and a commodity researcher working part-time.

Project Description

The Central Agricultural Research Station underlook surveys beginning 1986 to describe production systems and identify the main constraints. This was done in order to develop evaluate and test technologies for different crops:

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Project Findings/Recommendations It was found that 80% of farmers studied owned some livestock, mostly cattle, from which they got food in the form of milk and eggs. Surplus earnings from crops are used to purchase livestock and only in severe drought periods are livestocks sold to buy family food. Studies on draft power show clearly that Somalia need not import complex agricultural machinery but concentrate on simple animal-drawn implements.

FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH TO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (NOT PRESENTED)

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

D.N.N MBEWE AND W.N.M. MWENYA School of Agricultural Science, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia

Project Context

The CIMMYT funded FSR project being undertaken by the University of Zambia involves researchers from various departments of Animal Science, Crop Science, Rural Economy and Extension Education, Soil Science, Agricultural Engineering as well as specialists from the Adaptive Research Planning Team (ARPT). It is being conducted over a period of four years in Chalimbana, Nyangana, Chanda and· Kampekete areas about 30km east of Lusaka.

Project Description

The major objectives are to generate data on farming systems in the area and to train specialists of different agricultural disciplines to work together in tackling agricultural problems.

The methods used are based on the CIMMYT approach and comprise the diagnostic, experimentation and extension phases.

Project Findings

It was learnt from the dignostic surveys that although there was no land shortage 55-60% of farmers do not produce enough food for their own consumption. Low productivity was blamed on high cost of fertilizers and absence of credit.

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Kraal manure is used in vegetable gardens while some crop residues are used as dry season feed. High incidence of disease and poor dry season grazing contribute to low cattle productivity

DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY ON CROP-LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS IN RWANDA (NOT PRESENTED)

V. Rutunga, G. Sibomana, A. Gahamanyi, Djimdem and Runyinyinya Institute des Sciences Agronomiques (ISAR), B P 138 Butare, RWANDA.

A multi disciplinary team from ISAR, ICRAF and UNR has undertaken a diagnostic survey in Rwanda. It has been observed that labour is provided by members of the family and there are periods of peak demand where labour becomes insufficient. Production is mainly for subsistence except for isolated cases of coffee, tea and banana production. Animal productivity is inadequate due to lack of veterinary services, unimproved breeds and feed shortage in the dry season.

Interventions planned include improvement of soil fertility, cultural practices, veterinary services, use of inroganic fertilizers, pesticides, legumes and diversification into fruit and other crops.

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APPENDIX I

Author(s)

s Waddington

M Avila and D N Ngugi

H Hamudikuwanda

B G Mombeshora

Cassim Masi

John Mcintyre

Legese Dad i , Tesfayr Kumsa & Assefa Afeta

W H Schacht, V R Ramakhula and L Motjope

R Kwalampa

A D Sheikh

PAPERS

Paper Presented

Crop Systems Research Overview of the CIMMYT Approach

ICRAF's research and Collaborative Strategy with National Institutions

Livestock on-farm Research in Zimbabwe and some aspects of it related to crop production

The Farming Systems Research in Zimbabwe : Design and Evaluation of Technological Interventions in Communal Area Production Systems

Small scale farmers problems and research priorities in relation to the crop/livestock integrated systems of the Southern Province Plateau, Zambia ·

On the alleged difficulties of on-farm research with livestock

Diagnosis of Production Problem in Crop/Livestock Systems in Ethiopia.

Performance of Merino Lambs in Lesotho : Part 1 : Weight gains if supplemented and nonsupple­mented merino lambs under extensive conditions

Diagnosis of Production Problems in Crop/Livestock

Diagnosis of Production Problems in Crop/livestock Systems in Somalia

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J F Onim, P P Semenye & H A Fitzhugh

Paul Mkhatshwa

D Sungusia and G Sempeho

D N M Mbewe W N M Mwenya

V Rutunga B Sibomana A Gahamanyi A Djimde and B Runyina

C R Kamau and S Wangia

Allan Low

Identification of Research Opportunities and Implementation Management and Assessment of On-farm Crop/Livestock

Identification of Research Opportunities and Impleme­ntation and Management of a Research Programme in Swaziland

Some aspects of Crop/livestock Interactions in on-farm research in Tanzania

Farming Systems Research : An Interdisciplinary Approach to Agricultural Research

Diagnostic Survey on Crop Livestock Production System in Rwanda

Crop Livestock Production Systems in Kenya

Workshop Aims and Proposed Programme of Work

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APPENDIX II

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

ETHIOPIA

Mr A Afeta Institute of Agricultural Research Bake Research Centre P 0 Box 3 Bake, Shea Ethiopia

Mr L Dadi Institute of Agricultural Research Bake Research Centre P 0 Box 3, Bake Shea Ethiopia

Mr T Kumsa Institute of Agricultural Research Bake Research Centre P 0 Box 3, Bake, Shea Ethiopia

Dr J Mcintyre ILCA P 0 Box 5689 Addis Ababa Ethiopa

KENYA

Dr M Avila ICRAF P 0 Box 30677 Nairobi Kenya

Dr J F M Onim Winrock International P 0 Box 252 Maseno Kenya

Mr C Kamau Ragu KARI Secretariat P 0 Box 57811 Nairobi Kenya

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Mrs S Wangia KARl Secretariat P 0 Box 57811 Nairobi Kenya

LESOTHO

Mr V Ramakhula Maseru Research Station P 0 Box 829 Maseru Lesotho

Ms Lipalese Motjope Maseru Research Station P.O. Box 829 Maseru Lesotho

MALAWI

Dr J Munthali Department of Agricultural Research Chitedze Research Station P 0 Box 158 Lilongwe 3 Malawi

Mr L D Ngwira Department of Agricultural Research Chitedze Research Station P 0 Box 158 Lilongwe 3 Malawi

RWANDA

Mr Venant Rutunga Institute des Sciences Agronomiques (ISAR) B P 138 Butare Rwanda

Mr Gaetan Sibomana Institute des Sciences Agronomiques (ISAR) B P 138 Butare Rwanda

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SOMALIA

Mr A Sheikh Central Agric.Res Institute P 0 Box 24 Mogadishu Somalia

SWAZILAND

Mr P Mkhatshwa Malkerns Research Station P 0 Box 4 Mal kerns Swaziland

TANZANIA

Dr G Sempeho TALIRO Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania

Mr D Sungusia TARO/FSR Coordinator P o Box 9761 Dar es Salaam Tanzania

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Mr M I Meltzer Department of Agricultural Economics Cornell University Warren Hall Ithaca N Y 14853 USA

ZAMBIA

Mr R Kwalampa Eastern Province Department of Agriculture P o Box 510046 Chipata Zambia

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Mr C Masi Lusaka Province ARPT Mount Makulu Research Station Private Bag 7 Chilanga Zambia

Dr D Mbewe School of Agricultural Sciences University of Zambia P 0 Box 32379 Lusaka Zambia

Dr W Mwenya Dean, School of Agric Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

ZIMBABWE·

Mr H Hamudikuwanda Henderson Research Station P Bag 2004 Causeway Harare Zimbabwe

Mr Khombe Makholi Experiment Station P 0 Box 9182 Masvingo Zimbabwe

Mr B Kupfuma Agronomy Institute OR & SS P 0 Box 8108 Causeway Harare

Mr G Makombe Department of R & SS Farming Systems Research Unit P 0 Box 8108 Causeway Zimbabwe

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Miss A Manyenga Henderson Research Station P Bag 2004 Mazowe Zimbabwe

!>1r B Mombeshora DR & SS P 0 Box 8108 Causeway Harare Zimbabwe

Miss Mary Emma Muchena CIMMYT P 0 Box MP 154 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe

Mr S Ncube Matopos Research Station P Bag K 5137 Bulawayo Zimbabwe

Dr David Rohrbach SADCC/ICRISAT P 0 Box 776 Bulawayo Zimbabwe

Mr E Shumba DR & SS P 0 Box 8108 Causeway Harare Zimbabwe

Dr Tim Smith Grasslands Research Station P Bag 3701 Marondera Harare Zimbabwe

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APPENDIX III

Progra.rnrne

Monday 27 June, 1988

Registration, per diems & ticketing

Day 1 : Tuesday 28 June, 1988

The objectives of the first day will be to look at all concepts and methods of systems research focussing on (a) crops, (b) agroforestry and ((c) livestock. An example of livestock systems research needs and the implementation of on on-farm research programme in Zimbabwe will be presented .. Discussion is expected to focus on conceptual and methodological issues with respect in particular to the compatibility of crop, agroforestry and livestock systems research.

0830 - 0900

0900 - 0930

0930 - 1030

1030- 1100

1100 - 1200

1200 - 1300

1300 1400

1400 - 1500

1500 - 1530

1530 - 1700

1900

Welcome, Workshop Aims and Proposed Programme of work. (A Low)

Chairperson : Dr A Low Crop Systems Research : Overview of the CIMMYT Approach (S Waddington)

Research and Agroforestry Systems Development. (D Ngugi & M Avila -ICRAF)

T E A

Chairperson :Mr J Munthali Need and potential for livetsock Systems Research in Communal Areas of Zimbabwe (H Hamudikuwanda)

On-farm Livestock Research in Zimbabwe and Linkages with on-farm Crops Research ( B Mombeshora)

L U N C H B R E A K

Country Paper No 1 Eastern Province, Zambia

T E A B R E A K

Group Exercise design of an integrated crop livestock research programme - Lundazi Eastern Province, Zambia

Dinner

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Day 2 : Wednesay 29 June, 1988

Day 2 will focus on issues related to the problems of conducting on-farm research with livestock. ILCA will present ideas about difficulties and .Qive an overview of the content of their on-farm livestoc~ research manual. Two examples from the region will be selected to illustrate how on-farm research has been implemented. The afternoon field trip will be to a small dairy marketing sceheme run by the Dairy Marketing Board, who will be our hosts.

0800 - 0900

0900 - 1000

1000 - 1030

1030- 1130

1130- 1230

1230 - 1700

Chairperson : Dr W Mwenya On the alleged difficulty of on-farm Research with livestock (J Mcintyre)

ILCA Manual Modeules (J Mcintyre)

T E A B R E A K

Chairperson : Mr G Khombe Country Experience in on-farm livestock Research design and implementation - Ethiopia

Country Experience on on-farm livestock Research design and implementation - Lesotho

Field Trip with a packed lunch. Small scale Dairy and milk marketing scheme at Chikwaka (approx 50 km on the Mutoko road).

Day 3 : Thursday 30 June, 1988

On the last day we will concentrate on issues of integrated on-farm crop livestock research. A Winrock project will illustrate how this integration can take place and the types of results that may be generated. Two other examples from the region will also be selected for presentation.

0800 - 0900

0900 - 100

1000 - 1030

1130 - 1300

Chairperson : Dr D Mbewe

Implementation and Results from small ruminant on-farm research (J Onim -Winrock).

Country Experience in on-farm crop/livestock implementation and results - Swaziland

T E A B R E A K

Country Experience in on-farm crop livestock implementation and results -Tanzania Kenya

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1300 - 1400

1500 -, 1530

L U N C H B R E A K

Chairperson Dr T Smith Groups report back to design of crop/livestock research programmes

T E A B R E A K

A final discusssion session will provide opportunity for participants to comment on the major issues that will have arisen from the workshop presentations. It will also allow those whose papers have not been presented to bring those experiences to bear on the selected issues.

1530 - 1715 Final Discussion of Issues

Discussion leader Dr A Low

1715 - 1730 Close of Workshop

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APPENDIX IV

OTHER REPORTS IN THIS SERIES

Report No. 1

Report No. 2

Report No. 3

Report No. 4

Report No. 5

Report No. 6

Report No. 7

Report of a Seminar for Senior Agricultural Research Administrators. From Eastern and Southern Africa

Nairobi, Kenya. April 18-20, 1983

Report of a Networkshop on Draught Power and Animal Feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa

Ezulwini, Swaziland. October 4-6, 1983

Draught Power Problems and Related Research in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland

June, 1984

Report of a Networkshop on Extension Methods and Research/Extension Linkages

Eldoret, Kenya. June 10-16, 1984

Report on a Networkshop on Issues in On-Farm Experimentation

Lilongwe, Malawi. May 24-28, 1984

Report of a Networkshop on the Role of Anthropologists and Rural Sociologists in Farming Systems Research

Lusaka, Zambia. November 27-29, 1984

Report of a Networkshop on the Role of Socio-Economists and Microcomputers in FSR

Gaborone, Botswana. July 1-4, 1985

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Report No. 8

Report No. 9

Report No. 10

Report No. 11

Report No. 12

Report No. 13

Report No. 14

Report of a Networkshop for Eastern and Southern Africa Senior Agricultural Administrators on Issues in Systems-based On-farm Research

Maseru, Lesotho. November 24-28, 1985

Second On-farm Research Field Review

Swaziland, 12-15 May 1986

Report on a Networkshop on Household Issues and Farming Systems Research

Lusaka, Zambia, April 27-30, 1987

Research and Extension Administrators Networkshop on OFR Issues

Lilongwe, Malawi, May 5-8, 1987

Report on a Review of On-farm Research in Swaziland: 1982-1988

Nhlangano, Swaziland, March 1-4, 1988

Linkages Between OFR and Technical Component Research

Kenya, September, 1987

OFR in Arid and Semi Arid Regions: Experiences and Areas of Cooperation

Djibouti, May 1988

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..... ..