Croatia - ec.europa.eu · Croatia has introduced legislative provisions to establish mandatory...
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Annex I Croatia Improving financial security in the context of the Environmental Liability Directive No 07.0203/2018/789239/SER/ENV.E.4 May 2020 Final Prepared by: Valerie Fogleman, Stevens & Bolton LLP, Cardiff University School of Law and Politics
Transcript of Croatia - ec.europa.eu · Croatia has introduced legislative provisions to establish mandatory...
Annex I
Croatia
Improving financial security in the context of the
Environmental Liability Directive
No 07.0203/2018/789239/SER/ENV.E.4
May 2020
Final
Prepared by:
Valerie Fogleman, Stevens & Bolton LLP,
Cardiff University School of Law and Politics
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Disclaimer: The information and views set out in this assessment are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE MARKET ................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Commercial insurers .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2. Re/insurance pools .................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Mutuals ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Other ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
3. VOLUNTARY INSURANCE POLICIES FOR ELD AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES ....................................... 7
3.1. Environmental insurance policies .............................................................................................................. 7
3.2. Cover for ELD preventive costs .................................................................................................................. 7
3.3. Cover for ELD primary, complementary and compensatory costs ............................................................ 7
3.4. Cover for non-ELD liabilities ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.5. Nature of policies (liability only or liability and on-site remediation) ....................................................... 8
3.6. Description of policies ............................................................................................................................... 8
3.7. Model terms and conditions ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.8. Date of general availability of environmental insurance policies .............................................................. 8
3.9. Environmental assessments and audits ..................................................................................................... 8
3.10. Average premium ...................................................................................................................................... 8
3.11. Average policy limit ................................................................................................................................... 8
3.12. Average deductible or self-insured retention ............................................................................................ 8
3.13. Average policy period ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.14. Sizes of typical insured businesses ............................................................................................................ 9
3.15. Industrial and commercial sectors that typically purchase policies .......................................................... 9
3.16. Industrial and commercial sectors with limited or no accessibility to policies .......................................... 9
3.17. Number and amount of claims .................................................................................................................. 9
3.18. Coverage litigation ..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.19. Cover for ELD liabilities in general liability policies .................................................................................... 9
3.20. Cover for ELD liabilities in property policies .............................................................................................. 9
4. OTHER VOLUNTARY FINANCIAL SECURITY INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS ..................................................... 9
4.1. Type(s) ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.2. Availability ................................................................................................................................................. 9
5. MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR ELD LIABILITIES (ARTICLE 14(1)) .............................................................. 9
5.1. Competent authority(ies) ........................................................................................................................ 10
5.2. Legislative provisions ............................................................................................................................... 10
5.3. Environmental licence conditions ............................................................................................................ 11
5.4. Date of introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11
5.5. Effective date ........................................................................................................................................... 11
5.6. Key reasons for introduction ................................................................................................................... 11
5.7. Withdrawal of mandatory financial security ........................................................................................... 11
5.8. Guidance .................................................................................................................................................. 11
5.9. Operators subject to mandatory financial security ................................................................................. 12
5.10. Amounts and limits of mandatory financial security ............................................................................... 12
5.11. Growth of mandatory financial security .................................................................................................. 12
6. REGULATORY OVERSIGHT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS ..................................... 12
6.1. Review of financial security instruments or mechanisms ........................................................................ 12
6.2. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted...................................................................... 12
6.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable ............................................................ 12
6.4. Time of review ......................................................................................................................................... 12
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6.5. Regulatory costs of review ...................................................................................................................... 12
6.6. Requirements for operator to review ...................................................................................................... 12
7. ENFORCEMENT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................. 12
8. EX POST ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY (ARTICLE 8(2)) ................................... 12
8.1. Date legislation or policy for mandatory financial security introduced ................................................... 13
8.2. Effective date for ex post mandatory financial security .......................................................................... 13
8.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted...................................................................... 13
8.4. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable ............................................................ 13
9. PROVIDERS OF MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY INSTRUMENTS ..................................................................... 13
9.1. Insurers .................................................................................................................................................... 13
9.2. Banks and other financial institutions ..................................................................................................... 13
9.3. Sureties .................................................................................................................................................... 13
9.4. Providers outside Member State ............................................................................................................. 13
10. MEASURES TAKEN BY MEMBER STATE TO DEVELOP FINANCIAL SECURITY MARKETS ......................................... 13
11. EU ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION WITH MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS ............................... 13
11.1. Landfill Directive ...................................................................................................................................... 13
11.2. Extractive Waste Directive ....................................................................................................................... 15
11.3. Carbon Capture and Storage Directive .................................................................................................... 16
12. EU RECOMMENDATION ON HYDRAULIC FRACTURING ........................................................................................ 17
12.1. Status ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
12.2. Competent authority(ies) ........................................................................................................................ 17
12.3. Financial security provisions .................................................................................................................... 18
12.4. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted...................................................................... 18
12.5. Templates ................................................................................................................................................ 18
12.6. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable ............................................................ 18
13. EU ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION WITH NO MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS ......................... 18
13.1. Industrial Emissions Directive .................................................................................................................. 18
13.2. Seveso III Directive................................................................................................................................... 19
13.3. Other legislation ...................................................................................................................................... 20
14. MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS ................................................. 20
14.1. Competent authority(ies) ........................................................................................................................ 20
14.2. Status of offshore oil and gas operations ................................................................................................ 21
14.3. Requirements for financial security ......................................................................................................... 21
14.4. Requirement for financial security for ELD liabilities ............................................................................... 21
15. FAILURE OF FINANCIAL SECURITY ......................................................................................................................... 21
15.1. Inadequate level of financial security instrument or mechanism to pay claims ...................................... 21
15.2. Insolvency of operator leading to failure of financial security instrument or mechanism ...................... 21
15.3. Other ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
16. FUNDS ................................................................................................................................................................... 21
16.1. Name(s) ................................................................................................................................................... 22
16.2. Extension of existing fund to cover remedial costs under the ELD .......................................................... 22
16.3. Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 22
16.4. Type ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
16.5. Source(s) of funding................................................................................................................................. 22
16.6. Number and amount of claims ................................................................................................................ 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................................................. 23
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1. INTRODUCTION
Financial security for ELD liabilities in the form of stand-alone environmental insurance policies that provide cover for sites and/or operations in Croatia is not available.
Extensions to general liability policies that provide cover for remediating off-site pollution from a sudden and accidental incident on an insured’s site are widely available.
Extensions to property policies that provide cover for remediating on-site environmental damage under the ELD and other environmental liabilities are available on demand.
The ELD was transposed into Croatian law by the following legislation:
chapter X of the Environmental Protection Act (Official Gazette No. 80/13, 153/13, 78/15, 12/18, 118/18) (Zakon o zaštiti okoliša (Narodne novine br. 80/13, 153/13, 78/15, 12/18, 118/18);1
Act on Sustainable Waste Management (Official Gazette No 94/13; 73/17, 14/19 and 98/19) (Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom, Narodne novine broj 94/13, 73/17, 14/19 i 98/19);2
Regulation on Waste Management (Official Gazette No 117/17) (Pravilnik o gospodarenju otpadom); 3
Regulation on Liability for Environmental Damage, as amended (Uredbe o odgovornosti za štete u okolišu (OG 31/17));4 and
1 Zakon o zaštiti okoliša No 80/13; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_06_80_1659.html (in Croatian); Zakon o zaštiti okoliša No 153/13; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_12_153_3221.html (in Croatian); Zakon o zaštiti okoliša No 78/15; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2015_07_78_1498.html (in Croatian); Zakon o zaštiti okoliša No 12/18; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2018_02_12_264.html (in Croatian); Zakon o zaštiti okoliša No 118/18; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2018_12_118_2345.html (in Croatian). An unofficial consolidated version is available at https://www.zakon.hr/z/194/Zakon-o-za%C5%A1titi-okoli%C5%A1a (in Croatian). An unofficial English translation of the Environmental Protection Act 80/13 is available at http://www.mvep.hr/files/file/dokumenti/prevodenje/zakoni/zakon-o-zastiti-okolisa-nn-80-13-eng.pdf
2 Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom No 94/13; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_07_94_2123.html (in Croatian); Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom No 73/17; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2017_07_73_1767.html (in Croatian); Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom No 14/19; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2019_02_14_277.html (in Croatian); Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom No 98/19; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2019_10_98_1958.html (in Croatian). An unofficial consolidated version is available at https://www.zakon.hr/z/657/Zakon-o-odr%C5%BEivom-gospodarenju-otpadom (in Croatian). An unofficial English translation of the Act on Sustainable Waste Management 94/13 is available at https://mzoe.gov.hr/UserDocsImages/NASLOVNE%20FOTOGRAFIJE%20I%20KORI%C5%A0TENI%20LOGOTIPOVI/doc/act_on_sustainable_waste_management.pdf
3 Pravilnik o gospodarenju otpadom (Narodne novine br. 117/17); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2017_11_117_2708.html (in Croatian)
4 Uredbe o odgovornosti za štete u okolišu (OG 31/17); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2017_04_31_692.html (in Croatian)
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Ordinance on Measures for the Removal of Environmental Damage and Recovery Programmes (Pravilnik o mjerama otklanjanja šteta u okolišu i sanacijskim programima (OG 145/08)).5
Croatia has introduced legislative provisions to establish mandatory financial security for liabilities under the ELD. The provisions had not entered into force when this report was published.
Croatia has also introduced mandatory financial security for persons that hold waste management permits pursuant to the Act on Sustainable Waste Management and the Regulation on Waste Management. The financial security requirements go beyond those required under the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and the Extractive Waste Directive (2006/21/EC). A Regulation is expected to be adopted later in 2020 to provide detailed guidance on the content and scope of environmental insurance policies to satisfy these requirements.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE MARKET
The Croatian Insurance Bureau (Hrvatski ured za osiguranje) did not mention environmental insurance in the classes of insurance business carried out by its members in its 2018 report.6
The 2019 Environmental Implementation Report for Croatia stated that Croatia should ‘Improve financial security for liabilities’.7
When this report was published, stand-alone environmental insurance policies for ELD and other environmental liabilities for businesses with sites and/or operations only in Croatia were not available. However, the Ministry of Environment and Energy of the Republic of Croatia (Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i energetike Republike Hrvatske) and the Croatian Chamber of Economy (Hrvatska gospodarska komora) were consulting on a stand-alone environmental insurance policy to satisfy mandatory financial security requirements under the Act on Sustainable Waste Management and the Regulation on Waste Management. The policy is expected to be available later in 2020.
Environmental extensions to general liability policies are widely available. They do not, however, provide cover for ELD liabilities. Cover under them is limited to remediating off-site pollution from a sudden and accidental incident on an insured’s site. Demand is low.
Environmental extensions to property policies are available on demand. They do not provide cover for ELD liabilities. Cover is limited to remediating on-site pollution from a sudden and accidental incident on the insured’s site. Demand is low.
Stand-alone environmental insurance policies offered by multinational insurers to large companies with sites and/or operations in other States as well as Croatia are widely available by passporting.
5 Pravilnik o mjerama otklanjanja šteta u okolišu i sanacijskim programima (OG 145/08); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_12_145_3992.html and http://www.propisi.hr/print.php?id=8719 (in Croatian)
6 See Croatian Insurance Bureau, ‘2018 Key Facts, Insurance Market in the Republic of Croatia’, 15; http://www.huo.hr/eng/publications/50/
7 EU Environmental Implementation Review 2019; Country Report – Croatia (SWD(2019) 114 final, 4 April 2019), 31; https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_hr_en.pdf
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2.1. Commercial insurers
2.1.1. Number of insurers
Stand-alone environmental insurance policies were not available in Croatia when this report was published.
2.1.2. New insurers entering the market since 2009
Not applicable
2.1.3. Existing insurers that introduced environmental insurance policies since 2009
Not applicable
2.2. Re/insurance pools
There is no re/insurance pool in Croatia.
2.2.1. Date of establishment
Not applicable
2.2.2. Descriptions of policies issued
Not applicable
2.3. Mutuals
No mutuals offer insurance policies for ELD or other environmental liabilities in Croatia.
2.3.1. Date of establishment
Not applicable
2.3.2. Descriptions of policies issued
Not applicable
2.4. Other
There are no underwriting agencies or other types of providers of environmental insurance policies in Croatia.
3. VOLUNTARY INSURANCE POLICIES FOR ELD AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES
3.1. Environmental insurance policies
Stand-alone environmental insurance policies were not available for businesses with sites and/or operations in Croatia when this report was published.
3.2. Cover for ELD preventive costs
Not applicable
3.3. Cover for ELD primary, complementary and compensatory costs
Not applicable
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3.4. Cover for non-ELD liabilities
Not applicable
3.5. Nature of policies (liability only or liability and on-site remediation)
Not applicable
3.6. Description of policies
Not applicable
3.6.1. Format
3.6.2. Claims made or occurrence based
3.6.3. Policies for operators
3.6.4. Policies for contractors and others
3.7. Model terms and conditions
There are no model terms and conditions for environmental insurance policies, endorsements to other policies, or any other financial security instruments for ELD or other environmental liabilities in Croatia.
3.7.1. Organisation issuing model terms and conditions
Not applicable
3.7.2. Description of model terms and conditions
Not applicable
3.7.3. Relationship between policies with model terms and conditions and environmental insurance policies
Not applicable
3.8. Date of general availability of environmental insurance policies
Not applicable
3.9. Environmental assessments and audits
Not applicable
3.10. Average premium
Not applicable
3.11. Average policy limit
Not applicable
3.12. Average deductible or self-insured retention
Not applicable
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3.13. Average policy period
Not applicable
3.14. Sizes of typical insured businesses
Not applicable
3.15. Industrial and commercial sectors that typically purchase policies
Not applicable
3.16. Industrial and commercial sectors with limited or no accessibility to policies
Not applicable
3.17. Number and amount of claims
Not applicable
3.18. Coverage litigation
Not applicable
3.19. Cover for ELD liabilities in general liability policies
Environmental extensions to general liability policies are widely available. They do not provide cover for ELD liabilities.
3.20. Cover for ELD liabilities in property policies
Environmental extensions to property policies are available on demand. They do not provide cover for ELD liabilities.
4. OTHER VOLUNTARY FINANCIAL SECURITY INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
4.1. Type(s)
Voluntary financial security instruments such as bank guarantees and bonds are not generally available for liabilities under the ELD or other environmental legislation. There is no demand for them because they are geared towards mandatory financial security requirements for known responsibilities such as closure and post-closure of a landfill, not voluntary financial security for accidental ELD incidents.
4.2. Availability
Not applicable
5. MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR ELD LIABILITIES (ARTICLE 14(1))
Article 205(1) of the Environmental Protection Act provides that operators identified in article 177 of the Environmental Protection Act (equivalent to annex III operators under the ELD):
shall secure available funds for the compensation of a potential environmental damage or the removal of an imminent threat of environmental damage through insurance at an insurance company in accordance with the law or in any other appropriate manner in accordance with the law.
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Article 205(2) provides that ‘[a] special Act may also regulate other types of liability insurance for damage caused by environmental pollution’.
The special Act had not been issued when this report was published.
In February 2019, the Croatian Financial Services Supervisory Agency (Hrvatska agencija za nadzor financijskih usluga) issued an instruction on insurers’ handling of the distribution of insurance products for which there is an obligation to conclude an insurance contract prescribed by special laws (Uputa za postupanje distributera osiguranja pri distribuciji proizvoda osiguranja za koje je obveza sklapanja ugovora o osiguranju propisana posebnim zakonima).8 The instruction states that insurance undertakings should notify persons carrying out insurance distribution activities (brokers) to alert their clients to have insurance policies that are required by specific legislation that regulates their clients’ business activities. The instruction sets out provisions, including articles 177 and 205 of the Environmental Protection Act, that require mandatory insurance policies.
Accordingly, insurance companies have an obligation when dealing with operators identified in article 177 of the Environmental Protection Act to alert them that they should have insurance, as required by article 205(1) of the Environmental Protection Act. The instruction further states that insurance distributors do not assume the obligation of the person required by the specified legislation to enter into an insurance contract because the person that is obliged to have such insurance by that law remains responsible for entering into it.
5.1. Competent authority(ies)
Not applicable
5.2. Legislative provisions
Article 205(1) of the Environmental Protection Act introduced mandatory financial security for ELD incidents (see section 5 above).
5.2.1. Name(s) of legislation
See section 5 above.
5.2.2. Stand-alone requirement or hybrid
The mandatory financial security requirement is a stand-alone requirement.
5.2.3. Consideration of mandatory financial security legislation (if not enacted)
Not applicable
5.2.4. Reasons for decision not to enact mandatory financial security legislation
Not applicable
5.2.5. Revisions to legislation
Not applicable
8 Uputa za postupanje distributera osiguranja pri distribuciji proizvoda osiguranja za koje je obveza sklapanja ugovora o osiguranju propisana posebnim zakonima; https://www.hanfa.hr/media/3581/uputa-distributerima-predugovorno-obvezna-osiguranja.pdf (in Croatian)
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5.2.6. ELD liabilities covered by mandatory financial security
Not applicable
5.2.7. Description of mandatory financial security provisions
Not applicable
5.2.8. Exception for low risk sites
Not applicable
5.2.9. Exception for ISO 14001 certification or EMAS registration
Not applicable
5.2.10. Other exceptions
Not applicable
5.3. Environmental licence conditions
No environmental licences or permits in Croatia require the holder to have mandatory financial security for ELD liabilities other than by legislative requirements pertaining to the licences and/or permits.
5.3.1. Stand-alone requirement or hybrid
Not applicable
5.3.2. Revisions to licensing requirements
Not applicable
5.3.3. ELD liabilities covered by mandatory financial security
Not applicable
5.3.4. Description of mandatory financial security conditions
Not applicable
5.4. Date of introduction
See section 5 above. The mandatory financial security provisions for ELD liabilities had not been brought into effect when this report was published.
5.5. Effective date
Not applicable
5.6. Key reasons for introduction
Not applicable
5.7. Withdrawal of mandatory financial security
Not applicable
5.8. Guidance
Not applicable
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5.9. Operators subject to mandatory financial security
Not applicable
5.10. Amounts and limits of mandatory financial security
Not applicable
5.11. Growth of mandatory financial security
Not applicable
6. REGULATORY OVERSIGHT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
6.1. Review of financial security instruments or mechanisms
Not applicable
6.2. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
Not applicable
6.2.1. Templates
6.2.2. Requirements for environmental insurance policies
6.2.3. Form of mandatory environmental insurance policy
6.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable
Not applicable
6.4. Time of review
Not applicable
6.5. Regulatory costs of review
Not applicable
6.6. Requirements for operator to review
Not applicable
7. ENFORCEMENT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
Not applicable
8. EX POST ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY (ARTICLE 8(2))
Article 198(1) of the Environmental Protection Act provides that if an operator does not remediate environmental damage in compliance with an approved Restoration Programme by the deadline specified by the Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Ministry shall implement the restoration programme by a third party at the expense and liability of the operator.
Article 198(3) provides that, in such a case, the Republic of Croatia is entitled to reimbursement of its costs. In order to ensure collection of the costs against the operator, the
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State shall have a right to a lien over the operator’s movable and immovable property. Article 198(4) provides that such a lien shall be registered in a competent land registry court.
Article 198(5) provides that article 198 applies to a legal person undergoing bankruptcy procedures as well as to real property owned by such a legal person. Remediation costs shall be deemed to be the costs of the bankruptcy procedure.
8.1. Date legislation or policy for mandatory financial security introduced
Article 198 was introduced at the same time that the ELD was transposed into Croatian law, namely 24 June 2013.
8.2. Effective date for ex post mandatory financial security
The effective date for ex post mandatory financial security is 24 June 2013.
8.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
The acceptable financial security instrument is a lien over the operator’s movable and immovable property (see section 8 above).
8.4. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable
The only financial security instrument that is acceptable is a lien (see section 8 above).
9. PROVIDERS OF MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY INSTRUMENTS
9.1. Insurers
Not applicable
9.2. Banks and other financial institutions
Not applicable
9.3. Sureties
Not applicable
9.4. Providers outside Member State
Not applicable
10. MEASURES TAKEN BY MEMBER STATE TO DEVELOP FINANCIAL SECURITY MARKETS
Croatia is introducing mandatory financial security for waste management activities. As part of the introduction, stand-alone environmental insurance policies specifically for waste management will become available in Croatia to satisfy the mandatory financial security requirements.
11. EU ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION WITH MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS
11.1. Landfill Directive
11.1.1. Competent authority(ies)
The Landfill Directive is implemented in Croatia by the following legislation:
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Act on Sustainable Waste Management;
Regulation on Waste Management; and
Environmental Protection Act.
The competent authority is the Ministry of Environment and Energy of the Republic of Croatia. Local and district (regional) self-government units (jedinice lokalne i regionalne samouprave) provide conditions for and ensure the implementation of the prescribed waste management measures in their respective areas.
11.1.2. Financial security provisions
The Act on Sustainable Waste Management has provisions, including financial security provisions, that apply to landfills, waste management permits, and facilities for extractive waste. This section describes the mandatory financial security provisions that apply to landfills pursuant to the Landfill Directive. Section 13.3 below describes provisions that require financial security beyond that required under the Landfill Directive.
Article 99(1) states that an applicant for a permit for waste disposal operations by landfilling must have a financial security instrument that covers post-closure (aftercare) measures.
Article 99(2) states that an applicant for a landfill shall have financial security or other equivalent financial instrument.
Article 99(5) states that the provider of the financial security or other equivalent financial instrument shall fulfil obligations under the instrument in the time specified by the written request of the competent authority or an entry in the official Register.
Article 99(6) states that the authority that issues the waste management permit or makes the entry in the official Register shall request obligations under the financial security or other equivalent financial instrument to be fulfilled upon notification by the environmental protection inspector.
Article 99(7) provides that the competent authority shall release the financial security instrument after the environmental protection inspector notifies it that all operations at the landfill have ceased and all post-closure measures have been carried out.
Article 99(9) states that details of the financial security or other equivalent financial security instruments are governed by the Regulation on Waste Management.
Article 89 sets out transitional provisions for holders of waste management permits when the Act entered into force.
11.1.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
Article 99(3) of the Act on Sustainable Waste Management states that an acceptable financial security or other equivalent financial instrument may be issued by a credit institution, an insurance company and the Fund (that is, the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost)). Article 99(3) further provides that a local government may issue a financial security or other equivalent financial instrument for waste management in respect of waste disposal.
In this respect, the Ministry of Environment and Energy has issued an instruction to local and district (regional) self-government units responsible for environmental protection (Uputa upravnim tijelima jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave nadležnim za zaštitu okoliša)9
9 Uputa upravnim tijelima jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave nadležnim za zaštitu okoliša; https://mzoe.gov.hr/o-ministarstvu-1065/djelokrug4925/otpad/najcesca-pitanja/1296 (in Croatian)
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on the types of acceptable financial security. The instruction states that in respect of landfills, an insurance policy must cover costs prescribed by article 19 of the Ordinance on the methods and conditions for the landfill of waste, categories and operational requirement for landfills (Pravilnik o načinima i uvjetima odlaganja otpada, kategorijama i uvjetima rada za odlagališta otpada),10 including remediation and costs of special compensation for environmental pollution.
Article 99(4) states that the financial security or other equivalent financial instrument must be in writing, the beneficiary must be the Republic of Croatia, and the instrument must be available ‘at first call’ to finance the removal or treatment of waste that may be located at the waste management site, and also to carry out post-closure measures.
11.1.4. Templates
There are no templates for financial security instruments or mechanisms.
11.1.5. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable
There is no list of financial security instruments and mechanisms that are not acceptable.
11.2. Extractive Waste Directive
11.2.1. Competent authority(ies)
The competent authority for the Extractive Waste Directive, which is implemented in Croatia by the Act on Sustainable Waste Management, the Ordinance on the Management of Waste from the Mining Industry (Pravilnik o gospodarenju otpadom iz rudarske industrije (Narodne novine br. 22/19)),11 and the Regulation on Waste Management, is the Ministry of Environment and Energy. The implementing authority at the national level is the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund. Local and district (regional) self-government units provide conditions for and ensure the implementation of the prescribed waste management measures in their respective areas.
Croatia did not have any Category A facilities under the Extractive Waste Directive (2006/21/EC) when this report was published.12
11.2.2. Financial security provisions
See sections 11.1.2 above for provisions that apply to facilities for extractive waste (as well as landfills permits) and section 13.3 for provisions that apply to other waste management activities.
In respect of facilities for extractive waste, article 99(8) of the Act on Sustainable Waste Management states that the holder of a waste management permit in the mining industry must have financial security before and during performance of activities under the permit in
10 Pravilnik o načinima i uvjetima odlaganja otpada, kategorijama i uvjetima rada za odlagališta otpada; http://www.propisi.hr/print.php?id=7374 (in Croatian)
11 Pravilnik o gospodarenju otpadom iz rudarske industrije (Narodne novine br. 22/19); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2019_03_22_456.html (in Croatian)
12 See BIPRO GmbH and Oakdene Hollins, ‘Provision and elaboration of information for the preparation of the "Implementation report of Directive 2006/21/EC on the management of waste from extractive industries” (070201/2015/711399/Env.A.2)’ (12 April 2016), s 3.2.13; https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/mining/waste_extractive_industries.pdf
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accordance with the Commission’s Decision (2009/335/EC) on technical guidelines for the establishment of financial guarantee in accordance with the Extractive Waste Directive.
The financial security instrument must cover obligations under the permit including any mandatory treatment and post-closure measures, and any requirements to remediate contaminated land according to the mining industry waste management plan and the permit. Article 99(8) further provides that funds must be available for remediating land contaminated by the waste facility during its operation.
Article 19 of the Ordinance on the management of waste from the mining industry states that the amount of financial security shall be calculated based on the likely effects on the environment taking into account the type of waste facility, characteristics of the waste, and the future use of the rehabilitated land, and the presumption that the assessment and rehabilitation will be carried out by an independent and suitably qualified third party.
Previously, article 26 of Ministry Ordinance on the management of waste resulting from the exploration and excavation of mineral resources (O.G. 128/08) required an operator to submit a financial guarantee to the competent authority to fulfil conditions in a permit for a Category A facility and to have funds to restore land contaminated due to operations at the facility in accordance with the extractive waste management plan. The requirements of article 26 were similar to those of article 19 of the Ordinance on the management of waste from the mining industry as stated directly above.
11.2.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
See section 11.1. 3above on acceptable financial security instruments and mechanisms.
11.2.4. Templates
There are no templates for financial security instruments or mechanisms.
11.2.5. Financial security instruments not acceptable
There is no list of financial security instruments that are not acceptable.
11.3. Carbon Capture and Storage Directive
11.3.1. Status of implementation
Croatia does not have any carbon dioxide storage facilities. It does, however, have an enhanced oil recovery project that captures carbon dioxide underground whilst producing oil.13
11.3.2. Competent authority(ies)
The competent authority for the Directive on the geological storage of carbon dioxide (2009/31/EC), which is implemented in Croatia by the Act on Exploration of Hydrocarbons (Official Gazette No. 52/18, 52/19) (Zakon o istraživanju i eksploataciji ugljikovodika (Narodne novine br. 52/18, 52/19)),14 and the Environmental Protection Act is the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Croatian Hydrocarbon Agency (Agencija za ugljikovodike).
13 See INA, ‘EOR projekt’; https://www.ina.hr/home/o-kompaniji/temeljne-djelatnosti/istrazivanje-i-proizvodnja-nafte-i-plina/eor-projekt/ (in Croatian)
14 Zakon o istraživanju i eksploataciji ugljikovodika No 52/18; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2018_06_52_1024.html (in Croatian); Zakon o istraživanju i eksploataciji ugljikovodika No 52/19; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2019_05_52_995.html (in Croatian). An
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11.3.3. Financial security provisions
Article 95(1) of the Act on Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons states that an applicant for a storage facility for carbon dioxide must submit financial security to the Ministry before the permit for the facility is issued.
Article 95(2) states that the financial security shall be a bank guarantee and that it must fulfil all the obligations under the permit including requirements in connection with the operations, closure, post-closure and regulations concerning emissions of greenhouse gases.
Article 95(3) states that the bank guarantee must be irrevocable, unconditional, available at first demand and not be subject to any limitations as well as naming the beneficiary as the Ministry. The guarantee must cover the period of the permit.
Article 95(4) states that the financial security must be adjusted to changes in the estimate risk of leakage of carbon dioxide on a regular basis as well as the estimated costs of all obligations arising from the permit as well as all obligations concerning the emission of greenhouse gases.
11.3.4. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
The only acceptable financial security instrument or mechanism (not including the financial contribution to be made following the transfer of liability to the Croatian Hydrocarbon Agency) is a bank guarantee (see section 11.3.2 above).
11.3.5. Templates
There are no templates for financial security instruments or mechanisms.
11.3.6. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable
There is no list of financial security instruments and mechanisms that are not acceptable. Note that the only acceptable instrument or mechanism is a bank guarantee (see section 11.3.2 above).
12. EU RECOMMENDATION ON HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
12.1. Status
Croatia produces oil and gas by conventional means but not by unconventional means such as hydraulic fracturing (fracking) due to the absence of shale gas in Croatia.15 That is, there is no high-volume fracking in Croatia.
12.2. Competent authority(ies)
The competent authority for licensing oil and gas operations is the Government of the Republic of Croatia. The Ministry of Environment and Energy is the competent authority for
unofficial consolidated version is available at https://www.zakon.hr/z/656/Zakon-o-istra%C5%BEivanju-i-eksploataciji-ugljikovodika (in Croatian). An unofficial English translation is available at https://www.azu.hr/media/1604/rev_1269-18_zakon-o-istra%C5%BEivanju-i-eksploataciji_en-1207.pdf
15 See AZU, ‘Istraživanje i eksploatacija nafte i plina’; https://www.azu.hr/za%C5%A1tita-okoli%C5%A1a/pitanja-i-odgovori-gra%C4%91ani/istra%C5%BEivanje-i-eksploatacija-nafte-i-plina/ (in Croatian)
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existing exploitation rights. Croatia does not have any legislation that is specifically for unconventional oil and gas operations.16
12.3. Financial security provisions
Not applicable
12.4. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
Not applicable
12.5. Templates
Not applicable
12.6. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable
Not applicable
13. EU ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION WITH NO MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS
13.1. Industrial Emissions Directive
13.1.1. Competent authority(ies)
The Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) is implemented in Croatia by the following legislation:
Environmental Protection Act;
Decree on Environmental Permit (Official Gazette No. Narodne novine br. 8/14, 5/18) (Uredba o okolišnoj dozvoli (Narodne novine br. 8/14, 5/18));17 and
Decree on Limit Values for Air Pollutant Emissions from Stationary Sources of Pollution (Official Gazette No. 87/2017) (Uredba o graničnim vrijednostima emisija onečišćujućih tvari u zrak iz nepokretnih izvora (Narodne novine br. 87/2017)).18
The competent authority is the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
13.1.2. Financial security provisions
The legislation that implements the Industrial Emissions Directive in Croatia does not contain any mandatory financial security provisions that apply to facilities subject to the Directive.
13.1.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
Not applicable
16 See Bernd Rajal and Petra Šantić , ‘Croatia: Oil and Gas Regulation 2020’ (ICLG, 3 January 2020), s 3.14; https://iclg.com/practice-areas/oil-and-gas-laws-and-regulations/croatia
17 Uredba o okolišnoj dozvoli No 8/14; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2014_01_8_119.html (in Croatian); Uredba o okolišnoj dozvoli No 5/18; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2018_01_5_152.html (in Croatian).
18 Uredba o graničnim vrijednostima emisija onečišćujućih tvari u zrak iz nepokretnih izvora (Narodne novine br. 87/2017); https://www.zastitanaradu.hr/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Uredba-o-grani%C4%8Dnim-vrijednostima-emisija-one%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%87uju%C4%87ih-tvari-u-zrak-iz-nepokretnih-izvora.pdf (in Croatian)
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13.1.4. Templates
Not applicable
13.1.5. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable
Not applicable
13.2. Seveso III Directive
13.2.1. Competent authority(ies)
The Seveso III Directive (2012/18/EU) is implemented in Croatia by the following legislation:
Environmental Protection Act;
Decree on the Prevention of Major Accidents Involving Dangerous Substances (Official Gazette No. 44/14, 31/17, 45/17) (Uredba o sprječavanju velikih nesreća koje uključuju opasne tvari (Narodne novine br. 44/14, 31/17, 45/17));19 and
Ordinance on the Registry of Installations in which Dangerous Substances are Present and the Register of Reported Major Accidents (Official Gazette No. 139/14) (Pravilnik o registru postrojenja u kojima su prisutne opasne tvari i o očevidniku prijavljenih velikih nesreća (Narodne novine br. 139/14)).20
The main competent authorities for the legislation that implements the Seveso III Directive are the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National Protection and Rescue Directorate (Državna uprava za zaštitu i spašavanje). The co-operation institutions in the implementation of the regulations under the Seveso III Directive are the Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning of the Republic of Croatia (Ministarstvo graditeljstva i prostornog uređenja Republike Hrvatske) and local and district (regional) self-government units.
13.2.2. Financial security provisions
The legislation that implements the Seveso III Directive does not contain any financial security requirements that apply to Seveso III facilities.
13.2.3. Financial security instruments and mechanisms accepted
Not applicable
13.2.4. Templates
Not applicable
13.2.5. Financial security instruments and mechanisms not acceptable
Not applicable
19 Uredba o sprječavanju velikih nesreća koje uključuju opasne tvari No 44/14; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2014_04_44_813.html (in Croatian); Uredba o sprječavanju velikih nesreća koje uključuju opasne tvari No 31/17; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2017_04_31_694.html (in Croatian); Uredba o sprječavanju velikih nesreća koje uključuju opasne tvari No 45/17; https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2017_05_45_1068.html (in Croatian). An unofficial consolidated version is available at http://www.propisi.hr/print.php?id=8516 (in Croatian)
20 Pravilnik o registru postrojenja u kojima su prisutne opasne tvari i o očevidniku prijavljenih velikih nesreća (Narodne novine br. 139/14); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2014_11_139_2624.html (in Croatian)
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13.3. Other legislation
The Act on Sustainable Waste Management has provisions, including financial security provisions that apply to landfills, waste management permits, and facilities for extractive waste. Some financial security provisions are in addition to those that are required under the Landfill Directive (see section 11.1 above) and the Extractive Waste Directive (see section 11.2 above).
Article 91(8) states that an applicant for a waste management permit must have financial security in accordance with article 99.
Article 99(2) states that an applicant for a landfill shall have financial security or other equivalent financial instrument.
Article 99(5) states that the provider of the financial security or other equivalent financial instrument shall fulfil obligations under the instrument in the time specified by the written request of the competent authority or an entry in the Official Register.
Article 99(6) states that the authority that issues the waste management permit or makes the entry in the Official Register shall request obligations under the financial security or other equivalent financial instrument to be fulfilled upon notification by the environmental protection inspector.
Article 99(8) states, among other things, that the operator of an extractive waste facility must have funding to remediate land contaminated by its operations.
Article 99(9) states that details of the financial security or other equivalent financial security instruments are governed by the Regulation on Waste Management.
Article 89 sets out transitional provisions for holders of waste management permits when the Act entered into force.
Article 21(1) of the Regulation on Waste Management states that an applicant for a waste management permit shall have adequate liability insurance against claims from damage to third parties as a result of carrying out waste management activities. Article 21(2) sets out a detailed methodology for calculating the amount of financial security. That is, all persons that have waste management permits must have an insurance policy that provides cover for claims for bodily injury and property damage resulting from waste management operations.
14. MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS
14.1. Competent authority(ies)
The competent authority for licensing the exploration and production of oil and gas in Croatia is the Government of the Republic of Croatia. The Ministry of Environment and Energy is the competent authority in respect of existing exploitation rights.
In addition, articles 22 and 116 of the Hydrocarbons Exploration and Production Act (Zakon o istraživanju i eksploataciji ugljikovodika; ZIEU (Official Gazette Nos 52/18 and 52/19))21 requires consultation with the Co-ordinating Authority prior to the issuance or assignment of a licence for offshore oil and gas operations.
21 Zakon o istraživanju i eksploataciji ugljikovodika br.52/18, 52/19; https://zakon.hr/z/656/Zakon-o-istraživanju-i-eksploataciji-ugljikovodika (in Croatian)
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14.2. Status of offshore oil and gas operations
Croatia had granted three concessions for offshore oil and gas when this report was published.22
14.3. Requirements for financial security
The exploration and production of oil and gas in Croatia is governed by the Hydrocarbons Exploration and Production Act.
The ZIEU requires an applicant for offshore (and onshore) oil and gas operations to submit financial security in the form of a bank guarantee or performance bond for the works programme under the licence or concession; a parent company guarantee; insurance for claims for bodily injury, property damage and other losses; and security for decommissioning during the exploration phase together with a decommissioning fund and an escrow account with a bank.23
14.4. Requirement for financial security for ELD liabilities
There are no specific requirements for financial security for liabilities under the ELD in respect of offshore oil and gas operations.
15. FAILURE OF FINANCIAL SECURITY
15.1. Inadequate level of financial security instrument or mechanism to pay claims
There are no cases in which financial security instruments or mechanisms were inadequate to pay to prevent or remediate environmental damage due to the absence of environmental damage cases in Croatia.
15.2. Insolvency of operator leading to failure of financial security instrument or mechanism
There has been at least one case in which a petrochemical company subject to the Seveso III Directive entered into bankruptcy and could not pay to prevent environmental damage by removing dangerous chemicals from the site. The criminal case involving the operator was ongoing when this report was published.
15.3. Other
No reports of any environmental damage cases or the inadequacy of financial security were reported.
16. FUNDS
Croatia has not established a fund specifically to pay for preventing and remediating environmental damage.
The Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund was established in 2004. The purpose of the Fund is to provide additional resources to finance projects, programmes and similar activities in the area of conservation, sustainable use, and the protection and
22 Bernd Rajal and Petra Šantić , ‘Croatia: Oil and Gas Regulation 2020’ (ICLG, 3 January 2020), s 3.1; https://iclg.com/practice-areas/oil-and-gas-laws-and-regulations/croatia
23 Ibid s 3.1
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improvement of the environment.24 Whilst most of its activities do not involve funding for the prevention and remediation of environmental damage under the ELD, funding from it has been provided to remediate a hazardous waste pit (together with EU co-financing),25 the remediation and closure of a non-hazardous waste landfill,26 and the remediation of a landfill that has been transformed into a regulated landfill.27 These projects do not however involve ELD liabilities; they involve the remediation of historic pollution.
16.1. Name(s)
Not applicable
16.2. Extension of existing fund to cover remedial costs under the ELD
Not applicable
16.3. Purpose
Not applicable
16.4. Type
Not applicable
16.5. Source(s) of funding
Not applicable
16.6. Number and amount of claims
Not applicable
24 See Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost/Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund, ‘About us’; http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/about_us/ (in Croatian and English)
25 Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost, ‘EU funding for remediation of pit Sovjak have been secured’ (13 July 2018); http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/news/eu_funding_for_remediation_of_pit_sovjak_have_been_secured/
26 Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost, ‘Remediation of landfill Nemetin in Osijek’ (25 November 2019); http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/news/remediation_of_landfill_nemetin_in_osijek/
27 Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost, ‘The first phase of remediation of landfill Karepovac in Split is drawing to a close’ (13 December 2019); http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/news/the_first_phase_of_remediation_of_landfill_karepovac_in_split_is_drawing_to_a_close/
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
European Union
Report
EU Environmental Implementation Review 2019; Country Report – Croatia (SWD(2019) 114 final, 4 April 2019); https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_hr_en.pdf
Croatia
Legislation
Act on Exploration of Hydrocarbons (Official Gazette No. 52/18, 52/19) (Zakon o istraživanju i eksploataciji ugljikovodika (Narodne novine br. 52/18, 52/19)); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2018_06_52_1024.html
Act on Sustainable Waste Management (Official Gazette No 94/13; 73/17, 14/19 and 98/19) (Zakon o održivom gospodarenju otpadom, Narodne novine broj 94/13, 73/17, 14/19 i 98/19); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_07_94_2123.html
Act on Sustainable Waste Management, the Ordinance on the Management of Waste from the Mining Industry (Pravilnik o gospodarenju otpadom iz rudarske industrije (Narodne novine br. 22/19)); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2019_03_22_456.html
Decree on Environmental Permit (Official Gazette No. Narodne novine br. 8/14, 5/18) (Uredba o okolišnoj dozvoli (Narodne novine br. 8/14, 5/18)); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2014_01_8_119.html
Decree on Limit Values for Air Pollutant Emissions from Stationary Sources of Pollution (Official Gazette No. 87/2017) (Uredba o graničnim vrijednostima emisija onečišćujućih tvari u zrak iz nepokretnih izvora (Narodne novine br. 87/2017)); https://www.zastitanaradu.hr/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Uredba-o-grani%C4%8Dnim-vrijednostima-emisija-one%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%87uju%C4%87ih-tvari-u-zrak-iz-nepokretnih-izvora.pdf
Decree on the Prevention of Major Accidents Involving Dangerous Substances (Official Gazette No. 44/14, 31/17, 45/17) (Uredba o sprječavanju velikih nesreća koje uključuju opasne tvari (Narodne novine br. 44/14, 31/17, 45/17)); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2014_04_44_813.html
Environmental Protection Act (Official Gazette No. 80/13, 153/13, 78/15, 12/18, 118/18) (Zakon o zaštiti okoliša (Narodne novine br. 80/13, 153/13, 78/15, 12/18, 118/18); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_06_80_1659.html
Hydrocarbons Exploration and Production Act (Zakon o istraživanju i eksploataciji ugljikovodika; ZIEU (Official Gazette Nos 52/18 and 52/19); https://zakon.hr/z/656/Zakon-o-istraživanju-i-eksploataciji-ugljikovodika
Ministry of Environment and Energy Instruction to local and district (regional) self-government units responsible for environmental protection (Uputa upravnim tijelima jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave nadležnim za zaštitu okoliša); https://mzoe.gov.hr/o-ministarstvu-1065/djelokrug4925/otpad/najcesca-pitanja/1296
Ordinance on Measures for the Removal of Environmental Damage and Recovery Programmes (Pravilnik o mjerama otklanjanja šteta u okolišu i sanacijskim programima (OG 145/08)); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_12_145_3992.html
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Ordinance on the methods and conditions for the landfill of waste, categories and operational requirement for landfills (Pravilnik o načinima i uvjetima odlaganja otpada, kategorijama i uvjetima rada za odlagališta otpada); http://www.propisi.hr/print.php?id=7374
Ordinance on the Registry of Installations in which Dangerous Substances are Present and the Register of Reported Major Accidents (Official Gazette No. 139/14) (Pravilnik o registru postrojenja u kojima su prisutne opasne tvari i o očevidniku prijavljenih velikih nesreća (Narodne novine br. 139/14)); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2014_11_139_2624.html
Regulation on Liability for Environmental Damage (Uredbe o odgovornosti za štete u okolišu (OG 31/17)); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2017_04_31_692.html
Regulation on Waste Management (Official Gazette No 117/17) (Pravilnik o gospodarenju otpadom); https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2017_11_117_2708.html
Instructions
Croatian Financial Services Supervisory Agency (Hrvatska agencija za nadzor financijskih usluga), Instruction on insurers’ handling of the distribution of insurance products for which there is an obligation to conclude an insurance contract prescribed by special laws (Uputa za postupanje distributera osiguranja pri distribuciji proizvoda osiguranja za koje je obveza sklapanja ugovora o osiguranju propisana posebnim zakonima); https://www.hanfa.hr/media/3581/uputa-distributerima-predugovorno-obvezna-osiguranja.pdf
Ministry of Environment and Energy, Instruction to local and district (regional) self-government units responsible for environmental protection (Uputa upravnim tijelima jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave nadležnim za zaštitu okoliša); https://mzoe.gov.hr/o-ministarstvu-1065/djelokrug4925/otpad/najcesca-pitanja/1296
Articles and reports
AZU, ‘Istraživanje i eksploatacija nafte i plina’; https://www.azu.hr/za%C5%A1tita-okoli%C5%A1a/pitanja-i-odgovori-gra%C4%91ani/istra%C5%BEivanje-i-eksploatacija-nafte-i-plina/
BIPRO GmbH and Oakdene Hollins, ‘Provision and elaboration of information for the preparation of the "Implementation report of Directive 2006/21/EC on the management of waste from extractive industries” (070201/2015/711399/Env.A.2)’ (12 April 2016); https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/mining/waste_extractive_industries.pdf
Croatian Insurance Bureau, ‘2018 Key Facts, Insurance Market in the Republic of Croatia’; http://www.huo.hr/eng/publications/50/
Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost/Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund, ‘About us’; http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/about_us/
Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost, ‘EU funding for remediation of pit Sovjak have been secured’ (13 July 2018); http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/news/eu_funding_for_remediation_of_pit_sovjak_have_been_secured/
Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost, ‘The first phase of remediation of landfill Karepovac in Split is drawing to a close’ (13 December 2019);
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http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/news/the_first_phase_of_remediation_of_landfill_karepovac_in_split_is_drawing_to_a_close/
Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost, ‘Remediation of landfill Nemetin in Osijek’ (25 November 2019); http://www.fzoeu.hr/en/news/remediation_of_landfill_nemetin_in_osijek/
INA, ‘EOR projekt’; https://www.ina.hr/home/o-kompaniji/temeljne-djelatnosti/istrazivanje-i-proizvodnja-nafte-i-plina/eor-projekt/
Rajal, Bernd, and Petra Šantić, ‘Croatia: Oil and Gas Regulation 2020’ (ICLG, 3 January 2020); https://iclg.com/practice-areas/oil-and-gas-laws-and-regulations/croatia
