TerrorismUnderstanding the Threat

Course Text:

Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Options• Use of Force

– Coercive covert operations– Suppressive campaigns– Punitive/Preemptive strikes

• Repressive– Covert Operations– Intelligence– Enhanced Security– Economic Sanctions

• Conciliatory– Diplomacy– Social Reform– Concessions

• Legalistic– Law enforcement– Criminalized terrorist behavior– International agreements

Coercive Covert Opns• Special Operations Forces

– Military• United Kingdom

– Special Air Service (SAS)– Special Boat Service (SBS)– Royal Marine Commandos

• France– 1st Navy Parachute Infantry Regiment (1RPIMa)– French Navy Special Assault units– 11th Parachute Division– Foreign Legion

Coercive Covert Opns• Special Operations Forces

– Military (Continued)• Israel

– Sayaret Makal– Parachite Sayaret– Golani Brigade

• United States– 1st Special Forces Ops Det – Delta– Special Forces Group– Sea Air Land Forces– 75th Ranger Regiment

Coercive Covert Opns• Special Operations Forces

– Police• France – GIGN• Germany – GSG-9• Israel – YAMAS & YAMAM• Spain – GEO• United States – FBI’s HRT & Local SWAT

Repressive Operations• Covert Operations

– Infiltration– Disinformation– Cyberwar

• Intelligence– HUMINT– SIGINT– Agencies

• Great Britain – MI-5 & MI-6• United States – FBI & CIA• Germany – Bureau for Protection of the Constitution

Military Intelligence Service

Repressive Operations• Enhanced Security

– Target Hardening (AT)• Economic Sanctions

– Trade restrictions/controls imposed to pressure governments to moderate their behavior

– For Success• International cooperation must remain firm• Trade leaks in the sanctions must be controlled• The sanctioned regime must suffer

Conciliatory Options• Diplomacy

– Peace Processes– Negotiations

• Social Reform• Concessionary Options

Legalistic Response• Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism

– INTERPOL– Rewards for Justice– Sky Marshals– Profiling

• Terrorist• Criminal• Racial

Legalistic Response• Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism

– Civil Liberties– Terrorism Courts– Qualified Amnesty– USAPATRIOT Act

Legalistic Response• International Law – Treaties

– Tokyo Convention – 1963– Hague Convention – 1970– Montreal Convention – 1971– CPPATTFCAPRETAIS (page 376)

• International Courts– Intl Court of Justice– Intl Criminal Court– Intl Criminal Tribunal – former Yugoslavia– Intl Criminal Tribunal – Rwanda

Chapter #14• The Future of Terrorism

– Projections– New Threats– New Challenges– The United States

Projections• New Terrorism

– Communications & Technology use– Cell-based organizations– Low-tech tactics– High-tech weapons

• State Terrorism• Dissident terrorism• Proxies

New Threats• Sources not likely to change• Political violence will continue• National identity, racial supremacy,

religious dogma & ideological beliefs

New Challenges• Disrupting & preventing plans• Deterring transition from activism to

violence• Implementing treaties and task forces• Minimizing destruction and casualties

Responses• Government

– Operations other than war• Peace process• Negotiation• Social reform

• Society– Cultural and ideological shift– Efforts to promote inclusion

• Countering Extremism

Continued Use of Force• Eliminate terrorist threats• General deterrence (risk outweigh

benefits)• Specific deterrence (focused

message)• Demonstrate national will

The United States• Homeland

Security

END

TerrorismUnderstanding the Threat

Class #16

Final Examination