CriticART Protest 19th Century C T I Borcea
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critic ART - Young Artists in Emergency 1 Art Criticism and Social Protest in the Nineteenth Century In some ways the 19th century had its own language, as terms and events which would have been common knowledge 150 years ago have faded into history. Warfare, often on a colossal scale, marked the 1800s. The Napoleonic Wars roiled Europe, and the American Civil War threatened to permanently tear apart the young na tion. Other conflicts included revolutions throughout Latin America, the Crimean War, wars in t he western Pacific, and the Spanish -American War. The Monroe Doctrine and The Great Game were turning points in international affairs. The great powers of Europe clashed during the Napoleonic Wars, and decades later they battled in the Crimea. In the later years of the 19th Century the Franco-Prussian War rewrote the map of Europe. The 1800s will always bring to mind Trafalgar, Waterloo, and the Charge of the Light Brigade. Modern industry emerged in the 19th century thanks to such innovations as steam power, steel producti on, textile mills, and ma ss production bas ed on the principles of inv entor Eli Whitney. The whaling industry boomed for a time, and pumping oil from the ground became a col ossal new busine ss. People rush ed to mine gold an d copper, and ba nking powerhouses rose to prominence. Despite the great advances of the 19th century, the period will also be known for slavery. The slave trade was eventually eliminated, and in the United States the abolition movement became a great moral force. The conflict centred around slavery eventually led the United States into a tr agic war between the states. On the other side of the world, in Russia, the serfs were liberated. Populations were on the move , t herefore the population of the New World increased dramatically as millions of immigrants arr ived. Starting with the Irish during t he Famine , successive wave s of immigrants arrived in the United States, and American cities swelled with their numbers. Immigration also populated Australia, which had been a distant penal colony. Mark Twain coined the term "The Gilded Age" to describe conditions in the late 1800s, when a new class of very rich people reveled in ostentatious displays of wealth while downtrodden workers organise d for fair wages and safe factory conditions. The American
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