Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education Critical Thinking: The Foundation...
-
Upload
julianna-flowers -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
5
Transcript of Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education Critical Thinking: The Foundation...
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Critical Thinking: The Foundation of Excellence
in Business Education
Phyllis R. Anderson, PhDJoanne R. Reid, EdD
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Business Education Problem
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Case Studies
1. Students have problem isolating key factors in business decisions
2. Students have problem differentiating cause and effect
3. Students used intuitive opinion, not rational thinking
4. Students repeating the same error, seeking different results.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
CapSim® Computerized Business Simulation
1.Poor understanding of business variables
2.Poor understanding of interdependency of business variables.
3.Poor recognition of dependent vs independent variables
4.Poor ability to calculate time effects of business changes
5.Poor inference of relationships among variables
6.Poor evaluating of effects of changes
7.Poor evaluation of consequences of miscalculations.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
My Students Needed
• Thinking skills• Reasoning skills• Analytical skills• Evaluative skills • Inferential skills
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Research Goals
1.Work within the extant course of study in Business Administration
2.Provide thinking skills that would be applicable to business students
3.Provide thinking skills that would improve student outcomes
4.Determine applicability of thinking skills for improvement of business college curricula.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Educational Research Problem
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
1980 – US Department of LaborFoundational Skills to be Taught for Competency of Labor Force Thinking Skills
1. Thinks creatively2. Makes decisions3. Solves problems4. Visualizes5. Knows how to learn6. Reasons
Brock, W., & Packer, A. (2000b). What Work Requires of Schools. Retrieved September 28, 2009. from from http://wdr.doleta.gov/SCANS/whatwork/whatwork.pdf.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Foundational Skills to be Taught for Competency of Labor Force
1. Creative Thinking — generates new ideas2. Decision Making — specifies goals and constraints,
generates alternatives, considers risks, and evaluates and chooses best alternative
3. Problem Solving — recognizes problems and devises and implements plan of action
4. Seeing Things in the Mind’s Eye — organizes, and processes symbols, pictures, graphs, objects, and other information
5. Knowing How to Learn — uses efficient learning techniques to acquire and apply new knowledge and skills
6. Reasoning — discovers a rule or principle underlying the relationship between two or more objects and applies it when solving a problem
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
2007 - Nation’s Report Card,US Department of Education
Reading: (1992 through 2005)
1. ‘Literary experience’ declined
2. ‘For information’ declined
3. ‘To perform a task’ declined.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
2007 - Nation’s Report Card,US Department of Education
High School Graduates Reading Proficiency: (2005)
1. Below Basic: 48%
2. At or below Basic: 81%
3. Proficient: 13%
4. Advanced: 5%Grigg, W., Donahue, P., & Dion, G. (2007). The nation's report card: 12th-Grade reading and mathematics 2005. Retrieved October 1, 2007. from
http://nationsreportcard.gov.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
2007 - Nation’s Report Card,US Department of Education
Mathematics:37% of graduating HS seniors were unable to
perform even the most basic mathematical procedures
40% of graduating seniors were able to perform only basic mathematics.
22% rated as Proficient
1% rated as Advanced.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
2008 - DeVore
1. Critical thinking is one of the most underutilized tools for creating effective business strategies.
2. A staggering 93% of the workforce have not had their critical thinking skills assessed
3. 87% have not been trained in the critical thinking skills necessary to perform at higher levels.DeVore, N. (2008). Critical thinking and better decisions (White Paper): Verge Consulting.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Solution?
Develop and validate a course of study in Critical
Thinking.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
The conjunction of knowledge, skills and strategies that promotes improved problem solving, rational decision making and enhanced creativity.
Reid, J. (2009a). Can critical thinking be learned? Paper presented at the Mid-West Regional Educational Research Association.
Definition of Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking Course
The Three Pillars
• Teaching for Critical Thinking, (Halpern, 1998)
• Cognitive Training Model, (Foshay, Silber and Stelnicki, 2003)
• California Critical Thinking Skills Test, (Facione, Facione, Blohm & Gittens, 2008.)
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Teaching for Critical ThinkingMotivation
AttentionRelevanceConfidenceSatisfaction
Instruction in CT Skills
Self-AwarenessLogical processesMethods of proof
Pseudo proofsProblem Solving / Decision Making
Metacognitive Training
Knowledge and training to develop recognition of the
need and activation of Critical Thinking
processes
Structure Training
In-depth practice to recognize and use
Critical Thinking skills in multiple contexts.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Cognitive Training Module
Learners Must Do This to Learn
Developers Put These Elements in Lessons to Help
Learners
1. Select the Information to Attend to
WIIFM: What’s In It For Me?YCDI: You can do it.
2. Link the New Information to the Existing Knowledge
Recall existing knowledge Relate the new knowledge and the old knowledge
3. Organize the Information Structure of Content. Objectives. Chunking. Text Layout. Illustrations.
4. Assimilate the New Knowledge into Existing Knowledge
Present New Knowledge.Present Examples.
5. Strengthen the New Knowledge in Memory.
Practice. Feedback. Summary. Test. On-the-job application.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
California Critical Thinking Skills Test
Parameter DescriptionTotal Score Correct Answers out of 34
Percentile Ranking Relative ranking compared with other college seniors
Analysis Analytical skills differentiating premise and conclusion
Inference Using inductive reasoning, deductive reason and analysis to draw conclusions based on evidence.
Evaluation Determining the strength and believability of an inference or argument
Inductive Reasoning Capacity to draw a general conclusion based on evidence
Deductive Reasoning
Capacity to draw a specific conclusion based on general arguments.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Method
Dr. Phyllis Anderson
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Experimental Venue
Senior capstone course in a college of business
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Business Class Structure
1. Critical Thinking Treatment
2. Module Case Study
3. Semester Case Study
4. CapSim® Computerized Business Simulation
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
1.CCTST Pre-Test
2.Module/Halpern Chapter 1 – 9: Treatment
3.CCTST Post Test
Critical Thinking Treatment
Semester Schedule
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Textbook
1.Critical Thinking across the Curriculum: A Brief Edition of Thought and Knowledge (Halpern, 1997)
Critical Thinking Treatment
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Nine Module/Chapters at one Module per class period.
Each Module consisted of six elements:
1. Module Pre-Test
2. Discussion of previous Module & examination
3. Multi-media assisted lecture on present Module
4. Module reading assignment
5. Module chapter examination
6. Module Post-Test
Critical Thinking TreatmentClass-by-Class Schedule
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking Results
Dr. Joanne Reid
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
What Is the Result?
In every Module, the students’ Post-Test scores were significantly higher than the Pre-Test scores.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
What Is Our Conclusion?
Using this treatment, student learning occurred in every Module of the CT Treatment.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
California Critical Thinking Skills Test:
The Test of Overall Learning
What were the scores of the CCTST?
Did they confirm the Chapter Pre-Test/Post-Test scores?
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
What Is the Result?
In 6 of the 7 parameters the students’ Post-Test scores of the CCTST were significantly greater than the Pre-Test scores.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
What Are Our Conclusions?
1. That is, the learning observed in the Modules was transferred to the CCTST.
2. Critical Thinking skills were learned and applied in a different environment.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking Conclusion
Critical Thinking was taught
Critical Thinking was learned.
Critical Thinking skills were transferred from one domain to another.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Business Course Results
Dr. Phyllis Anderson
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Module Case Studies
1. Only 5% of overall grade
2. Rubric developed
3. Emphasis on Business understanding
4. Most students did try to use CT analyses
5. Students needed more practice in CT analyses of business problems.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Semester Case Studies
1.Major grade component
2.Primarily based on business parameters, i.e. SWOT, Financials, History, etc.
3.Students required to discuss the company’s decisions, how they would have done things differently and why.
4.Students used CT to critique decisions and justify their own.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
CapSim® Simulation
1.All teams appeared to learn more quickly
2.Teams considered more variables than previous classes.
3.Teams developed more rational business plans rather than “gut” performance
4.No team went bankrupt!
5.No emergency loans!
6.Novel solutions to business problems (Induced strike!)
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Summary
1.Module Exams: Could be improved with greater emphasis.
2.Module Case Studies: Could be improved with greater emphasis.
3.Semester Case Study: Improved student outcomes, but greater emphasis should help.
4.CapSim®: Improved student outcomes!
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Business Class Conclusion
Critical Thinking improved business case studies.
Critical Thinking improved CapSim®.
Critical Thinking improved student outcomes.
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Courses of Study
Academic
Business
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Common Core12 Module/Lesson
Each Module consisted of six elements:
1. Module T/F Pre-Test
2. Discussion of previous Module & examination
3. Multi-media assisted lecture on present Module
4. Module reading assignment
5. Module chapter examination
6. Module T/F Post-TestCopyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Academic Courses
Instructor Led
Computer-Aided
Web-Based (In Development)
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Instructor-Led Course Materials
1 Teacher’s Manual15 PowerPoint-Assisted Lectures with Scripts12 Lesson T/F Pre-Tests and Post-Tests12 T/F Test Masters (Answers)12 T/F Grading Spreadsheets12 Lesson Assignments12 Assignment Masters (Answers/Grading Rubric)1 Assignment Grading Spreadsheet
Note: Textbooks not included Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Computer-Aided Course Materials
3 DVDs containing:15 Video Lectures
1 CD ROM containing:All the material contained in theInstructor-Led course of study
Note: Textbook not included
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Business Manager’s Courses
Instructor Led
Computer-Aided
Web-Based (In Development)
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Instructor-Led Course Materials
1 Teacher’s Manual15 PowerPoint-Assisted Lectures with Scripts12 Lesson T/F Pre-Tests and Post-Tests12 T/F Test Masters12 T/F Grading Spreadsheets12 Lesson Assignments12 Assignment Masters1 Assignment Grading Spreadsheet12 Business Case Studies12 Business Case Study Grading Rubrics
Note: Textbooks not includedCopyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Computer-Aided Course Materials
3 DVDs containing:15 Video Lectures
1 CD ROM containing:All the material contained in theInstructor-Led course of study
Note: Textbook not included
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Options
California Critical Thinking Skills Test
Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Test
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
CT Teacher Training
Cost: $6,000 per courseClass: Maximum of 6 attendeesSchedule: 1 or 2 Sessions per weekTangibles: Certificate in Teaching Critical Thinking*
Additional Expenses:TravelLodgingTextbooksMeeting RoomsA/V Equipment/Facilities Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Business Manager’s Course
Cost: $10,000 per courseClass: Maximum of 10 attendeesSchedule: 1 or 2 Sessions per weekTangible: Certificate of Performance
Additional Expenses:TravelLodgingTextbooksMeeting RoomsA/V Equipment/Facilities
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
Contact
Dr. Joanne R. ReidCorporate Development Associates, Inc.
PO Box 1206Lombard, IL 60148
(630) [email protected]
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
References
Reid, J., & Anderson, P. (in press). Critical thinking in the business classroom. Journal of Education for Business,
Reid, J., & Anderson, P. (2011). Critical Thinking: The Foundation of Education in a Technological World. In A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.), Education in a technological world: Communicating current and emerging research and technological efforts (Vol. 1). Badajoz, Spain: Formatex Research Center.
Reid, J., & Anderson, P. (2011). Critical thinking instruction in interesting times. In M. Abdelsama (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2011 International Business Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Management. Orlando, FL: Society fot the Advancement of Management.
Anderson, P., & Reid, J. (2010). An application of Halpern's Teaching for Critical Thinking in the business school classroom. In J. Teahan (Ed.), Proceedings of the North American Management Society 2010 Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL: North American Management Society.
Reid, J. (2009a). Can critical thinking be learned? Paper presented at the Mid-West Regional Educational Research Association, St. Louis, MO.
Reid, J. (2009b). A quantitative assessment of an application of Halpern's Teaching for Critical Thinking in a business class. Doctoral Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL. Proquest Publication No: 340486 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2066610151&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11150&RQT=309&VName=PQD
DeVore, N. (2008). Critical thinking and better decisions (White Paper): Verge Consulting.Kane, M., Berryman, S., Goslin, D., & Meltzer, A. (1990). Identifying and Describing The Skills
Required by Work: The Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills.
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011
Critical Thinking: Foundation of Excellence in Business Education
The End
Copyright © J. R. Reid, 2011