Critical issues in the development of Metropolitan Areas -ALVIM... · Critical issues in the...
Transcript of Critical issues in the development of Metropolitan Areas -ALVIM... · Critical issues in the...
Critical issues in the development of Metropolitan
Areas
Prof. Dra. Angélica Benatti ALVIM
Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism – Mackenzie Presbiterian University
CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS
Theorizing the contemporary: CHALLENGES • Transition between industrial capitalism => cognitive capitalism
• Modernity / Post‐modernity / Liquid Modernity• The construction of the conceptual framework ofmetropolises is still underway (Soja, Brenner, Lencioni, Magalhães)
• City – Region – Megacity – Metapolis –Megalopolis ?
Nádia SomekhFonte: NASA ‐ Earth Observatory. Site http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CitiesAtNight/ acess in 07/06/2010
Europa e Ásia
METROPOLISES AND THE NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE
Metropolitan area – of which concept are werefering to?Prevail: • Municipal vision; • Economic development unrelated from theterritory
THE CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS DEMANDS FOR NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE Technical or political issue?
METROPOLIS DEMANDS PARTICIPATION SYSTEMS AND DEMOCRACY AT DIFFERENT SCALES
• Dilution of municipal limits• New intermunicipal arrangements: Consortiums, Development Agencies, riverbasin
• Contemporary instruments that ally diverseinterests
• Social participation instances at differentscales
CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS AND THE CHALLENGES PLACED BY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
How to implement sustainable actions?
• Less polluting modes of transportation• Interaction between river basin committee / Metropolitan Planning
• Green Economy• 21 Agenda
MOBILITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS: DEMANDS SHARED SOLUTION
Decade of 1940 / 50 – Fordism – ProductionUnit was the factory
Nowadays: Production Unit is the City
• Public Transport X individual Transport• Changes in the energy matrix
Roads that crossses environmental protected areas?
Global CO2 Emission Map ‐ 1980
Fonte: Mapa do site Estadão com dados da ONG Trees for the Future e da Energy Information Administration. Site http://www.estadao.com.br/especiais/mapa‐da‐emissao‐de‐carbono,19078.htm acesso em 11/04/2011
Fonte: Mapa do site Estadão com dados da ONG Trees for the Future e da Energy Information Administration. Site http://www.estadao.com.br/especiais/mapa‐da‐emissao‐de‐carbono,19078.htm acesso em 11/04/2011
Global CO2 Emission Map ‐ 2005
THE METROPLIS COMPREHEND REAL STATE DEVELOPMENTS WITH DIVERSE INTERESTS...
Problems..• Developments as a capitalism tool• Urbanism of events• Close Condominium• Major Urban Projects• Housing issue – socio‐spatial obstacle
• Colocar figuras do MCMV e de projetos de HIS com pobreza….
CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS: PLAN AND PROJECT AS MEDIATION INSTRUMENTS FOR
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY?
PRESUPPOSITION:• Housing, Accessibility and Public Spaces• Culture, Inheritance and Identity• Effective Participation of civil society• Collaborative construction of Urban Projects• Urban Quality as a result – URBANITY
How is themainmetroplis ofBrazil?
Lisbon
PORTUGUESE-BRAZILIAN METROPOLISES
METROPOLITAN AREAS COMPARISON
Sao Paulo Lisbon
SEARCHING FOR PROPORTION...
METROPOLITAN AREAS
São Paulo Lisboa
Area: 7.946,84 km²
Population: 20.284.891 hab.
2 552,57 hab./ km²
Fonte: <http://produtos.seade.gov.br/produtos/perfil_regional/index.php>
Area: 3.015,24 km²
Population: 2.821.876 hab.
935,87 hab./ km²Fonte:
<http://www.dgterritorio.pt/ficheiros/cadastro/caop/caop_download/caop_2014_0/areasfregmundistcaop2014_
2>
1554....
São Paulo de Piratininga
São Vicente
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
1881
até 1881
MANCHA URBANA
Ferrovias
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
até 1881de 1882 até 1914
MANCHA URBANA
Ferrovias
1914
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
até 1881de 1882 até 1914
de 1915 até 1929
MANCHA URBANA
Ferrovias
1929
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
Raposo Tavares ‐1937
Anhanguera ‐ 1940
Anchieta – 1947até 1881de 1882 até 1914
de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949
MANCHA URBANA
Rodovias
Ferrovias
1949
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
Régis Bittencourt ‐ 1950
Anchieta – 1947
Presidente Dutra ‐ 1950
Raposo Tavares ‐1937
Anhanguera ‐ 1940
Fernão Dias ‐ 1950
até 1881de 1882 até 1914
de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962
MANCHA URBANA
Rodovias
Ferrovias
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
1967
1985
Régis Bittencourt ‐ 1950
Anchieta – 1947
Presidente Dutra ‐ 1950
Raposo Tavares ‐1937
Anhanguera ‐ 1940
Fernão Dias ‐ 1950
Marg. Tietê
Marg. Pinheiros
Castello Branco ‐ 1968
Imigrantes – 1976
Bandeirantes – 1978
Ano: 1980População: 12,5 milhões
até 1881de 1882 até 1914
de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962de 1963 até 1974
de 1975 até 1980de 1981 até 1985
MANCHA URBANA
Rodovias
Ferrovias
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
1997
Régis Bittencourt ‐ 1950
Anchieta – 1947
Presidente Dutra ‐ 1950
Raposo Tavares ‐1937
Anhanguera ‐ 1940
Fernão Dias ‐ 1950
Marg. Tietê
Marg. Pinheiros
Castello Branco ‐ 1968
Imigrantes – 1976
Bandeirantes – 1978
Ayrton Senna ‐ 1982
Anel Viário Metropolitano ‐ 1985Mini Anel Viário ‐ 1975
até 1881de 1882 até 1914
de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962de 1963 até 1974
de 1975 até 1980de 1981 até 1985de 1986 até 1992de 1993 até 1997
MANCHA URBANA
Rodovias
Ferrovias
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
2007
Régis Bittencourt ‐ 1950
Anchieta – 1947
Presidente Dutra ‐ 1950
Raposo Tavares ‐1937
Anhanguera ‐ 1940
Fernão Dias ‐ 1950
Marg. Tietê
Marg. Pinheiros
Castello Branco ‐ 1968
Imigrantes – 1976
Bandeirantes – 1978
Ayrton Senna ‐ 1982
Ano: 2007População: 19 milhões
Anel Viário Metropolitano ‐ 1985Rodoanel Leste – Em Projeto
Rodoanel Sul – Em Construção
Rodoanel Oeste ‐ 2002Rodoanel Norte – Em Projeto
Mini Anel Viário ‐ 1975
até 1881de 1882 até 1914
de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962de 1963 até 1974
de 1975 até 1980de 1981 até 1985de 1986 até 1992de 1993 até 1997
MANCHA URBANA
Rodovias
Ferrovias
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
2014
Régis Bittencourt - 1950
Anchieta – 1947
Presidente Dutra - 1950
Raposo Tavares - 1937
Anhanguera - 1940
Fernão Dias - 1950
Marg. Tietê
Marg. Pinheiros
Castello Branco - 1968
Imigrantes – 1976
Bandeirantes – 1978
Ayrton Senna - 1982
POPULAÇÃOCidade de São Paulo (CENSO 2010) : 11.253.503 habitantesEstimativa IBGE 2014São Paulo: 11.895.893 habitantesRMSP: 20.935.204
Anel Viário Metropolitano - 1985Rodoanel Leste – Parte em
operação
Rodoanel Sul
Rodoanel Oeste - 2002
Rodoanel Norte – Em Construção
Mini Anel Viário - 1975
até 1881de 1882 até 1914de 1915 até 1929de 1930 até 1949de 1950 até 1962de 1963 até 1974de 1975 até 1980de 1981 até 1985de 1986 até 1992de 1993 até 1997
MANCHA URBANA
Rodovias
Ferrovias
Structure of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region: from geographic concentration to dispersion...
DEMOGRAPHIC DENSITY - 2007
2 3°3 0'
Tró p ico d e Ca pr icó rnio
47°00 '
4 6°3 0'
46° 00'
2 4°0 0'
ARUJ Á
BARUE RI
BIRITIBA-M IRIM
CAIE IRASCAJ AM AR
CARAP ICUIBA
CO TIADIADE M A
E M BU
E M BU-G UAÇU
FE RRAZ DE V AS CO NCE LO S
FRANCIS CO M O RATO
FRANCO DA RO CHA
G UARARE M AG UARULHO S
ITAP E CE RICA DA S E RRA
ITAP E V I
ITAQ UAQ UE CE TUBA
J ANDIRA
J UQ UITIBA
M AIRIP O RÃ
M AUÁ
M O G I DAS CRUZE S
O S AS CO
P IRAP O RA DO BO M J E S US
P O Á
RIBE IRÃO P IRE S
RIO G RANDE DA S E RRA
S ALE S Ó P O LIS
S ANTA IS ABE L
S ANTANA DE P ARNAÍBA
S ANTO ANDRÉ
S ÃO BE RNARDO DO CAM P O
S ÃO CAE TANO DO S UL
S ÃO LO URE NÇO DA S E RRA
S ÃO P AULO
S UZANO
TABO ÃO DA S E RRAV ARG E M G RANDE P AULIS TA
Densidade de População (hab./ha)2007 em distritos de São Paulo e demais municípios
A té 2525 a 5050 a 7575 a 100
100 a 150m ais de 150
Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPLim ite de M unic ípios
Area de estudo
RESEARCH ORIGIN AND DESTINATION 2007 - COMMUTE
23°30'
Trópico de Capricórnio
47°00'
4 6°3 0'
46 °00'
24°00'
ARUJÁ
BARUERI
BIRITIBA-MIRIM
CAIEIRASCAJAMAR
CARAPICUIBA
COTIADIADEMA
EMBU
EMBU-GUAÇU
FERRAZ DE VASCONCELOS
FRANCISCO MORATO
FRANCO DA ROCHA
GUARAREMAGUARULHOS
ITAPECERICA DA SERRA
ITAPEVI
ITAQUAQUECETUBA
JANDIRA
JUQUITIBA
MAIRIPORÃ
MAUÁ
MOGI DAS CRUZES
OSASCO
PIRAPORA DO BOM JESUS
POÁ
RIBEIRÃO PIRES
RIO GRANDE DA SERRA
SALESÓPOLIS
SANTA ISABEL
SANTANA DE PARNAÍBA
SANTO ANDRÉ
SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO
SÃO CAETANO DO SUL
SÃO LOURENÇO DA SERRA
SÃO PAULO
SUZANO
TABOÃO DA SERRAVARGEM GRANDE PAULISTA
Densidade de Empregos (emp./ha)2007 em distritos de São Paulo e demais municípios
Até 2525 a 5050 a 7575 a 100
100 a 150mais de 150
Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPLimite de Municípios
EMPLOYMENT DENSITY - 2007
RESEARCH ORIGIN AND DESTINATION 2007 - COMMUTE
23°30'
Trópico de Capricórnio
47°00 '
46° 30 '
46 °00'
24°00'
ARUJÁ
BARUERI
BIRITIBA-MIRIM
CAIEIRASCAJAMAR
CARAPICUIBA
COTIADIADEMA
EMBU
EMBU-GUAÇU
FERRAZ DE VASCONCELOS
FRANCISCO MORATO
FRANCO DA ROCHA
GUARAREMAGUARULHOS
ITAPECERICA DA SERRA
ITAPEVI
ITAQUAQUECETUBA
JANDIRA
JUQUITIBA
MAIRIPORÃ
MAUÁ
MOGI DAS CRUZES
OSASCO
PIRAPORA DO BOM JESUS
POÁ
RIBEIRÃO PIRES
RIO GRANDE DA SERRA
SALESÓPOLIS
SANTA ISABEL
SANTANA DE PARNAÍBA
SANTO ANDRÉ
SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO
SÃO CAETANO DO SUL
SÃO LOURENÇO DA SERRA
SÃO PAULO
SUZANO
TABOÃO DA SERRAVARGEM GRANDE PAULISTA
Densidade de Viagens Motorizadas (viag./ha)2007 em distritos de São Paulo e demais municípios
Até 5050 a 125
125 a 200200 a 300300 a 500mais de 500
Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPLimite de Municípios
MOTORIZED COMMUTE DENSITY - 2007
RESEARCH ORIGIN AND DESTINATION 2007 - COMMUTE
MAIN MOTORIZED COMMUTE BETWEEN AREAS - 2007
23°30'
Trópico de Capricórnio
47°00'
4 6°3 0'
46 °00'
24°00'
Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSPPrincipais fluxos de viagens motorizadas - 2007
Até 75 mil viagensde 75 mil a 150 mil viagensde 150 mil a 250 mil viagensmais de 250 mil viagens
RESEARCH ORIGIN AND DESTINATION 2007 - COMMUTE
Irregular settlements in São Paulo
PMSP, SEHAB. PMH, 2010.
Sao Paulo > METROPOLIS
Plataforma de embarque. Fonte: Alexandre Giesbrecht. Disponível em <http://blog.pittsburgh.com.br/2012/02/bixiga-lapa-2h35-cptm/> . Acesso em: 24/09/2014
Fonte: Alexandre Giesbrecht. Disponível em <http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lapa_-_Sorocabana_1.jpg> . Acesso em: 24/09/2014
PROBLEMÁTICA
DRENAGEM
Foto: Fernando Stankus, 2011
Rua Turiassú
Social protest against the increase in public transport fare and demand for improvements in transportation ‐ 2013
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 1988:
MUNICIPAL VALORIZATION ‐ URBAN POLICY (artigos 182 e 183‐ RIGHT TO THE CITY
‐ SOCIAL FUNCTION OF THE CITY AND PROPERTY
‐ DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE
ESTATES RESPONSABLE FOR ESTABILISH METROPOLITAN REGIONS (ART. 225)
2001 – STATUTE OF THE CITYLaw nº 10 257 (July 10, 2001)
Principles and citys conception, governance, urban planningGeneral urban tools, regulation of Master Plan
2015 – STATUTE OF THE METROPOLISLaw No 13.089
Estabilish general guidelines for planning, governance and implementation of public functions ofcommon interest in metropolitan areas
BRAZIL – REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
• GOAL: guarantee the RIGHT OF THE CITY to the population asthe social function of the city and property
Urban lands / urban propertiesshould benefit the collectivityand society.
What is it?STATUTE OF THE CITY
• Land subdivision, building or compulsoryuse ;
• Predial and territorial progressive tax in time;
• Expropriation with payment in publicstock;
• Special adverse possession of urbanproperty;
• Neighborhood Impact Assessment ‐ EIV
• Special Zones of Social Interest ‐ ZEIS
• Onerous concession to build
• Urban Operation Consortium;
• Transfer of the right to build
• Surface right;
• Right of Preemption;
Urban instrumentsSTATUTE OF THE CITY
STATUTE OF THE METROPOLIS – 2015
goal
• GOAL: PROMOTE INTEGRATION OF ACTIONS BETWEENMUNICIPALITIES THAT FORM A METROPOLIS, IN ASSOCIATION WITHFEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT.
Actions that lead the public functions of common interest:• Public transport;• Sanitation;• Housing;• Waste management.
METROPOLIS
Metropolis Concept [cap. II]
What is it?
An urban area with territorialcontinuity that – considering itspopulation and policy and socio‐economic relevance – have aninffluence in a nacional ouregional scale.
Disponível em: <http://www.caubr.gov.br/?p=37779>
METROPOLITAN AREA
Metropolitan Area Concept
What is it?
States can estabilish metropolitan areas to aim for a more integrated organization,planning and implementation of public functions of common interest.
• States and the municipalities included in metropolitan areasshould promote na interfederal governance.
• Complementary laws will define which municipalities are included in the urbanterritorial unit; public functions of common interest that validate the creation ofthe metropolitan area; conformation of the interfederal governance structure andtools for the social control of the organization; planning and implementation ofpublic functions of common interest.
INTERFEDERAL GOVERNANCE
Interfederal Governance [cap.III]
What is it?
The interfederal governance aims to respect the folloeing principles (art.6º) :• Prevailing of the common interest;• Shared responsabilities to promote integrated urban development;• Federation bodies autonomy;• Observance of local and regional peculiarities;• Democratic governance of the city;• Effective use of public financial resourses;• Pursuit of sustainable development.
• Integrated urban development plan;• Interfederal Setorial Plans• Public fund;• Interfederal Urban Operation
Consortium;• Zones to shared application of urban
planning instruments;
• Public Consortium;• Cooperation Agreements;• Contract Management;• Compensation of environmental
services;• Interfederal Public‐Private
Partnership;
instrumentsSTATUTE OF THE METROPOLIS
Sao Paulo Municipality
New Master Plan (2014)
Proposals andchallenges for
themetropolitanarticulation
MASTER PLAN:MACROAREAS x STRUCTURING AXES
ASSOCIATE URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND MOBILITY
EXTEND THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK
EM MÉDIA
14% DOS TERRENOS SE TRANSFORMAM
=
21 MM m2
INTENSIFY THE LAND USE ALONG THE SIDE OF AXES OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
CURRENT LAND USE IN STRUCTURING AXES
STRUCTURING AXES OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION
LAND USE COEFFICIENT
LAND USE COEFFICIENT
LINHA DE TRANSPORTE COLETIVO A SER IMPLANTADA
EIXO DE ESTRUTURAÇÃO URBANA – PERÍMETRO TEÓRICO
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
STRUCTURING AXES OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION
CONCLUSIONS
• The challenges for implementing effective urban policies in major metropolises are due mostly to the inequality between the municipalities andthe different existing problems;
• Sao Paulo’s new Master Plan: guidelines with inovative concepts that considerthe metropolitan scale;
• São Paulo’s new Master Plan recognize the high potencial of the StructuringMetropolitan Area and the mobility axes;
• Bring housing and jobs closer; repopulate central and idle areas; promote mixof income families in the same neighborhood; implementation of urbanprojects in the metropolitan structuring area action required for contemporary metropolis
• Obstacles: inexistence of shared and collective management of the metropolitanarea – due mainly to municipal autonomy – and inexistence of urban instrumentsthat permit the state to coordinate the actions in the territory;
• Alternatives in favor of urban mobility and the necessary reconfiguration of theurban land integrated to the metropolis’ dinamic are public interest.
• Only in the range of a shared and collective metropolitan management process – based on public interest – the actions proposed to SaoPaulo will contribute to guarantee a fair, equitable and sustainablecity.
• The “good” governance is one of the major challenges of ourmetropolis. Improving public management and urban governanceallies with the need for inovative policies and proposals in specificareas, prevailing the public interest.
CONCLUSIONS
Thank you!