Sir Winston Churchill HSMUN Conference

SWCHSMUN 2014SWCHSMUN 2014Crisis on the Korean Peninsula: JCC South Korea

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Table of Contents

Background History……………………………………………………………..Page 2

First Republic…………………………………………………………………..Page 2

Second Republic………………………………………………………………Pages 2-3

Third Republic…………………………………………………………………Page 3

Fourth Republic………………………………………………………………Pages 3-4

Democratization of the ROK and the Fifth Republic………..Page 4

Sixth Republic…………………………………………………………………Page 4

Current State of the Republic of Korea……………………………….Pages 4-6

Death of Kim and Political Turmoil……………………………………..Pages 6-7

The Government of South Korea………………………………………..Pages 7-8

Regional Interests, Foreign Relations and Key Issues…………Pages 8-13

Cabinet of South Korea………………………………………………………Page 13

Cabinet Position Profiles…………………………………………………..Pages 14-20

What are Crisis Committees?.............................................Page 21

Directives and Notes…………………………………………………………Pages 22-24

Flow of Debate: Crisis Committees……………………………………Page 25

Notes……………………………………………………………………………….Pages 26-29

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Background HistoryAlthough the Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as South Korea, is currently hailed as one of the most advanced democracies of East Asia, the nation did not become “democratic” in the full sense of the word until the 1980s. In the period from the end of the Korean War until its Fifth Republic, South Korea underwent a menagerie of radically different governmental, policy, and leadership changes. This ranged from accusations of hidden communist agendas under the rule of Chang Myon in the Second Republic to the rightist borderline-dictatorship of Park Chee-Hung during the Third and Fourth Republics.

First Republic (1948-1960)When the Korean War ended in 1953, the government of Syngman Rhee returned to Seoul and established autocratic policies to strengthen the anti-communist stance of his regime. This included declaring martial law, arresting/breaking up protests, and altering the presidential elections, which allowed Rhee to stay in power. In addition, Rhee arrested members of the opposing political party by accusing them of being spies for North Korea.1 Rhee’s infringement on individual liberties and use of corrupt political practices eventually caused students and protesters to storm the streets of Seoul on April 19 of 1960, an event that was later termed the “April Revolution.” Soldiers were ordered to open fire into the crowds, a move that incited so much criticism that Rhee was forced to resign.2 Throughout Rhee’s regime, the government maintained a staunch anti-North, pro-US mentality.Despite having a weak military, Rhee sought to “unify by expanding northward,” requesting US support in this endeavor.3After the war, however, Rhee seemed more concerned with keeping communism out of his government and the ROK public than pushing ROK ideals onto the North.

Second Republic (1960-1961) After the students forced Rhee out of the government and parliament made drastic changes to the constitution, Yun Bo-Seon was elected to a reduced presidential role. Instead, the real political power was held by Chang Myon, who was elected as Prime Minister. In an attempt to reverse the harsh policies under Rhee, Chang permitted the proliferation of previously prohibited political movements, such as union activity and membership. However, these policies were not enough to please the public, culminating in the coup of 1961 by army general Park Chung-hee. Park claimed the adoption of new, leftist policies were

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signs that the ROK was slowly sliding into social and economic turmoil and eventually, communism.4

Although it only lasted nine months, the Second Republic took a less militant stance towards the North than its predecessor. Chang seemed more focused on undoing the wrongs of Rhee’s government by allowing more “leftist activity”. However, this only proved to incite the public’s distaste, who were still of the communist-fearing mentality.

Third Republic (1963-1972) Like Chang, Park Chung-hee continued to push the North Korean problem to the backseat and instead focused on building a strong economy.5He also sought to strengthen ties with Japan.6 However, Park’s policies to fortify the economy via international trade called for a temporary decrease in the standard of living throughout the country. Dissent continued to grow as Park passed a bill that extended the term limit for the presidency.7 As a result, during the next parliamentary election, the opposition party won the majority of the seats. In retaliation, Park declared a state of emergency in an effort to preserve his own office, which ultimately meant absolving the parliament entirely and suspending the constitution.8

In regards to international relations, Park tried to form closer ties with US and its allies. To this end, Park sent hundreds of thousands of South Korean soldiers to fight in the Vietnam War.9 Although the ROK had a more trusted role among its allies, Park had steered clear of radical policies towards North Korea until the final days of the Third Republic. He met with North Korean leaders in 1972 to discuss reunification, an attempt that proved fruitless. Fearful of the growing opposition, Park dissolved the Third Republic and reinstated an authoritarian regime.10

Fourth Republic (1972-1981) The Fourth Republic under Park reverted back to an authoritarian dictatorship similar to the one under Rhee. Park drafted a new constitution that concentrated political power under the presidency. One of the most extreme examples of this power would be central government’s authority to write and censor school textbooks, a power previously held by the Ministry of Education. Economically, South Korea continued to prosper with its export-based system.11 Internationally, Park continued to announce his plans for the eventual reunification of Korea via diplomatic means, evident in the “Red Cross talks” sessions between the two nations.12 Due to the lack of results from any of these meetings, it was apparent

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that neither side took the talks too seriously. However, protests and dissidents against Park’s regime continued to strengthen after every re-election. In an effort to curb the discord, Park imprisoned hundreds of protesters. After resorting to violence to quell the dissidents, Park was assassinated in 1979 by the director of the Korea Central Intelligence Agency.

Democratization of the ROKFifth Republic (1981-1987) After Park’s assassination, Chun Doo-hwan was elected as president. This marked the beginning of the Fifth Republic. A new, modernized constitution was drafted based on a mixed Korean and Western democratic model. Although the president was still elected indirectly and the government remained a military regime at its core, it was a large step towards full democracy.13 Diplomatically, the Fifth Republic improved relations on all fronts with the US, Soviet Union, China, Japan, and eventually, even North Korea. Initially, relations with North Koreawere strained due to an attack that killed 17 ROK officials in Burma; it was suspected to be carried out by North Korea.14 However, shortly after the attack, the North submitted a proposal to reunify the two nations under two different forms of government. The South agreed to meet and plan out this idea. Due to this agreement, numerous families were allowed to travel between Pyongyang and Seoul.15The Fifth Regime eventually collapsed when the government failed to carry out the myriad of democratic reforms it promised to make, leading to wide scale protests and the “June Democracy Movement.” The government eventually coalesced and permitted the direct election of the president and the restoration of many human rights.16

Sixth Republic (1987-Present) After forming the Sixth Republic, the government took a multitude of steps to improve the cultural and economic life in South Korea while maintaining democratic ideals. Power transitions have largely been peaceful and efficient. In contrast, relations with North Korea have not improved as much. Despite the so called “Sunshine Policy,” a series of attempts to restore amiable relations with the North, ties are strained. Inter-Korean relations continued to worsen after the attacks of 9/11 when the US once again regarded North Korea as a serious threat.17Since the early 2000s, relations between the two nations have gone more or less downhill with little room for reconciliation.

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Current State of the ROKFollowing the 2007 Inter-Korean Summit, the international community finally saw some hope for the two Koreas to sign a peace treaty and formally end theKorean War. 18 President Roh Moo-hyun signed a declaration with Kim Jong-il that called for international talks to replace the existing armistice with a peace treaty. However, in 2008, the situation went in the complete opposite direction. Although rumors of Kim Jong-il’s failing health had been circulating since the early 2000s, doctors confirmed the aging dictator suffered a stroke in 2008, raising questions concerning the succession of power in North Korea.19 Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-il’s eldest son and original successor, fell out of favor in 2001 when he attempted to enter into Japan under an illegal passport on a trip to the Tokyo Disneyland. 20 In 2009, Kim Jong-il named an heir apparent for the first time since 2001. Surprisingly, the elder Kim named the previously little known youngest son, Kim Jong-un, as his successor.21

Cheonan IncidentHopes for peace were largely shattered when Kim Jong-il began a series of provocations with the intent of paving the way for Kim Jong-un’s succession. On March 26th, 2010, a South Korean warship, the ROKS Cheonan, sunk near the long disputed border of North and South Korean waters22. The said warship was sunk by a torpedo believed to have been launched by a North Korean midget submarine, per the results of a South Korean investigation team, killing 46South Korean sailors and injuring over 50 others. In retaliation, President Lee Myung-bak cut off all trade and financial aid to North Korea. However, both North Korea and China rejected the findings of the mostly South Korean investigation team. North Korea proclaimed the incident as a fabricated attempt to incite anger towards North Korea and threatened to escalate the crisis if the international community imposed any additional sanctions. Meanwhile, the Chinese government simply urged both sides to maintain the stability of the Korean Peninsula.

Yeonpyeong Artillery StrikeJust as fallout from the Cheonan incident began to cool down, tensions between the two Koreas flared up once again on November 23rd, 2010, when the two sides exchanged artillery fire on Yeonpyeong Island that resulted in 4 deaths and22 wounded on the South Korean side as well as an estimated 5 to 10 deaths on the North Korean side.23 North Korea fired almost 200 shells towards Yeonpyeong,

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causing massive damage to the island’s infrastructure and a number of casualties, both military and civilian. In retaliation, South Korea launched its own artillery strikes against North Korean military bases on the Kaemori and Mundo islands. South Korean fighter jets dispatched near Yeonpyeong were ordered to be ready for launching air strikes whenever signaled. The civilian population on Yeonpyong was ordered by the President of South Korea to evacuate to the mainland following the airstrike. This was the most severe crisis between the two Koreas since the sporadic military engagements in the 1970s. The international community largely condemned the North for its actions, with China being the notable exception. The incident is widely believed to be another one of Kim Jong-il’s steps in preparing his son, Kim Jong-un, for his eventual succession.North Korean officials claimed that they had fired artillery against Yeonpyeong in self defense. Earlier that day, the South Korean military had conducted live fire exercises in the region, firing artillery shells into the ocean. While South Korean officers stated the shells were directed away from North Korea, North Korean officials claimed the shells were aimed at North Korean territorial waters and were therefore direct acts of aggression against North Korea.

Death of Kim and Political Turmoil in the SouthOn December 19th, 2011, Kim Jong-il, the long-time dictator of North Korea, died of a heart attack and his son Kim Jong-un formally took over.24 Kim Jong-il’s death and funeral were closely monitored by South Korea and its allies. Some feared the new leader of North Korea would attempt to consolidate power through inciting an external conflict. Fortunately, the North remained relatively docile throughout the ordeal until the failed rocket/missile tests in early 2012.25

Meanwhile, leaders in South Korea began to brace themselves for the 2012 elections. The ruling Saenuri Party barely maintained its majority in the South Korean parliament despite negative forecasts after the 2010 elections. President Lee Myung-Park was involved in several major scandals that cost both him and his party the popularity they once enjoyed. During the 2012 South Korean presidential elections, the Democratic United Party claimed that agents of the Psychological Operations group in the South Korean National Intelligence Service (NIS) were influencing public opinion under orders by the NIS, by posting comments on the Internet. They followed these claims by identifying one such agent. In a police search attempt that agent did not emerge from the rented office and claimed that she was not involved in such actions. Right after the last TV debate between candidates Park Geun-Hye and Moon Jae-In, police

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announced that no evidence was found. After Park Geun-Hye was sworn into office, evidence that the agent in question and many others were involved in activities manipulating public opinion in the presidential election was found. On May 27, 2013 the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency and Seoul Suseo Police Station were found to have delayed delivering evidence, and have turned in fabricated laptop hard drive analysis reports. The police already had evidence that the agent in question posted political comments, the analysis report was not submitted to the Suseo Police Station and was destroyed. Currently the President of South Korea is Park Geun-Hye, leader of the Saenuri Party (in English, the New Frontier Party). Ideologically speaking, the Saenuri Party would be considered a centre-right to right wing political party.

The Government of South KoreaThe Government of South Korea is divided into executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The executive and judicial branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. Local governments are semi-autonomous, and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. The judicial branch operates at both the national and local levels (we will not discuss the judicial branch further in this background guide). The South Korean government's structure is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. This document has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948. However, it has retained many broad characteristics; with the exception of the short-lived Second Republic of South Korea, the country has always had a presidential system with a relatively independent chief executive.

Legislative BranchAt the national level, the legislative branch consists of the National Assembly of South Korea. This is a unicameral legislature; it consists of a single large assembly. Most of its 299 members are elected from single-member constituencies; 56 members however, are elected through proportional representation. The members of the National Assembly serve for four years – in the event that a member is unable to complete his or her term, a by-election is held. The National Assembly is charged with deliberating and passing legislation, auditing the budget and administrative procedures, ratifying treaties, and approving state appointments. In addition, it has the power to impeach or recommend the

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removal of high officials. Currently, four political parties are represented in the National Assembly.

The executive branch is headed by the president. The president is elected directly by the people, and is the only elected member of the national executive. The president serves for one five-year term; additional terms are not permitted. The president is head of government, head of state, and commander in chief of the South Korean armed forces. The president is vested with the power to declare war, and can also propose legislation to the National Assembly. He or she can also declare a state of emergency or martial law, subject to the Assembly's subsequent approval. The President can veto bills, subject to a two-thirds majority veto override by the National Assembly. However, the president does not have the power to dissolve the National Assembly. This safeguard reflects the experience of totalitarian governments under the First, Third, and Fourth Republics.In the event that they are suspected of serious wrongdoing, the president and cabinet-level officials are subject to impeachment by the National Assembly.[10 The Cabinet is the highest body for policy deliberation and resolution in the executive branch of the Republic of Korea. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea mandates that the Cabinet be composed of between 15 and 30 members including the Chairperson, and currently the Cabinet includes the President, the Prime Minister, the Vice Prime Minister (the Minister of Strategy and Finance), and the cabinet-level ministers of the 17 ministries. By Constitution, the President is the chairperson of the Cabinet, and the Prime Minister the vice chairperson. Nevertheless, the Prime Minister frequently holds the meetings without the presence of the President, as the meeting can be lawfully held as long as the majority of the Cabinet members are present at the meeting. Also, as many government agencies have recently been moved out of Seoul into other parts of the country the need to hold Cabinet meetings without having to convene in one place at the same time has been growing, and therefore the law has been amended to allow Cabinet meetings in a visual teleconference format.

Regional InterestsCulture and PoliticsOfficially, the Constitution of the Republic of Korea establishes the ROK as the sole legitimate government for the entire Korean Peninsula.26 Therefore, from the South Korean standpoint, the eventual reunification of all of Korea under a single, democratic government remains the ultimate goal for inter-Korean relations.

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Despite the political division since 1945, strong cultural and familial ties still exist between the two Koreas. In addition to being the most heavily-armed border in the world, the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea also serves as a meeting place for families separated by the war.27 However, on the political front, very little effort has been put into creating any semblance of political integration.

SecurityFor South Korea, North Korea presents the single greatest threat to its national security. Having never signed a peace treaty, the two nations are technically still in a state of war. North Korea’s military threat to South Korea is thoroughly exemplified by the two incidents listed above. In addition, North Korea is in possession of the world’s largest artillery force and has the capability of leveling Seoul to the ground within a period of two hours.28 The current top priority of theSouth Korean military is the defense of South Korean territory from any North Korean provocations and attacks.

EconomySouth Korea’s rapid economic growth between the 1970s and 1990s earned them a place in the Four Asian Tigers, a group of four Asian nations that underwent massive economic advancement in the late 20th century. Today, South Korea’s economic development remains at a relatively healthy pace. However, South Korea’s economy, especially its credit rating, is highly sensitive to the situation in the North, thus linking South Korea’s security matters with its economy. NorthKorean crisis escalation strategies have driven numerous potential investors away from the South Korean market. Nonetheless, South Korea is one of the largest humanitarian aid providers to North Korea, along with China and the United States.29 South Korea provides millions of dollars’ worth of food, energy, and medical aid to North Korea annually. In addition, some economic cooperation does exist between North and South Korea, albeit in limited capacity. Since 2003, the two Koreas established a special administrative industrial region in the Kaesong region of North Korea to serve as a joint economic development project.30

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ROK Strategic Goals and CapabilitiesGoalsAccording to the ROK’s Ministry of National Defense (MND) website, the top priority for the South Korean Armed Forces is to “achieve everlasting piece in the Korean Peninsula.” Within the same page, the two primary methods of achieving this goal are to pursue denuclearization of the entire peninsula and militarily support the government and its established policies towards the North. The MND claims that it is only when the denuclearization of North Korea has been achieved and proven that it can facilitate advanced and expanded cooperation between the nations, going from an “armistice regime” to an “eternal peace regime.” This is merely a regional goal of the ROK, though. Other, further reaching missions include international peace keeping operations (preserving the security of Korean citizens worldwide) and the improvement of military welfare (keeping soldiers/conscripts happy).31,32,33

CapabilitiesEconomically, South Korea is among the top 20 strongest markets in the world, surpassing the trillion dollar mark. This exceptional growth in a span of 40 years was brought about by taking advantage of new technologies as soon as they were available, fully integrating itself with the world market, and maintaining an economic model which encourages saving rather than spending. The ROK’s versatile economy is among its regional strengths, especially when pittedagainst that of North Korea, whose economic strategies differ entirely from those of the South both in terms of priorities and success.34 In terms of the militia, South Korea is similarly powerful, possessing the sixth largest military (700,000 active duty) in the world and the second largest reserves (4.5 million). Based off the government’s conscription requirements, 12.5 million soldiers are also available in a dire situation although supplying such a large army quickly becomes infeasible. It is uncertain how these numbers stack up against North Korea’s armed forces, but it is generally accepted that both nations have similar air force and armor capabilities numerically, but the ROK possesses much more sophisticated technology thanks for its alliance with the West. Furthermore, one must recall the number of US soldiers stationed in the ROK (roughly 30,000) and the South’s strong alliance with Japan and other western nations. In short, South Korea’s significant infantry force, technological superiority, and global alliances are definitely among its strategic assets.19,35,36 Other than being a stable democracy, the ROK does not have too many politically related strategic assets. Even so, the

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approval rate of the president can widely differ from year to year, showing large fluctuations in how much people trust the government and thus, in some ways, the general level of discontent. For example, in 2008, the presidential approval rate was 28% and in 2010, it went up to 52% only to lower to 20% two years later.37,38 So although it is indeed a democracy, the ROK government does not appear as stable as its western counterparts.

Foreign RelationsJapan and the United StatesThese two nations are undoubtedly the ROK’s strongest allies. South Korea shares long lasting economic and cultural ties with Japan, although historical conflicts, especially those from Japanese occupation in the Second World War, sometimes dampen the links between the nations.39 Nevertheless, because both nations depend on one another as close, powerful trading partners, the disputes are generally not serious and quickly set aside. The ROK and Japan also share a dislike for North Korea, especially since the Japanese government blames the North for having abducted almost twenty Japanese citizens during the 70s and 80s, a conflict which has not yet been resolved since the North denies the abductions ever took place.40 While Japan is an economic partner to South Korea, the US is both an economic and a military friend. As mentioned before, the US has 30,000 soldiers stationed in the ROK and along the 38th Parallel. Having been military allies since 1953, the US has helped build the ROK into the military and economic powerhouse that it is today. Plus, with tensions in Asia on the rise, the South may prove to be an invaluable asset and friend for the United States’ efforts in the region.

ChinaSouth Korea and China have historically shared an uneasy relationship with each other. Although the two nations share close cultural roots, they also share a history of military, economic, and even cultural disputes. The historical cooperation and conflicts both have strong influences on their relations today. Nonetheless, South Korea and China have gradually come to have closer political ties due to their economic ties in the past few decades. 41 Military ties have been warming over their cooperation on the North Korean issue. South Korea has mostly recognized China’s growing military and economic prominence. For the most part, South Korea has opted to work with, rather than against, China.

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However, South Korea’s even closer alliance with the United States has been a source of tension between South Korea and China.

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)After the official division of the peninsula after the Korean War, there have been many attempts at reunification. However, both the North and South want it resolved so that their respective side comes out on top, thus leaving diplomatic relations at an impasse and often leads to the military skirmishes. The North maintains a strong alliance with China, the world’s second strongest military and economic power. This alliance could negate all attempts of reunification done on the South’s or US’s terms. The North depends on its alliance with China to trump all attempts of Southern aggression while simultaneously giving the North the confidence to act aggressively itself. Both the South and North know that, should conflict break out between them, they will have to enlist the support of its primary allies. As both China and the United States prefer to maintain the status quo, the possibility of a full scale military conflict in the short term is minimized.One of the most recent sources of dispute in the peninsula has been the North’s missile program, which they seem intent on completing regardless of its history of consistent failure. Sources claim that the DPRK is pursuing nuclear weapons for two reasons: once completed, to surrender them to the US, renewing their historically sour relationship, or to indeed use them as deterrence or leverage against the South.42

Key IssuesDeclining EconomySouth Korea’s export-oriented economy took a downturn when the global financial crisis hit in 2008. 43 Economic inequalities, caused by big companies growing at the expense of small businesses, have caused several mass protests and general civil unrest. Over the years, “Chaebols,” the Korean term for business conglomerates, are becoming growing problems and often face corruption charges. The declining economy and increasing economic inequality are likely to cause even more problems in the coming years.

Rise of ChinaAs with most other East Asian nations, China’s rapid rise to power is a major source of potential concern for South Korea.44 Although South Korea and China share strong economic and steady political ties, the military relationship between

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the two have been cool at best. South Korea’s close military alliance with the United States occasionally put them at odds against Chinese military interests in the region. However, Beijing’s strategy in recent years has been to warm relations with South Korea in attempt to win them from the United States.

The Korean PeninsulaThe North Korean issue remains the primary focus of South Korean international relations. Recent events have suggested that the power transition in the North may not have been as smooth as previously thought.45 With hope for reform crushed and hints of instability looming, South Korea must be ready for any extreme measures the North Korean regime may conjure up.46

Cabinet of South Korea

The Cabinet of South Korea consists of 17 ministries, two agencies and 5 boards. For the purposes of our joint crisis committee at SWCHSMUN, we have selected appropriate cabinet and military positions in the South Korean government to simulate.

Cabinet Position Incumbent Minister/Position HolderPresident Park Geun-hye (represented by the

Chair at SWCHSMUN 2014)Prime Minister Jung Hong-won*Minister of Strategy and Finance Choi Kyoung-hwanMinister of Unification Ryoo Kihl-jaeMinister of National Defense Kim Kwan-jinMinister of Security and Public Administration

Chong Jong-sup

Minister of Foreign Affairs Yung Byung-seMinister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Suh Seoung-hwan

Minister of Justice Hwang Kyo-ahnMinister of Science, ICT and Future Planning

Choi Moon-ki

Minister of Health and Welfare Moon Hyung-pyoDirector of National Intelligence Service Nam Jae-joonChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Choi Yoon-hee

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Speaker of the National Assembly Kang Chang-heeMinister of Employment and Labor Phang Ha-namCommissioner General Cho Hyun-ohMinister of Education Song Kwang-yongArmy Chief of Staff General Kwon Oh-sungNavy Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Hwang Ki-chulAir Force Chief of Staff General Sung Il Hwan*on April 27, 2014, Jong Hong-won expressed his desire to resign

Cabinet Member ProfilesPresident Park Geun-hye (Chair)Note: In this simulation, the role of President Park Geun-hye will be performed by the Chair of the committee.

Park Geun-hye is the eleventh and current President of South Korea. She is the first woman to be elected as President in South Korea, and is

serving the 18th presidential term. She also is the first female head of state in modern history of Northeast Asia. Prior to her presidency, she was the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party (GNP) between 2004 and 2006 and between 2011 and 2012 (the GNP changed its name to "Saenuri Party" in February 2012). Park was also a member of the Korean National Assembly, and had served four consecutive parliamentary terms as a constituency representative between 1998 and 2012; she started her fifth term as a proportional representative from June 2012. Her father was Park Chung-hee, President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979.

Prime Minister Jung Hong-won

Jung graduated Bachelor of Laws (undergraduate) from Sungkyunkwan University. After passing the Judicial Examination, he became a prosecutor. He

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became known after solving several high-profile cases, such as the Lee-Chang scandal in which relatives of President Chun Doo-hwan were prosecuted, and the Walker Hill Casino scandal.He resigned from his prosecutor job in 2012, but was nominated for 1st Prime Minister Candidate of Park Geun-hye's government. On February 26, 2013, after the South Korean National Assembly confirmed his nomination, he was formally sworn in. The Prime Minister assumes a presidential position if the President dies, is impeached, or resigns.

Minister of Strategy and Finance Choi Kyoung-hwan According to the Constitution of South Korea, the Minister of Finance is also the Vice Prime Minister. As the Minister of Strategy and Finance, Choi oversees the financial policies of the South Korean government. He also manages and monitors the tax system and the operation of public institutions. This position is the equivalent of the federal Minister of Finance in the Canadian government.

Minister of Unification Ryoo Kihl-jae He is in charge of everything involving the reunification of Korea. This includes: establishing North Korean policy, coordinating communication with the North, pursuing cooperation with the North, and educating the public about reunification.

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Minister of National Defense Kim Kwan-Jin Kim is a former Army general and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He replaced the previous Minister of National Defense after the Yeonpyeong artillery incident as a part of President Lee’s toughing stance on North Korea. He is responsible for all

military branches of South Korea. He also manages the Military Manpower Agency, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration, and the Defense Media Agency.

Minister of Security and Public Administration Chong Jong-sup He heads civil and domestic affairs in South Korea and is in charge of the National Policy Agency and the National Emergency Management Agency. The ministry is in charge of the civil and domestic affairs in South Korea including the National Police Agency and the National Emergency Management Agency.Prior to restructuring in 2008, the ministry was known as Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. The North Korean counterpart is the Ministry of People's Security.

Minister of Foreign Affairs Yung Byung-se Yung is a graduate of the College of Law, Seoul National University, and also completed his graduate studies in law at the same university. He also studies overseas at Johns Hopkins University receiving a M.A. from The School of Advanced International Studies. Yung passed the High Diplomatic Service Examination in 1976, and since then has been involved in several capacities within the South Korean government’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He has represented South Korea in the permanent mission to the United Nations, served overseas in Singapore, Switzerland and the United States.

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By 2006, he was Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, and was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2013.

Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Suh Seoung-hwanHe is in charge of constructing public transport (railways, roads) and logistics networks, as well as land and urban planning.

Minister of Justice Hwang Kyo-ahnHwang earned an LL.B. at the College of Law, Sungkyunkwan University in 1981 and a LL.M. in the Graduate School of Law at Sungkyunkwan University in 2006. In his professional career he was a Prosecutor. He was appointed to the Minister of Justice cabinet position in 2013. He provides legal advice to the President, Prime Minister, and other Ministers. He also guards and enforces the guidelines laid out by the Constitution. In addition, he handles several issues related to immigration.

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Minister of Science, ICT and Future Planning Choi Moon-ki His purpose is to set, manage, and evaluate science and technology policy, support scientific research and development, develop human resources, conduct R&D leading to the production and consumption of atomic power, plan national informatization and information protection strategies, manage radio frequency bands, oversee the information and communications technology (ICT) industry, and operate the Korea Post.

Minister of Health and Welfare Moon Hyung-pyoThe ministry is tasked to protect the public from social risk, promote social integration, make investment in human resources, and provide social services. The ministry is in charge of health insurance, retirement funds

and various welfare programs for the poor and needy.

Director of National Intelligence Service Nam Jae-joon He is responsible for investigating crimes affecting national security, collection and distribution of information relating the nation’s strategy and security, and handling classified information.

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Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Choi Yoon-hee Unlike the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in most other countries, including the United States, Admiral Choi has operational control over all military personnel in all branches of the armed

forces. He also serves as head military advisor to the president, who acts as Commander in Chief.

Speaker of the National Assembly Kang Chang-hee Kang is a lawmaker who is known to be close to the former Saenuri Party Chief and current president Park Geun-hye. As Speaker, Kang is the de facto head of the Korean legislature. The Speaker expedites the legislative process. In order to get a bill passed, each legislator must first put their bill past the Speaker. This system grants the Speaker large influence over which laws are placed on the floor of the legislature.

Minister of Employment and Labor Phang Ha-namAs minister, Phang oversees labor affairs and policies of the government. The ministry was reorganized to combat the job crisis following the global economic recession.Commissioner General Cho Hyun-oh

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Cho is the chief of the Korean National Police Agency and the head of the Korean police force. The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA) is one of a few police organizations in South Korea and is run under the Ministry of Public Administration and Security. As a national police force it provides all policing services throughout the country. The Korean Coast Guard and National Park Services also have their own police organizations, as the does the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation to police the railroad system. The Combat Police division of the National Police Agency is an anti-riot paramilitary unit, drafted from military conscripts. Its members deal with counterintelligence and riot policing. The Combat Police are deployed at demonstrations and rallies where violent disorder may occur.

Minister of Education Song Kwang-yong Song Kwang-yong was appointed Minister of Education as part of a cabinet shuffle by President Park Geun-hye in the aftermath of the MV Sewol ferry disaster. He previously served as President of Seoul National University of Education. He was also formerly head of the Korean Educational Administration Society.

Army Chief of Staff General Kwon Oh-sung As Army Chief of Staff, General Kwon oversees the ROK Army’s 5 Operational Commands and advises the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Navy Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Hwang Ki-chul Admiral Hwang graduated from the Korean Naval Academy. As Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Hwang oversees the ROK Navy’s 2 Operational Commands and pledges to defend the Northern Limit Line between the two Koreas.

Air Force Chief of Staff General Sung Il Hwan General Sung was the former commander of the Air Force Education and Training Command and superintendent of Korea’s Air Force Academy. General Sung was appointed as the Air Force Chief of Staff in April 2012. As Air Force Chief of Staff, General Sung oversees the ROK Air Force’s sole Operational Command and the training of new pilots.

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What are Crisis Committees?

Crisis Committees are specialized groups at SWCHSMUN that spend most of their time dealing with real-time events that require immediate attention and action. These crises range from terrorist attacks to natural disasters to corruption within a certain organization. Common considerations of crisis committees include: understanding the crisis and its implications, informing (or not informing) the press and public, undertaking immediate damage control, reacting to the actions of other groups, and preventing future crises.

Simulation OverviewParliamentary Procedure Specific to Crisis CommitteesThe same parliamentary procedures used for General Assemblies and Special Committees apply to Crisis Committees as well. However, Crisis Committees (such as the US National Security Council) tend to be more informal than other committees, that is, they require a limited use of parliamentary procedure. They are often times more unstructured, and the flow of the committee is heavily dependent on the discretion of the chair. The chair will make his/her procedural preferences clear at the start of the first committee session. There may be a speaker’s list, yet most committees do without one. There is often no official setting of the agenda, as debate tends to flow between topics and is determined by the pertinent crisis at hand. In general, discussion occurs through moderated caucuses in which the chair calls upon delegates to speak. Delegates motion for moderated caucuses of a specified length and speaking time and on a specified topic. Many issues may be discussed concurrently and crises introduced by the crisis staff may interrupt discussion. Occasionally, unmoderated caucuses (motioned for by a delegate) are held in which formal debate is suspended and delegates speak at will in groups of their choosing. In voting, a motion for an unmoderated caucus takes precedence over a motion for a moderated caucus. Often, motions are simply passed without voting if there are no competing motions. Action is taken through directives, and there are generally no working papers or resolutions, unless the chair so desires. Notes are used to communicate between delegates while the committee proceeds. They are often used to work with delegates of similar viewpoints to coordinate actions. Questions can also be sent to the chair (or crisis staff) in a note.

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Directives and NotesDirectivesIn order to carry out any action during committee, a directive must be sent by an individual, a group of individuals, or the committee as a whole. If it is not on behalf of the entire committee, then the delegate(s) can choose to make the directive private and it will not be revealed to the whole committee. If the chair deems necessary, the directive may need to be introduced by a requisite number of writers. To pass a directive on behalf of the whole committee, a simple majority vote is required. The chair will hold a vote as each directive is introduced. There are three types of directives – Action Orders, Communiqués, and Press Releases. Action orders are used to direct troops, agencies, individuals, etc. to take an action that is within the authority of the committee. An individual may only send an action order if it is within his powers. A communiqué is used to communicate with foreign governments, or individuals outside the committee. A press release is used to reveal information to the public.

Examples of DirectivesAction Order

Direct Allied forces to invade Normandy, France on June 6th. Paratroopers shall bedropped behind enemy lines on June 4th. Landings shall take place at Utah, Omaha,Gold, Juno, and Sword beaches.

-The Allies

Communiqué

To the Emperor of Japan:We demand an immediate, unconditional surrender by all Japanese forces within 48 hours,or we shall be forced to unleash heretofore unimaginable devastation upon your cities. - The Allies

Press Release

Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. - Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Examples of Notes- To a member of the same committee

[Address Section on outside of Note]To: Franklin D. RooseveltFrom: Winston Churchill[Message on inside of Note]We ask that you work with us to increase intelligence efforts directed against our so-called allies, the Soviets, so that we will not be surprised by any actions they take after the war.- Winston Churchill

To a member of another committee

[Address Section on outside of Note]To: Leaders of Romania, AxisFrom: Josef Stalin, Allies[Message on inside of Note]Seeing as the defeat of Nazi Germany is near, we would advise you to make a deal with theSoviet Union now or we will show no mercy when the time for your defeat arrives.- Josef Stalin

To chair or crisis staff

[Address Section on outside of Note]To: Chair/CrisisFrom: Winston Churchill[Message on inside of Note]What is the current disposition of British forces in the Middle East?- Winston Churchill

An Outline of Typical Crisis Committee Flow A moderated caucus takes place with delegates outlining their position. A delegate motions for a moderated caucus on a specified topic of a specified

length with a specified speaking time. Delegates discuss actions to take regarding that topic through the moderated

caucus and through notes. Delegates submit directives to the chair to take an action and motion to

introduce the directive. Discussion on the directives will proceed through the current moderated

caucus and amendments may be proposed and voted on. A delegate will motion to vote on a directive and the directive is either passed

or rejected.

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A crisis will occur, oftentimes in the middle of debate. The crisis staff will introduce new information or developments through news articles, videos, intelligence reports, etc.

Discussion will shift informally or through a new moderated caucus to discuss this development.

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FLOW OF DEBATE: CRISIS COMMITTEES

Moderated caucus takes place where

delegates outline their positions

A delegate motions for a moderated caucus with a

specified length on a specified topic with a

speaking length

Delegates discuss actions to take

regarding that topic through speeches and

notes

Delegates submit directives to the chair to take an action and motion to introduce

their directive

Discussion on directives will proceed

through the current moderated caucus

Amendments may be proposed and voted

on

A delegate will motion to vote on a directive,

which will either be passed or rejected

A crisis will occur. The crisis staff will introduce

new information or developments through news articles, videos,

intelligence reports, etc.

Discussion will shift informally or through

a new moderated caucus to discuss this

development

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Notes1 The Academy of Korean Studies (2005). Korea through the Ages Vol. 2. Seoul: The Editor Publishing Co..2 Rhee syngman; causes of the 4.19 revolution. In Doosan Encyclopedia. Korea: Doosan Donga.3 Yang, Sung Chul (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul:Hollym.4 Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.). Seoul: Hollym.5 The 3rd Republic. In Doosan Encyclopedia. Korea: Doosan Donga.6 Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun. New York: W.W. Norton.7 Library of Congress. (n.d.). Society under park. Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/16.htm8 Hyun-Hee, L. (2005). New history of korea. Seoul, Korea: Jimoondang.9 Major Polices of the 3rd Republic. In Doosan Encyclopedia. Korea: Doosan Donga.10 The Academy of Korean Studies (2005). Korea through the Ages Vol. 2. Seoul: The Editor Publishing Co..11 Library of Congress. (n.d.). Economic Development. Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/15.htm12 Wikipedia. (2012, July 7). Fourth republic of south korea. Retrieved fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Korea13 The Academy of Korean Studies (2005). Korea through the Ages Vol. 2. Seoul: The Editor Publishing Co.14 Hyun-Hee, L. (2005). New history of korea. Seoul, Korea: Jimoondang.15 Naver Encyclopedia. (n.d.). The fifth republic. Retrieved from http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=13766616 Library of Congress. (n.d.). Compromise and Reform: July-December 1987 Retrieved fromhttp://countrystudies.us/south-korea/66.htm17 The Administration of Kim Dae-Jung. In Doosan Encyclopedia. Korea: Doosan Donga.18GENERAL ASSEMBLY WELCOMES RESULTS OF RECENT INTER-KOREAN SUMMIT IN PYONGYANGhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10650.doc.htm

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19 Kim Jong Il Stroke: Doctor Confirms Deceased North Korean Leader Suffered Stroke In 2008http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/19/kim-jong-il-stroke_n_1157688.html20 Japan deports man claiming to be Kim Jong-Nam http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/stories/s289624.htm21 Kim Jung Un Profile http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-1138862822 'North Korean torpedo' sank South's navy ship – report http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/1012970323 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-1181800524 North Korean leader Kim Jong-il dies 'of heart attack' http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-1623969325 North Korean Rocket Launch Fails: US Officials http://abcnews.go.com/International/north-korea-launches-testrocket/story?id=1612595126 Article 3, Chapter I, Constitution of the Republic of Korea http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks00000_.html27 Efforts for reunion of separated family http://dmz.gg.go.kr/eng/Security/s4.asp28 http://www.businessinsider.com/map-of-the-day-how-north-korea-could-destroy-seoul-in-two-hours-2010-5?op=129 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40095.pdf30 The Kaesong North-South Korean Industrial Complex http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34093.pdf31 Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense. (2006).Establishment of military trust in north-south relations.Retrieved from website: http://www.mnd.go.kr/mndEng_2009/DefensePolicy/Policy12/Policy12_1/index.jsp32 Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense. (2006).International peacekeeping operations. Retrieved fromwebsite: http://www.mnd.go.kr/mndEng_2009/DefensePolicy/Policy12/Policy12_2/index.jsp33 Republic of Korea, Ministry of National Defense. (2006).Improvement of military welfare. Retrieved from website:

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http://www.mnd.go.kr/mndEng_2009/DefensePolicy/Policy12/Policy12_5/index.jsp34 Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook. (2012).Korea, south. Retrieved from website:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html35 Gates, R. America.gov, Archive. (2008). Briefing by defense secretary gates and rok minister lee . Retrieved fromwebsite: http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/October/20081020121847eaifas0.7119104.html36 International Institute for Strategic Studies. (n.d.). The conventional military balance on the korean peninsula.37 P k, M. (2012, M 14). k ’ p c . East Asia Forum, Retrieved fromhttp://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/05/14/south-korea-s-surprise-election-results/38 L ’ pp v g p 50%. (2010, J 1). The Korea Times, Retrieved fromhttp://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/03/113_58325.html39 Scanlon, C. (2005, Mar 18). South koreans vent fury at japan . BBC. Retrieved fromhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4361343.stm40 Secretariat of the Headquarters for the Abduction Issue. (2011, May). Individual cases - 17 abductees identifiedby the government of japan. Retrieved from http://www.rachi.go.jp/en/ratimondai/jian.html41 The Rise of China and Its Effect on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: U.S. Policy Choices. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32882.pdf42 GlobalSecurity.org. (n.d.). Nuclear weapons program. Retrieved fromhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/nuke.htm43 http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/southkorea/index.html44 The Rise of China and Its Effect on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: U.S. Policy Choices. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32882.pdfsmooth as previously thought.45 With hope for reform crushed and hints of instability looming,45 North Korea's army chief relieved of all duties. Retrieved from

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http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/07/16/nkorea-general-resigns.html46 North Korea squelches hopes that new regime will bring change. Retrieved fromhttp://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/north-korea-squelches-hopes-that-new-regime-will-bring-change-1.184374