Crisis Cabinet:

Xi Jinping’s

High Council

Contents

Letter from the Secretary General ................................................................................................... 3

Letter from the Under Secretary General: ...................................................................................... 4

Letter from the Committee Director ............................................................................................... 5

Historical Analysis- Introduction .................................................................................................... 6

What was the Scramble for Africa? ................................................................................................ 6

Africa, Economic Imperialism, and the Cold War ......................................................................... 7

Africa in the 21st Century ............................................................................................................... 8

Chinese Investment in Africa Explained ...................................................................................... 10

Rising Challenges for Chinese Investment ................................................................................... 12

Black Monday ............................................................................................................................... 13

Why is Africa an Opportunity? ..................................................................................................... 14

Indian Interests in Africa .............................................................................................................. 14

India v. China ................................................................................................................................ 15

Investment Projects in Africa........................................................................................................ 16

How to Write a Directive .............................................................................................................. 18

Example 1:................................................................................................................................. 18

Example 2:................................................................................................................................. 19

Example 3:................................................................................................................................. 19

Links Used in the Making of this Study Guide: ........................................................................... 20

Letter from the Secretary General

My name is Daniyal Taufeeq Jangda and it gives me immense pleasure to welcome you to the 12th

iteration of LUMS Model United Nations.

At each LUMUN we begin with the ambition to inculcate intellectual responsibility and equip

students with the skills to initiate endeavors that go on to change the world. This year, however,

our theme is ‘Presenting Perspectives, Preparing Pakistan’ – to remind the delegates that their

journey starts at home.

A clear example of this shift in perspective is reflected in our committees, where we look at both

the tumultuous events in our country’s past as well as around the world to solve age-old problems,

while also simulating a rendition of our National Assembly. In any case, no matter how this theme

resonates with you, we ask that you allow LUMUN to become more than a Model UN conference,

and instead let it invoke a convergence of ideas, hopes and aspirations that transcend local, cultural,

economic and political boundaries.

Eventually, our ambition with LUMUN is not limited to instilling in each of you a wish to

transform the world: fix poverty, end the scourge of war, or erase tyranny. But instead, we wrap

up the conference contentedly if we have helped you see our own, local issues in a new light:

helping the poor in our neighborhood, ending gang wars in our slums, and erasing tyranny in our

feudal system alone.

As long as our work impacts you, the leaders of tomorrow, in this small way, it is worthwhile to

continue. Closing on this note, let me restate the value of listening to those who do not see the

world the way we do. Know that your perspective is bettered each time it meets and survives

disagreement, and only an empathetic outlook will help us prepare Pakistan for prosperity. Please

feel free to contact the Under-Secretary Generals or the Committee Directors should you need any

help along the way. On behalf of the entire Executive Council, Secretariat and Directorate, I look

forward to making your time at LUMUN a memory to keep.

See you all soon.

Regards,

Daniyal Jangda

Secretary-General

LUMUN 12

Letter from the Under Secretary General:

Greetings Diplomats,

My name is Aimel Ayub and I'm a third year trying to comprehend Economics and Politics at

LUMS. My association with Model UN goes back to 2010, the Legal Committee at ACMUN

which gave birth to a brand new fascination of trying to save the world.

At LUMUN 12, I'm excited to serve as Under-Secretary General for two bleeding edge crises

committees: Asquith's War Cabinet, where we will go back in time to WW1 and attempt to

tackle foreign policy aswell as internal politics in the UK and Jinping's High Council, which is

the 21st century scramble for Africa.

As Under-Secretary General my job is to ensure the smooth flow of debate, the facilitation of the

delegates and the dias alike and to make sure that this committee experience for you is unlike

any other. Both these committees are rife with innovations and subvert what you may think

Model UN debate tends to be like.

Winter is coming and bringing LUMUN, I hope to see you there!

Letter from the Committee Director

Hello Delegates,

It was a pleasure to have chaired the International Labor Organization at LUMUN XI. Not much

has changed since last year. I am still trying to complete my BSc. In Economics, that too at a

sluggish pace. LUMUN continues to offer a nice break from the somewhat mundane life of an

average LUMS student.

I know how monotonous Committee Director Introductions can be, hence I shall keep mine brief

and more oriented towards my committee. This year, I shall be the Committee Director for Xi

Jinping's High Council, one of the two Crisis Cabinets at LUMUN this year. (For those who do

not know: Xi Jinping is the President of the People's Republic of China)

I understand that the name of the committee sounds slightly daunting, however, that is the point

of a Crisis Cabinet. The format for the committee, you will realize, is very different from the

regular Crisis Cabinets within the Pakistani Model UN Circuit. That is because the format that

we shall be following tries to replicate the Crisis Cabinet I was a part of (Paris Commune of

1871) at Harvard World Model UN 2015. What makes the committee unique and interesting is

that it will test your Model UN skills to the core, it will be a test of your adaptability, but it shall

also let you, the delegates, shape the crisis.

I recommend that if you want to take part in this committee, you bring with yourself more than

just a decent amount of experience.

Goodluck, and I hope you enjoy the LUMUN winter!

Yours,

Zubair Bashir

6

Historical Analysis- Introduction In 1871, Henry Morgan Stanley started on a historic mission that would eventually change the

face of Africa as people knew it then; or so the story goes. Stanley, a Welsh born American

journalist was commissioned to travel to Africa in search of Dr. Livingstone, a missionary who

had travelled to Africa earlier but couldn't find his way back. In November of 1871, after a

treacherous journey which claimed the lives of many people, most of them local Africans,

Stanley found Dr. Livingstone and presumably, uttered the famous words 'Dr. Livingstone, I

presume?'

Although works of historical revision have challenged this neat story of the 'discovery', it is still

worth mentioning that prior to this incident colonial powers had made various attempts to get a

foothold in Africa. In any case, after Stanley's 'discovery' of Africa, a period of renewed interest

in Africa began which eventually culminated into what is often called, in historical works, as the

'scramble for Africa'. The most representative episode in this scramble was the Berlin conference

of 1885 when many European powers sat together and essentially, decided the fate of Africa (Of

course, voice of Africans was nowhere to be heard in this conference). On discussion was the

geographical state boundaries which would be drawn on Africa and the European powers which

would control each of these states.

What was the Scramble for Africa? The 'Scramble for Africa' is also often called the 'New Imperialism'. New Imperialism was

distinguishable in the way it operated from older forms of Imperialism and Mercantilist

Colonialism (It is worth noting that even the label of 'New' is contested in academic circles). It

involved very little direct control of the colony although exceptions did exist, notable among

them Belgian Congo and South Africa. For the most part, the focus was on extracting as many

resources as possible and using the African states as markets for the products of Europe. (The

year 1885 is in this regard significant since this is around the time when Industrial revolution

really comes into full swing)Additionally, it is distinguishable from earlier encounters of Africa

with the European colonizers which for the most part, constituted the Atlantic slave trade of 16th

to the 18th centuries.

7

The colonies established during the later part of the 19th century in Africa continued with few

exceptions until the late 1960s when a wave of de-colonization finally ensured the 'independence'

of African countries. However, the extent to which the African states were 'independent' is

contentious.

Africa, Economic Imperialism, and the Cold War These states, having come in existence in the Cold War era were quickly engulfed in the politics

of the time. Various writers and leaders, among them Frantz Fanon, Patrice Lumumba, Gamal

Abdal Nasser and various others embody the crisis of African states during the Cold War. For

most African states, the Cold War was a time of choices; colonialism had left them in a dire need

for help from the outside world (See Dependency theory and World Systems theory). In this

context, African states had to make a choice between help from the United States or Soviet

Union. However, both these choices had an opportunity cost above and beyond that of

antagonizing the other super power. As the age old proverb goes, 'aid comes with strings

attached'. Quite often, these strings proved to be quite cumbersome for the African states and

proved to further impoverish the African states (See Sierra Leone, Congo under Mobutu and

Uganda under Idi Amin). In many cases, any and all consideration for the people of Africa were

ignored in favor of propping up governments and regimes that could be useful to the

superpowers.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent fall of Soviet Union, the states of

Africa went into relative obscurity for to the global community except for cases such as the

8

Rwandan Genocide and the Blood diamond controversy which shocked the world. It is only now

that there is an ever increasing in the interest in the affairs of Africa.

Africa in the 21st Century It would be a huge mistake to see what is happening now, in Africa as an absolute rupture from

what was happening in the 20th century. In many ways, while the major players in the affair may

have changed, much the same is happening which is why a thorough understanding of Historical

trajectories within Africa are of paramount importance in understanding the contemporary

politics of Africa. In the modern day and age, many academics and journalists have referred to a

'new scramble for Africa' in which many countries chief among them China have tried to gain a

foothold in African politics hoping to extract resources and gain access to African markets.

However, there are many other players in town the list includes but is not limited to Brazil,

Russia, India, China, United States, Russia, South Africa, Nigeria and the European Union.

The primary question then becomes; what is happening in Africa? In many ways, it is

worthwhile to draw a parallel between what is happening in Africa now and what happened in

Middle East (Please ignore the political incorrectness of the term) during the middle of the

twentieth century. Immediately after the conclusion of the second World War, it became obvious

to the 'Super powers' in general and United States in specific that in the post World War era,

Middle East would be of supreme importance to the world owing to the vast amount of resources

that could be extracted from there; this is not to say that other interests were not part of the

consideration. It should then come as no surprise that United States went through any length to

ensure that its interests in the Middle East remained secure. This goes some way in explaining

the CIA led ouster of Prime Minister Mossadegh of Iran, the support (until recently) of dictators

such as Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, Ben Ali of Tunisia and the continued support of the Monarchy

in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain etc.

Africa constitutes perhaps the last continent which still has vast amounts of untapped resources

which include oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, gold, diamonds, coltan, cobalt, copper, chrome, tin,

iron, magnesium, nickel, platinum, lead, and zinc. Thus, to the Superpowers of the World, Africa

is the last places where vast amounts of resources can be extracted and used for the perpetuation

of their own economies. The fear is that like the last 'scramble for Africa', this time too, the

renewed interest of global powers would bring nothing but misery and suffering to the people of

Africa while bringing vast amount of wealth to the super powers. Additionally, since there are,

many powers are vying to gain a foothold in Africa, there is genuine concern that the next global

conflict could originate in this rivalry.

Prior to the year 2000, the only major player involved in Africa was the local superpower, South

Africa. South Africa initiated various projects which were 'aimed' at 'helping' the African

countries 'escape poverty'. In most cases, the 'development' which took place can be

9

characterized as unsustainable development, using the Neo-liberal capitalist lexicon. However,

around 2000, USA initiated two major projects African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)

and Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) which marked the start of USA's growing interest in

Africa. In the words of Margaret C. Lee, a noted academic on the subject, these constitute the

'Saving Africa' face of intervention in Africa. Behind this however, lies the 'Naked Imperialism'

face. It is very important to note that prior to Chinese intervention in Africa, both USA and its

'Western allies' were engaged activities that benefitted them and negatively affected the African

countries. To give just one example, following AGOA which opens up US markets to African

countries (the reverse being true as well), USA began exporting cotton into Africa. The US

Government subsidies for US cotton producers are three times higher than the entire USAID

budget for the entire African continent. Needless to say, the export of US cotton effectively

destroyed the cotton producing industry of many African countries causing massive poverty and

destitution.

Nevertheless, around 2005, 'western powers' began to be vary of growing Chinese interest in

Africa. It is quite ironic that it was primarily 'western' academics, journalists and state officials

which began to accuse China of Neo-Colonial policies in Africa. China's interests in Africa

began with moving on from providing small commodity products to providing large scale capital

and machinery to African states. Especially after 2008 economic recession, China increasingly

began to invest in iconic construction projects such as roads, headquarters for the African Union,

large scale mining projects etc. Critically, this vast investment is accompanied by a large influx

of Chinese workers into African countries on the premise of helping with the various projects

which are being undertaken within Africa. Additionally, there is vast increase in Chinese

investment in Africa which reached a historic high of hundred and twenty billion dollars in 2012,

a marked change from the Chinese policies during the 1980s when the focus was on domestic

development. Nowadays, China is the biggest trading partner of Africa having pushed the USA

to second place following the 2008 recession.

Situation as it stands today, would make it nigh impossible to come up with a judgment on

Chinese policies in Africa. Many African leaders have remarked that trade with China is a

golden alternative to the policies of IMF and World Bank. Nevertheless, the tension in

International circles is high. Many people, especially in the 'West' see Chinese involvement with

a deep sense of suspicion especially given Chinese record in Xinjiang and Tibet. Chinese on the

other hand have time and again reiterated that they have no political designs for Africa; their

interests do not beyond mutual economic prosperity.

It is important to note that USA and China do not constitute the only two powers in Africa. As

mentioned earlier, historically, South Africa has been the major player in Africa. It would not be

pushing it if we were to assume something akin to an unwritten Monroe Doctrine being

established by South Africa with regards to the rest of Africa. Another important regional player

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is Kenya with its economic stability and interests in the rest of Africa; it can be assumed that

these regional powers would not welcome growing foreign influence in Africa.

Among other things, the issue of proxy war is most worrying for most observers. In recent years,

there is a substantial increase in non-state organizations taking up arms to assert their authority.

Among the most known groups, Boko Haram in Nigeria is seen as an example of a group which

could be used by either of these powers to gain a foothold in Africa. Boko Haram however is not

the only group; RUF, Sudanese militants and other militant groups could all act as proxies for

one power or the other.

Africa’s Division during the 19th Century Scramble for Africa

Chinese Investment in Africa Explained China has lagged behind when it comes to investment within China. Western economic powers,

such as the United States, Britain and France have historically been a part of the African

economy whether that be involvement within the slave trade, or the mining of gold and diamond.

However, since 2000 China has emerged as the continent’s largest trading partner. Unlike its

Western counterparts, China has not discriminated against countries which have proven to be

politically unstable. In fact, data suggests that investment is higher in areas with weaker

governance. Chinese investment is also heavily favored within Africa, as they are seen to have a

trickledown effect. Lastly, Chinese investment, against popular belief, is not based mainly within

the exploitation of natural resources. Chinese investment has taken place mainly within the

service and manufacturing sector.

11

Often, it is claimed that Chinese investment within China is a form of modern ‘colonization,’ as

your study guide has explained previously. Chinese domination is shown through the number of

Chinese products flooded within the African market, and the amount of Chinese companies

initiating mega-infrastructural projects. However, colonial aspirations against China can be

combated through the logic that:-

a) Chinese investment within Africa forms a small proportion of the total international

investment that exists within Africa, hence in certain ways it can be termed to be a small yet

growing player,

b) Chinese investment has not entered Africa through force, rather it has seeped through due

to the World Trade Organization’s rules and regulations which have said to increase free trade

and reduce tariffs.

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Rising Challenges for Chinese Investment While Chinese investment has boosted economic growth within Africa, it has also attracted

international competition (the guide shall look into Indian investment in greater detail later on).

Therefore, difficulties in gaining entrance into markets, and maintaining market share and

influence have increased, which often leads to higher political tensions. Countries such as Brazil

and Turkey have also begun to increase economic activity within Africa. In May 2012, Brazil’s

largest investment bank, BTG Pactual, announced plans to form the largest investment fund for

Africa. It aims to raise $1 billion for its scheme and aims to invest it in areas such as

infrastructure, energy and agriculture. When some of the largest world economies compete

against one another, political tensions rise. They may remain subtle, but that certainly does not

mean that they are non-existent. Another challenge to Chinese investment is the strengthening

African civil society. While the challenge may not be strong enough to block massive trade

deals, it does symbolize a negative image towards Chinese investment. Unfair deals,

environmental damage, and lack of transparency are some of the issues which locals have risen.

Prominent individuals such as the Former Central Bank Governor of Nigeria have voiced

opposition. Here are some excerpts from his piece “Africa Must get real about Chinese Ties”:

Nigeria… spends huge resources importing consumer goods from China that should be

produced locally.

So China takes our primary goods and sells us manufactured ones. This was also the essence of

colonialism.

For Africa to realise its economic potential, we need to build first-class infrastructure. This

should service an afro-centric vision of economic policies.

Africa must recognise that China – like the US, Russia, Britain, Brazil and the rest – is in Africa

not for African interests but its own.

13

“BRICS… are not a happy family, nor have they ever been.”

Black Monday Following a seven year peak, China’s stock market crashed mid-August 2015. The day was to be

called Black Monday. Investor confidence is said to have declined in Chinese markets because of

the slowing Chinese economy, and the decision of the government to further devalue the Yuan.

Stock markets all over the world felt a pinch. Share prices fell in countries ranging from

Pakistan, to Britain and the United States. Dow Jones was reported to be down by a 1000 points,

the sharpest fall Wall Street has witnessed since 2008. FTSE 100 lost 74 billion pounds in the

process.

While markets have recovered, the crash has far reaching implications:

a) It shows that the upcoming economic power still needs to ‘learn’ how to handle its

economy in a responsible and mature fashion,

b) It solidifies the investors fear that the Chinese economy has begun to slow down,

c) It represent how integrated the world economy has become, therefore policy measures

within China shall not have an isolated impact,

d) Represents the need to take policy measures in order to restore investor confidence, for

example easing of the monetary policy,

e) The crash has also caused the oil and commodity market to hit a “multi-year low.”

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Why is Africa an Opportunity? Asian powers, along with global economic powerhouses no longer see Africa as a liability. Smart

investment and trade within Africa is viewed as an opportunity which needs to be exploited.

Africa is a means through which these resource starved nation-states can ensure that their

economic boom continues. Just like the European Union for the United States, Africa for China

and India is a healthy market of one billion people which shall help in boosting consumption for

the goods their industries produce. Therefore, interests do not simply lie in the extraction of coal

and oil, but also within industries such as energy supply, and construction.

It is also very interesting to note the combination of politics and economy at play. Often,

investment has also been supplemented by aid, and an increased Chinese military presence in the

continent. The perfect example would be the Beijing Summit of 2006 where President Hu Jintao

promised stable political ties, increased investment, and stronger effort for peacekeeping within

Africa.

Indian Interests in Africa It has already been established within the guide that China is not the only Asian power involved

within Africa. Indian trade with Africa has also soared. As the Indian middle class enjoys

15

upward social and economic mobility due to healthy growth rates, locals have begun to demand

Africa's light manufactured products, household consumer goods, and processed foods. They are

also using its back-office services, tourism facilities, and telecommunications. As a result, Indian

businessmen, like their Chinese counterparts, have begun to develop strategies for investment

within Africa.

Energy and Agriculture are two industries that India has shown to have an interest in. This can be

inferred through the $2.6 billion investment made in Mozambican offshore gas fields and $1

billion invested in farms in Ethiopia. Call centers and pharmaceutical companies have also begun

to settle down within the African market.

As Indian companies begin to move projects towards Africa, one can also see an increasing

presence of the Indian Navy near African shores as it tries to reduce piracy in the Indian Ocean.

Such a presence might have economic motivations, however, it also reduces Chinese influence in

Asian waters.

India v. China

Investment plans carried out by both countries are carefully crafted so that each avoids stepping

on the others toes. In Mozambique, for example, the two are investing in different areas within

the economy. Nonetheless, competition does exist.

16

It is debated that Indian investment is a better opportunity for Africa because:

a) All forms of Chinese investment do not lead to a trickle-down effect, as some of them

have bettered the situation of a nation-state’s political and economic elite,

b) Chinese human rights violations can still be seen through their massive infrastructural,

and developmental projects.

Investment Projects in Africa a) China-Africa Development Bank,

b) In October 2008, SinoHydro concluded a loan agreement with the Ghanaian government

for US$562 million. The loan is earmarked for the construction of the Bui Dam in Ghana’s

Brong Ahafo region.

c) As of the end of 2007, the Chinese were involved in financing 10 major dams in 9

different African countries.

d) The largest hydropower project on this list is the 2 600 MW Mambilla scheme in Nigeria,

implementation of which is now uncertain.

e) The largest power project completed to date is the massive 1 250 MW Merowe dam in

Sudan, which was opened earlier this year.

17

f) In Nigeria, the federal government is constructing, with the help of credit line from China

Ex-Im Bank, three gas-fired power stations: Papalanto (335 MW) in Ogun state developed by

Chinese group Sepco, Omotosho (335 MW) in Ondo, developed by China National Machinery &

Equipment Import & Export Corp. (CMEC), and Geregu (138 MW) in Kogi state developed by

Siemens.

g) On 13 January 2009, China agreed to begin a US$280 million expansion contract to

extend the port at Nouakchott.

h) The Tata Group unveiled in 2013 a $1.7 billion Greenfield investment aimed at boosting

automobile and hospitality businesses in the continent.

i) In 2010, India's largest cellular service provider, Bharti Airtel, made a foray into the

African telecommunications market by acquiring Zain Telecom's operations in 15 countries.

j) Indian drug companies are the biggest supplier of pharmaceuticals in Nigeria, with

revenues growing by 35% a year.

k) Indian energy firms are bidding for parts of Nigeria’s electricity grid that are being

privatized.

Problems the Council Needs to Resolve? There are three issues that the Council will have to bear in mind as they sphere-head Chinese

dominance within the African region.

Firstly, the Council needs to expand Chinese influence within Africa. This can be done in

numerous ways. For example, the Council can decide to increase China’s dominance within

Africa while respecting the interests of various stakeholders, such as India, Brazil, South Africa

etc. Or dominance can be achieved through shrewd, and hidden yet violent means such as local

insurgencies in Indian dominated parts of Africa, deliberate attempts at sabotaging foreign and/or

local infrastructure, etc. Ministers are free to choose the path they take, however, their decisions

need to be drenched in logic, and rationality.

Secondly, the Council needs to be vary of charges being thrown against the Chinese state. An

example of negative propaganda has given in the study guide above (the speech given by the Ex-

Governor of the Nigerian Central Bank). Therefore, while Chinese investment and influence

within Africa should dominate, the Council needs to take measures to ensure that this investment

is viewed in a positive light. Under no circumstance should colonial charges be levied against

China.

Lastly, Ministers within the Council need to understand that Chinese investment within Africa

can often benefit them directly. This benefit can be monetary or non-monetary in nature.

18

Therefore, it would be in a Minister’s interest that the committee moves forward, but in a manner

which increases his/her own influence within the Council.

How to Write a Directive Directives shall be handwritten within the committee. Given that this is a double-delegate

committee, the dais expects a constant flow of Directives and Crisis Notes. It also expects the

quality out of these documents. If the action does not make realistic sense, then the Directive or

Crisis Note shall not be accepted. Therefore, please try to make your moves and strategies as

realistic as possible. It is fun to remember that your actions through these directives can create a

crisis for another delegate. The actions that can be taken within a directive are not restricted.

They can even range from the assassination of an individual inside the committee, of the

Committee Director, or an individual outside. They can be used to initiate insurgencies, shift

machinery, or even start an international conflict. However, they need to make rational sense.

They need to be realistic, and they manner in which the action shall be carried out needs to be

mentioned.

For the purposes of explaining how Directives work, I shall take examples from the Paris

Commune of 1871. Theophile Ferre, the personality repeatedly mentioned within the directives,

was the Prosecutor of the Paris Commune. His portfolio powers included the ability to place

individuals on trial and decide whether or not they should be executed.

Example 1:

This is an example of a Public Directive. Delegates will have to understand through the topic

they place within their directives as to whether it should be public or private. Clearly, the topic in

this case requires the committee’s consensus. This is because the measures proposed might

require permission or expertise from different representatives. This means that the Prosecutor of

Enhanced Communication with Communes within France

Theophile Ferre

Signatories:

1) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------

4) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------

19

the Paris Commune cannot put these recommendations into effect unilaterally as s/he does not

have the required portfolio powers. Hence, debate is required along with a simple majority to

pass such measures.

Deciding whether or not a directive is Personal or Private is also a situational matter. Therefore,

if a delegate submits a Private Directive and the dais feels that the topic needs debate, then the

delegates submitting that directive shall be informed accordingly.

Example 2:

This is an example of a Crisis Note. Crisis Notes should be used by representatives to gain

information. Depending on the information received, delegates can take actions accordingly

through Public and Private Directives. Do note that you need to mention how this information

can be gained within the Crisis Note. If this information/direction is missing then your request

cannot be approved.

Example 3:

Dear Confidant,

Please find the whereabouts of the Archbishop of Paris. Based on tradition you shall be able

to find him at the Notre Dame Church. It is required that you tail him, so that you may be

aware of his daily routine. I, in conjunction with the Inspector General, am planning to

imprison this individual on the basis that the Church as an institution, and its members, have

carried out violent protests against the Commune’s decision to separate religion from politics.

Please inform me if this action can be carried out.

Imprisonment of the Archbishop of Paris

Prosecutor of the Paris Commune, Inspector General of the Paris Commune

It is directed by the Inspector General that a force be made to arrest the Archbishop of Paris.

Charges are the use of violence by the Church to show opposition against the Commune’s

decision to separate religion from politics.

It is also requested by the Prosecutor that preparations be made for this individual’s trial. He

shall stand on trial as the highest representative of the Church as an institution within Paris.

20

This is an example of a Private Directive. As you can see, the instructions provided clearly fall

under the mandate of the two individuals who are sponsoring this Private Directive. Therefore,

the measure does not need approval of the entire committee. The Inspector General does

command the police, therefore, since he is an author to this directive the action that the

Prosecutor wants to take can be expedited and can be kept hidden from the rest of the committee.

Also note how the information received through the Crisis Note helps a Private Directive. It

improves the directive’s chances for approval by adding a mechanism through which the action

can be executed.

Links Used in the Making of this Study Guide: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/2008-03-02/china-and-india-go-africa#

http://www.bbc.com/news/business-23584065

http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/26/brics-africa-

idUSL1N0CE7I720130326#cDtzRcY0E060HysX.97

http://www.ft.com/cms/s/562692b0-898c-11e2-ad3f-

00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?siteedition=uk&_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.co

m%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F562692b0-898c-11e2-ad3f-

00144feabdc0.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&_i_referer=&classification=conditional_standard&ia

b=barrier-app#axzz3mknMM9ul

http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21639554-china-has-become-big-africa-

now-backlash-one-among-many

http://edition.cnn.com/2011/BUSINESS/08/04/china.india.africa.overview/index.html

http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/07/business/brazil-africa-business/

http://blogs.reuters.com/ian-bremmer/2013/05/28/the-underappreciated-tensions-between-china-

and-brazil/

http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:768325/FULLTEXT01.pdf

http://qz.com/298088/why-india-not-china-is-a-better-investment-partner-for-africa/

http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21588378-chinese-businessmen-africa-

get-attention-indians-are-not-far

http://www.dw.com/en/indian-investment-in-africa-soars/a-16951164

http://www.forbes.com/sites/riskmap/2015/07/08/chinas-investment-in-africa-the-african-

perspective/

21

http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/why-china-is-investing-in-

africa/why-is-china-investing-in-africa.pdf

http://www.cmmlanguages.com/list-of-indian-companies-doing-business-in-africa

http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Manualreport/cia_10.html

http://www.businessinsider.com/map-chinese-investments-in-africa-2012-8

http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/24/china-stock-market-fall-effects-global-

economy-shares-interest-rates-inflation