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Crisis and Absolutism in Europe
1550-1715Absolute monarchy, a form of government
where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally-organized
direct opposition in force
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7:1 Wars of Religion
• Objectives:• Who are Huguenots?• Official religions of the time in Europe• What is the “Act of Supremacy?” • What was the main cause of religious wars?
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• Trying to win converts & eliminating each others authority was the main cause of the religious wars.
• Economic, social, political forces also played important part.
• (1560) Calvinism & Catholicism b/c highly militant.
• P211 voices of past
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• Huguenots (HYOO-guh-nawts)• -French protestants influenced by John Calvin
• Henry of Navarre • -converted (Fr.) once realizing he’d never be
accepted when crowned (1594) & fighting ended
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• To solve religious problems, the• Edict of Nantes – which recognized Catholic as
official religion of France but gave Huguenots right to practice, worship and hold office.
• King Philip II (Spain)• - The most Catholic King & supporter of
militant Catholicism.
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• By 1598 (end of Philip reign) Spain was most populous empire & controlled almost all of S. Am.– Bankrupt from spending on war– Forces out of date– Inefficient gov’t
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Queen Elizabeth
Repealed laws favoring Catholics(moderate to please most)
ACT OF SUPREMACY – named Eliz. The only supreme governor of both Church & state
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• Armada – fleet of ships
• Spanish Armada defeated by English Sea Dogs opened way for English to settle N. Am. Coast.
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7:1 Wars of Religion
• Objectives:• Who are Huguenots?• Official religions of the time in Europe• What is the “Act of Supremacy?” • What was the main cause of religious wars?
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7:2 Social Crisis, War & Revolution
• Objectives:• Explain the 30 years war• Describe Commonwealth
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• Economic Crisis: more imported Gold/Silver• • Increased population • • demand for land & food•
• drove price$ UP = inflation
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• Wacky witchcraft 1600’s were common village culture of times
• Religion spread due to this concern• Heretics accused could be tortured.
• DID YOU READ?:• What were characteristics of the majority of
those accused?
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• 30 YEARS WAR – last of religious wars
• (see pg 216 & 218)
• Peace of Westphalia – stated all German states could determine their own religion.
• Now the 300+ states that made up Holy Roman Empire were recognized as independent w/ power to conduct own foreign policy= end to HRE as one political unit
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• MEANWHILE:
• England (not involved in 30 yrs. war) had own civil war b/t King & Parliament over who should govern England.
• King James I – divine right of Kings= Kings got power from God.
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• Puritans – (protestants in Eng. w/ Calvinist idea)
• Charles I – imposed rituals on Church of Eng. Many saw as return to Catholic practices….
• As King pushed = more chose America!
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• Cavaliers – supporters of King (Royalist)• vs.• Roundheads – supporters of Parliament
• Oliver Cromwell – military genius w/ new model army helped parliament win control
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• Commonwealth = republic destroying both King & Parliament = military dictatorship………..
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7:3 Response to Crisis
• Absolutism = ruler hold absolute total power
• Louis XIV (Fr) – best example– Established household at Versailles – Finances crucial issue– Jean Baptiste Colbert – Mercantilism = < imports & > exports
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• Glorious Revolution = • William of Orange invited to Eng.
Married Mary (James II daughter)
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• 1689 Parliament offers throne to• William & Mary who accept w/ a• Bill of Rights• Toleration Act 1689 – granted puritans
right to worship = no more persecutions
• Destroyed the divine right theory of Kingship
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Prussia & Austria Expand• Ivan IV - 1st ruler to have title of czar
(Russian for Caesar)
• What got him the name of “Ivan the terrible?”
• Peter the Great – czar 1689-1725• Wanted to westernize Russia
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• St. Petersburg – “window to the west”
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7:4 European Culture
• Mannerism – style that emerged in Italy 1520’s
• Golden Age of literature = • William Shakespere
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• Thomas Hobbes • -political thoughts
• John Locke• - political thoughts were against one
absolute ruler but more on protecting rights, constitutional gov’t
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• Thomas Hobbes- Political thoughts that– Absolute power needed to preserve order
– JOHN LOCKE – Political thoughts against Absolute power • Protecting rights• Constitutional gov’t
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SUMMARY
• Describe the divine rights theory• “ 30 yrs. War• Peace of Westphalia• Puritans & why to America?• Who led Commonwealth in England?• Describe the Glorious Revolution• Czars Ivan IV & Peter• Locke & Hobbes