Criminology Power Point general
Transcript of Criminology Power Point general
CriminologyCriminologyWilliam S. Laufer
Department of Legal Studies2207 SH DH
215.898.7693
William S. LauferDepartment of Legal Studies
2207 SH DH [email protected]
215.898.7693
Course RequirementsCourse Requirements
Text • Adler, Mueller, & Laufer, Criminology
and the Criminal Justice System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001)
• HandoutsGrades• Mid-term and Final Examination• Class Participation
Text • Adler, Mueller, & Laufer, Criminology
and the Criminal Justice System (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001)
• HandoutsGrades• Mid-term and Final Examination• Class Participation
Criminology: Sutherland’s Definition--Modified
• Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime and criminality as a social, psychological, and biological phenomena.
• It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws.
• The objective of criminology is the development of a body of knowledge regarding crime, criminality, and its prevention.
Assignment for September 11, 2001The Forgotten Criminology of
Genocide
Assignment for September 11, 2001The Forgotten Criminology of
Genocide• Why has the field of criminology neglected
any consideration of the crime of genocide?• How could criminologists neglect an
estimated sixteen million deaths in crimes against humanity since World War II?
• What has the field of criminology lost by its neglect of the crime of genocide?
• Why has the field of criminology neglected any consideration of the crime of genocide?
• How could criminologists neglect an estimated sixteen million deaths in crimes against humanity since World War II?
• What has the field of criminology lost by its neglect of the crime of genocide?
Self-ReportSelf-Report
• Take out a piece of paper and write down the 10 most deviant and/or illegal acts that you have committed. Do not sign your name.
• Take out a piece of paper and write down the 10 most deviant and/or illegal acts that you have committed. Do not sign your name.
CriminologyCriminology
September 13, 2001September 13, 2001
Terrorism Terrorism
FBI Definition• The unlawful use of force
or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
FBI Definition• The unlawful use of force
or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
Terrorism: Generating Publicity and
Fear
Terrorism: Generating Publicity and
FearClassifying Terrorism• Revolutionary Terrorism
Forcing governments to respond; to encourage a revolution, e.g., PLO
• State-Sponsored Terrorism Terrorist activities by
governments against their own citizens or other countries, e.g., Khmer Rouge
• Religious Terrorism Promoting a religious system or
protect a set of religious beliefs, e.g., use of Jihad or holy war by Islamic fundamentalists
Classifying Terrorism• Revolutionary Terrorism
Forcing governments to respond; to encourage a revolution, e.g., PLO
• State-Sponsored Terrorism Terrorist activities by
governments against their own citizens or other countries, e.g., Khmer Rouge
• Religious Terrorism Promoting a religious system or
protect a set of religious beliefs, e.g., use of Jihad or holy war by Islamic fundamentalists
TerrorismTerrorism
Punishment?• Symbolic• Retributive• Desert• Expressive• Restorative
Punishment?• Symbolic• Retributive• Desert• Expressive• Restorative
Criminology: Prof. Edwin H. Sutherland’s
Definition--Modified
• Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime and criminality as a social, psychological, and biological phenomena.
• It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of
breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws.
• The objective of criminology is the development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding crime, criminality, and its prevention.
Criminology is concerned with the construction of deviance, deviance, and the reaction to deviance
Criminology is an interdisciplinary field of study
Criminology is a social science
The Criminological Enterprise
• Criminal Statistics Gathering valid crime data; devising
new research methods; measuring crime patterns and trends
• Psychology/Sociology of Law
Exploring the intersection between the disciplines of psychology, sociology, and law
• Theory Construction, Development, and Verification
• Criminal Behavior Systems
Determining the nature and cause of specific crime patterns; the examination of specific offense, e.g., white collar crime.
• Penology The correction and control of
criminal behavior
• Victimology The nature and cause of
victimization
• Crime Prevention
Boundary
Criminal Statistics:The Death Penalty
• How many people have been executed since 1608?
• How many people have been executed this year?
• How many executions have taken place since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976?
• How many jurisdictions have death penalty statutes?
• Which states do not permit the death penalty?
• What percentage of defendants executed since 1976 were white?
• What percentage of defendants executed were convicted of killing a white victim?
• Which two states can claim credit for more than 40% of all executions since 1976?
• Do states still execute inmates either by hanging or with a firing squad?
• •
Criminal Statistics: Death Penalty
How many people have been executed since 1608? (19,500)How many people have been executed this year? (48)How many executions have taken place since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976? (731)How many states have death penalty statutes? (38)Which states do not permit the death penalty? Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia
What percentage of defendants executed since 1976 were white? (45%)What percentage of defendants executed were convicted of killing a white victim? (81%)Which two states can claim credit for more than 40% of all executions since 1976? (Texas and Virginia)Do states still execute inmates either by hanging or with a firing squad? Delaware, Montana, and New Hampshire (H); Idaho, Oklahoma, Utah (FS)
Criminal Statistics:The Death Penalty
Criminal Statistics:The Death Penalty
• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century?
• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted?
• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color?
• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children?
• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century?
• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted?
• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color?
• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children?
• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973?
• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___?
• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States?
• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded?
• How much evidence exists to prove or suggest that the death penalty deters murder?
• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973?
• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___?
• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States?
• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded?
• How much evidence exists to prove or suggest that the death penalty deters murder?
Criminal Statistics:The Death Penalty
Criminal Statistics:The Death Penalty
• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century? (23)
• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted? (98)
• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color? (60%)
• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children? (6) Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, and U.S.
• How many documented innocent people have been executed this century? (23)
• How many people have been released since 1972 as a result of being wrongfully convicted? (98)
• What percentage of Texas and California death row populations are people of color? (60%)
• How many countries still execute people for crimes committed as children? (6) Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, and U.S.
• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973? (160)
• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___? (14)
• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States? (10)
• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded? (300)
• How much evidence exists to prove or suggest that the death penalty deters murder?
• How many children have been sentenced to death in the U.S. since 1973? (160)
• The youngest person executed since WWII in the United States was___? (14)
• What is the youngest person ever to be executed in the United States? (10)
• How many people on death row today are known to be retarded? (300)
• How much evidence exists to prove or suggest that the death penalty deters murder?
Psychology/Sociology of Law
• Using psychology to explain objective expectations of privacy in Fourth Amendment cases
• Examining the reliance on formal versus informal social controls in Japan
Theory Construction, Development, and Validation
• Intuitive criminology
poverty biological causes? genetic predispositions? social learning? control – impulse, self and social? social structure? culture? subculture?
crimecrime
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
petty theft
alcohol
marijuana
speeding
vandalism
fake id
narcotics
assault
number of reports
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
petty theft
alcohol
marijuana
speeding
vandalism
fake id
narcotics
assault
number of reports
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
trespassing DUI/DWI drug sales solicitingprostitution
burglary publicdrunkeness
copyright incest
number of reports
Criminal Behavior Systems
• Classifications
• Typologies
• Specific Offenses
Penology
• What is punishment?
Goals of PunishmentGoals of Punishment
Retribution
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Proportional Penalty - Offense Determinative Deserved Penalty - Harm Determinative
Expressive Penalty - Message Determinative
Individualized SentencesOffender Culpability - OffenseOffender Change - Intervention
Crime Rates - Fear of ConsequencesPower of Deterrence - Swift, Certain***, Sufficiently Severe, Laws Known to Public
Types: General and Specific (or Special)
Collective IncapacitationSelective Incapacitation
Restorative JusticeRepairing the harm betweenOffender and victim
Traditional Justice
(retributive and rehabilitative)
Restorative Justice
Victims are peripheral to the process
Victims are central to the process
The focus is on punishing or on treating the offender
The focus is on repairing the harm between an offender and victim, and perhaps also an offender and a wider community
The community is represented by the state
Community members or organizations take a more active role
The process is characterized by adversarial relationships among the parties
The process is characterized by dialogue and negotiation among parties
Victimology
• Violence between intimates
• Child abuse
• Genocide?
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
• Defend criminology’s exclusion of genocide
• Defend criminology’s exclusion of genocide
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
• Genocide is a Political Act Reflecting the Will of Sovereignty
Genocide, it has been said, is a political rather than criminal act most often employed to enhance the solidarity and unification of nation-states. Decisions to liquidate, exterminate, and cleanse a minority population are matters of political policy reflecting the will and ideologies of sovereignty. Genocide results from a modern, developed, state bureaucratic apparatus that moves the conception of systematic torture and killing from the criminal to the political.
• Genocide is a Political Act Reflecting the Will of Sovereignty
Genocide, it has been said, is a political rather than criminal act most often employed to enhance the solidarity and unification of nation-states. Decisions to liquidate, exterminate, and cleanse a minority population are matters of political policy reflecting the will and ideologies of sovereignty. Genocide results from a modern, developed, state bureaucratic apparatus that moves the conception of systematic torture and killing from the criminal to the political.
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
• Genocide as a Breach of International Norms and International Law
To understand the law of genocide, one must appreciate its place in law as an international crime.
• Genocide as a Breach of International Norms and International Law
To understand the law of genocide, one must appreciate its place in law as an international crime.
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
• Genocide is Committed by the State Of all the many revelations over the last fifty
years, criminologists seem to have the most difficulty with the notion that an organization or entity, whether a corporation or nation state, may commit a crime. When crimes are imputed from an individual to an inanimate entity, the intellectual challenge becomes: Should an individual be blamed as well?
• Genocide is Committed by the State Of all the many revelations over the last fifty
years, criminologists seem to have the most difficulty with the notion that an organization or entity, whether a corporation or nation state, may commit a crime. When crimes are imputed from an individual to an inanimate entity, the intellectual challenge becomes: Should an individual be blamed as well?
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
• The Magnitude of Victimization in Genocide Defies Belief
Criminological research confirms intuitive ratings of crime seriousness from multiple murder to shoplifting. The differences in seriousness ratings for virtually all offenses are highly objective and quantifiable. The extent of victimization and harm in genocide, however, strains any assessment of seriousness. Who appreciates differences in seriousness where the offense is, for example, 100,000, 250,000, or 500,000 butchered Hutus or Tutsis?
• The Magnitude of Victimization in Genocide Defies Belief
Criminological research confirms intuitive ratings of crime seriousness from multiple murder to shoplifting. The differences in seriousness ratings for virtually all offenses are highly objective and quantifiable. The extent of victimization and harm in genocide, however, strains any assessment of seriousness. Who appreciates differences in seriousness where the offense is, for example, 100,000, 250,000, or 500,000 butchered Hutus or Tutsis?
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
The Forgotten Criminologyof Genocide
• The Problems of Denying and Admitting Atrocity Two prominent themes that emerge from the
literature on genocide capture an ambivalence hard felt by some survivors and refugees of genocide. This ambivalence is captured in the titles of two recently published books on the Holocaust—Deborah Lipstadt’s Denying the Holocaust (1994) and Lawrence L. Langer’s Admitting the Holocaust (1995).
• The Problems of Denying and Admitting Atrocity Two prominent themes that emerge from the
literature on genocide capture an ambivalence hard felt by some survivors and refugees of genocide. This ambivalence is captured in the titles of two recently published books on the Holocaust—Deborah Lipstadt’s Denying the Holocaust (1994) and Lawrence L. Langer’s Admitting the Holocaust (1995).
The Science of Criminology
• Police Productivity and Crime Rates:Is violent crime increasing or decreasing?
• Childhood Maltreatment and Delinquency: Are mistreated children more likely to engage
in delinquency?• Specific Deterrence and White Collar
Offenders: Are white collar offenders specifically deterred
by prison?
CriminologyCriminology
Substantive Criminal LawSubstantive Criminal Law
The Concept of Crime A person is not criminally culpable
(blameworthy) unless she acted:voluntarily (or failed to act when required by law to do so)
with a “guilty mind”in such a way that her action and intention
coincided in time causing the harmin violation of the criminal lawso as to produced harm and injury
Simple Formula
ACT +
INTENT +
CONCURRENCE +CAUSATION +
INJURY +HARM +
PROHIBITED ACT = Crime
Criminal Act (actus reus) All crimes require an affirmative
or negative act. Affirmative acts (act of
commission) require conscious and volitional movement--a product of the determination of the actor.
Involuntary acts are insufficient. Negative acts (acts of omission)
are failures to act where there is a legal duty to act, and where it was possible for the actor to act.
Involuntary Acts
SomnambulismUnconsciousnessSeizureInvoluntary Neurological Response
Acts of Omission
Legal Relationship, e.g., parent-childContractual Obligation, e.g., lifeguard to
swimmerStatutory Obligation, e.g., taxesCreation of PerilVoluntary Assumption of care
Criminal Intent (mens rea)
Purposely - with conscious desire to cause a certain result
Knowingly - with awareness that something will occur
Recklessly - with a conscious disregard of a substantial risk or injury
Negligently - actions that the actor should have known would cause harm
Degrees of Mental FaultDegrees of Mental Fault
Purposely
Knowingly
Recklessly
Negligently
Crime-TortBarrier
Gradations of Intention
• Purposely: A desires to kill B by blowing up a building in which he knows B is sleeping. He has acted purposely with regard to the death of B.
• Knowingly: A intends to blow up a building in which he knows B is asleep on the top floor. Even though does not desire B’s death, if B dies, A has killed B knowingly because it is practically certain the B will die.
Gradations of Intention
• Recklessly: A intends to blow up a building in which he knows B is asleep. He calls C and asks him to go to the building and wake up B. B knows that C is not very responsible. If C fails to do wake B, and B dies, A has killed B recklessly because he consciously disregarded a significant risk of injury to B.
Gradations of Intention
• Negligently: A desires to blow up a building. Although it would be apparent to the average person that B is in the building and will be killed, A is totally unaware of that possibility. If B dies, A has acted with criminal negligence with regard to B’s death.
Strict Liability Crimes
• Certain public welfare (e.g., hand gun possession) and sexual offenses (e.g., statutory rape, bigamy, and adultery) do not require proof of mens rea. The act alone will suffice.
Two Tests for CausationFactual Causation
But for A’s act, the result would not have occurred when and as it did.
“But for Bill’s act, Harry would not have been injured in the way in which he was.”
Proximate Causation B’s injuries must have
been the natural and probable consequences of A’s act.
B’s injuries must have been foreseeable, without any intervening factors sufficient to break the causal chain that would relieve A of liability.
Defenses:Excuses and Justifications
EXCUSES Defenses in which the law
recognizes the absence of mens rea or actus reus, and concludes that no crime has been committed
Insanity Infancy Intoxication
JUSTIFICATIONS Defenses in which the
law authorizes the violation of another law where there is a justificationSelf DefenseDefense of OthersDuressNecessity
The Issue of Mental Disease is Raised
Throughout the Criminal Process The Issue of Mental Disease is Raised
Throughout the Criminal Process
Criminal Responsibility
Crime Trial
Competenceto be tried(fitness to proceed)
Competenceto be executed
Executionof Sentence
Understand the proceedings
Be able to assist in their defense
FBI Guidelines on Deadly Force FBI Guidelines on Deadly Force Public’s Safety
Officer’s Safety
MAY (NOT MUST) USEDEADLY FORCE WHEN:
1. Imminent Danger a. Armed & intent to use, or b. Armed & moving to cover, or c. Ability to incapacitate & intent to use AND 2. No safe alternative & verbal warning, if feasible
Exception:Escape from sceneof violent confrontation
May not fire to disable vehicleMay not fire warning shotShould not fire to wound
The Law of Deadly ForceThe Law of Deadly Force
• Constitutional Law– Tennessee v. Gardner
• Police may not use deadly force against a fleeing unarmed felony suspect. Such force is an unconstitutional seizure of the person and violates the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.
• State Statute– Justification by law enforcement
• Departmental Policies– Examples: FBI Guidelines, PPD Directive 10
• Constitutional Law– Tennessee v. Gardner
• Police may not use deadly force against a fleeing unarmed felony suspect. Such force is an unconstitutional seizure of the person and violates the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.
• State Statute– Justification by law enforcement
• Departmental Policies– Examples: FBI Guidelines, PPD Directive 10
No force Officer uses typical verbal commands
Slight force Officer uses strong directive language and/or minimal physical force to encourage compliance
Forcibly subdued suspects with hands Officer uses an arm/wrist lock, takedown, block, punch, or kick
Forcibly subdued suspect using methods other than hands, e.g., gun or baton
New York Central & Hudson River Railroad v. U.S. (1909)
• Corporations conduct the great majority of business transactions
• Interstate commerce is almost entirely in their hands
• The notion that corporations are incapable of committing crimes would “virtually take away the only means of effectively controlling” business transactions in interstate commerce
• Corporations can commit crimes
Corporate Criminal Liability: The Federal Law
• A corporation may be held criminally liable for acts committed by its employees if they were acting within the scope of their authority, and for the benefit of the corporation even if such acts were against corporate policy or express instructions.
• This rule extends corporate criminal liability to acts committed by:
officers and directors managers and supervisors subordinate employees independent contractors
Vicarious Liability
Agent’s Criminal IntentAgent’s Criminal Act
The Corporate Compliance Movement
• The likelihood of a criminal investigation, indictment, aggressive prosecution, conviction, and significant fine may be reduced significantly by evidence of corporate compliance.
• Vicarious liability might be defeated by active corporate compliance efforts.
Liability
Corporate Compliance
CriminologyCriminology
September 20, 2001September 20, 2001
What are the ingredients (elements) of all crimes?
ACT +
INTENT +
CONCURRENCE +CAUSATION +
INJURY +
HARM +PROHIBITED ACT = Crime
Biological Persons
Corporate Persons
How can a corporation commit a crime?
How can a corporation commit a crime?
• Who acts
• Who intends?
• Who causes injury?
• Who is punished?
• Who acts
• Who intends?
• Who causes injury?
• Who is punished?
New York Central & Hudson River Railroad v. U.S. (1909)
• Corporations conduct the great majority of business transactions
• Interstate commerce is almost entirely in their hands
• The notion that corporations are incapable of committing crimes would “virtually take away the only means of effectively controlling” business transactions in interstate commerce
• Corporations can commit crimes
Corporate Criminal Liability: The Federal Law
• A corporation may be held criminally liable for acts committed by its employees if they were acting within the scope of their authority, and for the benefit of the corporation even if such acts were against corporate policy or express instructions.
• This rule extends corporate criminal liability to acts committed by:
officers and directors managers and supervisors subordinate employees independent contractors
Vicarious Liability
Agent’s Criminal IntentAgent’s Criminal Act
The Corporate Compliance Movement
• The likelihood of a criminal investigation, indictment, aggressive prosecution, conviction, and significant fine may be reduced significantly by evidence of corporate compliance.
• Vicarious liability might be defeated by active corporate compliance efforts.
Liability
Corporate Compliance
Minimum Requirements for an Effective Compliance Program Standards and
Procedures reasonably capable of preventing criminal conduct
Oversight of standards by high level personnel
Care in the delegation of substantial managerial authority to individuals
Effective communication of standards and procedures to employees
Reasonable steps taken to achieve compliance
Enforcement of disciplinary mechanisms
Appropriate response after detection of an offense
Key to Compliance
Proactive Compliance
Reactive Compliance
CriminologyCriminology
Chapter TwoChapter Two
You be the criminologist!You be the criminologist!
• What do we know?
• Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York
• Propose a study using international crime data
• Explain the drop in crime
• What do we know?
• Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York
• Propose a study using international crime data
• Explain the drop in crime
What do we know? What do we know?• Crime rates are declining (p. 36-38)• Most crimes are committed in large urban areas (p.40)• The safest place to be is in one’s home (p. 40)• Most crimes are committed at night (p. 40)• Personal and household crimes are more likely to be committed
during the warmer months of the year (p. 40)• Crime decreases with age (p. 44)• A small group of offenders commit a large percentage of all
crime (p. 45-46)• Males commit more crimes than females (p. 47-48)• Social class may (or may not) be associated with crime (p. 49)• People of color are represented disproportionately in the
criminal justice system (p. 49-50)
• Crime rates are declining (p. 36-38)• Most crimes are committed in large urban areas (p.40)• The safest place to be is in one’s home (p. 40)• Most crimes are committed at night (p. 40)• Personal and household crimes are more likely to be committed
during the warmer months of the year (p. 40)• Crime decreases with age (p. 44)• A small group of offenders commit a large percentage of all
crime (p. 45-46)• Males commit more crimes than females (p. 47-48)• Social class may (or may not) be associated with crime (p. 49)• People of color are represented disproportionately in the
criminal justice system (p. 49-50)
What is your hypothesis?What is your hypothesis?• Why are crime rates declining? • Why are most crimes committed in large urban
areas? • Why are most crimes committed at night?• Why is it that personal and household crimes are
more likely to be committed during the warmer months of the year?
• Why does crime decrease with age? • Why is it that a small group of offenders commit a
large percentage of all crime? • Why do males commit more crimes than females?
• Why is the crime-social class association less
than convincing?• Why is it that people of color are represented
disproportionately in the criminal justice system?
• Why are crime rates declining? • Why are most crimes committed in large urban
areas? • Why are most crimes committed at night?• Why is it that personal and household crimes are
more likely to be committed during the warmer months of the year?
• Why does crime decrease with age? • Why is it that a small group of offenders commit a
large percentage of all crime? • Why do males commit more crimes than females?
• Why is the crime-social class association less
than convincing?• Why is it that people of color are represented
disproportionately in the criminal justice system?
Why?
What is your hypothesis?What is your hypothesis?
• Crime rates are declining because of changing demographics, better and more sophisticated policing strategies, e.g., community-based policing and quality of life arrests (“broken windows”), and an increased commitment to crime prevention strategies, e.g., target hardening.
• Criminal behavior decreases with age for reasons of social maturation.
• People of color are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system because there remains an institutionalized racism that touches each and every stage of the system from arrest decisions to parole eligibility determinations.
• Crime rates are declining because of changing demographics, better and more sophisticated policing strategies, e.g., community-based policing and quality of life arrests (“broken windows”), and an increased commitment to crime prevention strategies, e.g., target hardening.
• Criminal behavior decreases with age for reasons of social maturation.
• People of color are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system because there remains an institutionalized racism that touches each and every stage of the system from arrest decisions to parole eligibility determinations.
Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York
Test the conventional wisdom about crime in New York
Eric H. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City (2001)• Cities are cauldrons of murder.• The underlying social forces of mass society cause
deviance.• Crowding leads to deviance and violence• Poverty explains murder.• A corrupt criminal justice system loosens morals and
leads to violence.• We know what causes violence: young men coming
home from war, trained to kill.• Riots unleash violence.
Eric H. Monkkonen, Murder in New York City (2001)• Cities are cauldrons of murder.• The underlying social forces of mass society cause
deviance.• Crowding leads to deviance and violence• Poverty explains murder.• A corrupt criminal justice system loosens morals and
leads to violence.• We know what causes violence: young men coming
home from war, trained to kill.• Riots unleash violence.
Propose a study using international crime data:
From Synnomie to Anomie
Propose a study using international crime data:
From Synnomie to Anomie
Social Development/Social ChangeSocial Development/Social Change
Crim
e R
ate
Crim
e R
ate
Nepal
Costa Rica
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Switzerland
Japan
Germany
Great Brita
in
Italy
United States
SynnomieSynnomie(Norm Cohesion)
StrainStrain(disconnect between
means and goals)
Failure in Social ControlFailure in Social Control(Social institutions break down;
movement away from family, schoolreligious commitment, etc.)
Cultural DevianceCultural Deviance(Social disorganization and value conflict;
social controls absent in transitional neighborhoods)
Formation of SubculturesFormation of Subcultures(Lower class are in conflict with dominant culture)
AnomieAnomie(Normlessness)
Explain the drop in crimeExplain the drop in crime
• The decay of crack markets
• New police tactics
• Growing deterrence due to violence
• Rejection of crack by a new generation
• Strength of the economy
• Increased gun control, and
• Increased incarceration
• The decay of crack markets
• New police tactics
• Growing deterrence due to violence
• Rejection of crack by a new generation
• Strength of the economy
• Increased gun control, and
• Increased incarceration
Explain the drop in crime last week in New York CityExplain the drop in crime
last week in New York City• ???????????????????????• ???????????????????????