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Transcript of CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1...
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Police Organization and Management
CHAPTER
6
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Police Mission
The purposes of policing in democraticsocieties is to:
1. Enforce and support the laws2. Investigate crimes/apprehend offenders3. Prevent crime4. Ensure domestic peace and tranquility5. Provide the community with enforcement–related services
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enforcing the Law
Only about 10–20% of all calls to the police require a law enforcement response. Police cannot enforce all of the laws. Resources are limited. Law enforcement priorities are significantly affected by community needs. Individual discretion also impacts them. Police are expected to support the laws they enforce.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Apprehending Offenders
Offenders may be apprehended: While committing a crimeShortly after committing a crimeAfter an extensive investigation
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Preventing Crime
Crime prevention is proactive. It aims to:
Reduce crime and criminal opportunities Lower the rewards of crime Lessen the fear of crime
Law enforcement’s ability to prevent crimes relies in part on their ability to predict crime.
Determining when and where crimes will occur Allocating resources accordingly Crime mapping, as with CompStat, helps
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Preserving the Peace
Law enforcement do a number of activities to help ensure domestic peace and tranquility.
Examples: Supervising parades and public demonstrations
Officers may focus on quality-of-life offenses, acts that create physical disorder or reflect social decay or that could lead to further deterioration (broken windows theory).
Examples: Vandalism, excessive noise.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Providing Services
Law enforcement provides the community with enforcement-related services. Police are just a phone call away.
Police handle emergency and non-emergency calls, such as:
Barking dogs Lost and found items Minor accidents
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Operational Strategies
There are five core operationalstrategies, each with unique features:
1. Preventive patrol2. Routine incident response3. Emergency response4. Criminal investigation5. Problem solving
Additionally, there is an ancillaryoperational strategy: support services.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Preventive Patrol
The dominant operational policing strategyis preventive patrol, which placesuniformed officers on the street in themidst of the public.
Patrol is designed to:1. Deter crimes2. Interrupt crimes in progress3. Position officers for quick response to
emergencies4. Increase the public’s feeling of safety and
security
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Routine Incident Response
Routine incident responses include restoring order, documenting information, or provide another immediate service to the parties involved in routine occurrences such as minor traffic accidents.
This is the second most common police activity. Having a good response time is strongly linked to citizen satisfaction.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Emergency Response
Emergency responses (or critical incidents) occur in response to crimes in progress, serious injuries, natural disasters, and other situations in which human lives may be in jeopardy.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Criminal Investigation
Criminal investigations dominate media attention but constitute a relatively small proportion of police work.
An investigation involves discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Criminal Investigation
First responding officers: Provide assistance to the injured and in capturing suspects. Secure the crime scene. Conduct the preliminary investigation.
Sometimes, special crime-scene investigators will come in to assist.
Follow-up investigations are based on solvability factors.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problem Solving
Problem solving policing requires: Gathering knowledge of problem causes Developing solutions in partnership with the community Responding with a workable plan Assessing the progress
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Support Services
Support services are ancillary services such as dispatch, training, personnel, property control, and record-keeping that keep agencies running.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Managing Police Departments
Police management refers to the administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities in order to:
Prevent crime Apprehend criminals Recover stolen property Perform regulatory and helping services
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Police Organization and Structure
Line Operations
Field activities or supervisory activities directly related to day-to-day police work
Staff Operations
Include support roles, such as administration
Most police organization is structured along lines of authority.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chain of Command
The organizational chart of any police agency shows a hierarchical chain of command.
Represents order of authority
Quasi-military structure
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Policing Styles
History helps shape policing styles,how agencies see their purpose, andchoose to fulfill it.
There are three basic policing styles:1. Watchman2. Legalistic3. Service
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Historical Eras in American Policing
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Watchman Style of Policing
The watchman style of policing are typically in lower- or lower-middle class areas that have a lot of crime.
This style is marked by: Order maintenance Controlling illegal and disruptive behavior Considerable use of discretion
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Legalistic Style of Policing
Legalistic style police departments are committed to enforcing the letter of the law and take a “laissez faire” stance on behaviors that are simply bothersome.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Service Style of Policing
Service style police departments strive to meet community needs. They are:
Concerned with helping rather than strictly enforcing the laws. More likely to supplement law enforcement activities with community resources. Popular today.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Police-Community Relations (PCR)
The Police-Community Relations (PCR) movement began in the 1960s and 1970s. This movement recognizes the need for the police and the community to work together. Consistent with this movement are:
Store-front auxiliary police officesNeighborhood watchDrug awareness programsProject ID
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Team Policing
Team policing is an extension of the PCR movement.
With team policing, conventional patrol strategies are reorganized and police teams are assigned to fixed districts.
Police become more familiar with the people of their districts and their problems and concerns.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Community Policing
Consistent with service policing, community policing emphasizes the idea that police must partner with the community to help fulfill the community needs.
Police actively work with citizens and with social services to help solve problems.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Community Policing
Community policing involves at least oneof four elements:
1. Community-based crime prevention2. Reorientation of patrol activities to
emphasize nonemergency services3. Increased police accountability to the
public4. A decentralization of command, including
greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision making
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Community Policing as Corporate Strategy
Some suggest that police departments operate like corporations, and that community policing is the newest strategy. Other strategies are strategic policing and problem-oriented policing.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Critique of Community Policing
Some criticize community policing, citing problems such as:
Too abstract of a concept Hard-to-measure success Difficult to conceptualize and quantify “citizen success” Not readily accepted by all police officers or managers Difficulty coming to a consensus with regard to what’s considered a “community problem”
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Terrorism’s Impact on Policing
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks changed the role of police departments.
The core mission has not changed, but all police departments now devote much more resources to preparing for a possible terrorist attack and intelligence gathering.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Approach
IACP announced its Taking Command Initiative in2004. They identified five key principles behindan effective homeland security policy.
1. Homeland security proposals must be developed in local context.
2. Prevention is a key part of any strategy.3. State and local law enforcement can help identify,
investigate, and apprehend terrorist suspects.4. Strategies must be coordinated nationally, not
federally.5. There cannot be a one-size-fits-all approach considering
the vast diversity among state and local law enforcement and public safety agencies.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Intelligence-Led Policing and Antiterrorism
Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) is a technique involving the use of criminal intelligence to guide policing in the fight against terrorism.
Police should be able to collect and/or analyze intelligence information and form an effective response to credible threat.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Community Policing and Antiterrorism
Community policing roles in the intelligenceprocess include:1. Provide materials to raise community awareness of
suspicious actions, behaviors, and events.2. Organizing community meetings emphasizing
prevention, vigilance, and awareness.3. Ensuring that community members know how to
relay information to the police.4. Encouraging crime prevention, proactive policing,
and close connections between the police and the public.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Information Sharing and Antiterrorism
Sharing information across jurisdictions is crucial to effective antiterrorism plans and creating a fully integrated criminal justice information system.
Such efforts are called boundaryless policing.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Discretion and the Individual Officer
Even as police agencies adapt to threats posed by terrorism, individual officers still retain a considerable amount of discretion.
discretion = choice
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Factors that Influence Discretion
There are a number of factors that influence police decision making, including:
Officer’s backgroundSuspect’s characteristicsDepartment policyCommunity interestPressure from victimDisagreement with the law
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Professionalism and Ethics
Today’s demands for police professionalism require that police officers have specialized knowledge and they adhere to professional standards and police ethics.
Accreditation is a step toward greater professionalism. Ethics training is integrated into most basic training programs.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Education and Training
Modern police education programs involve training in areas like:
Human relations Firearms Communications Legal issues Patrol Investigations Report writing
A post-academy field training program (PTO) is a recent development in police training.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Education and Training
According to a 1999 Bureau of Justice Report, the median number of classroom training hours required of new officers is:
823 for state police 760 for county 640 for municipal 448 for sheriffs
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Formal Education
Formal education is not required by all police departments, though for decades it has been recommended by several Commissions and groups.
Departments vary with regard to hiring requirements. Some require no college; others require a four-year degree. Most federal agencies require college degrees.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recruitment and Selection
Law enforcement agencies use a variety of applicant screening methods, including:
Personal interviewsBasic skills testsPhysical agility measuresMedical examsDrug testsBackground investigationsPsychological testing
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Percentage of Local Police Departments Using Various Recruit-Screening Methods,
(Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000)
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Average Base Starting Salary for Entry-Level Officers in Local Police Departments
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Average Base Starting Salary for Entry-Level Officers in Sheriff’s Offices
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing
Opportunities for women and minorities in policing are expanding.
Many departments have dramatically increased their complement of officers from unrepresented groups.
In 2000, 22.7% of officers were racial and ethnic minorities.Women are still significantly underrepresented, accounting for only 13% of all sworn officers.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Women as Effective Police Officers
Some women have integrated well into the role of police officer. Others feel strain and isolation.
Strain caused by family roles and parenting, underutilization, uncooperative attitudes of male officers.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL
By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Increasing the Number of Minorities and Women in Police Work
The Police Foundation recommends:
1. Involving underrepresented groups in departmental affirmative action and long-term planning programs.
2. Encouraging the development of an open promotion system.
3. Periodic audits to make sure that female officers are not being underutilized by ineffective tracking into clerical and support positions.