Crime and Incarceration ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons.
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Transcript of Crime and Incarceration ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons.
![Page 1: Crime and Incarceration ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050714/56649cf65503460f949c618c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Crime and Incarceration
ALC – Summer 2007
Alicia Simmons
![Page 2: Crime and Incarceration ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050714/56649cf65503460f949c618c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Crime and Incarceration ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050714/56649cf65503460f949c618c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Questions for Today
1. How much crime is there?
2. What are the trends in incarceration?
3. What are the social impacts of incarceration?
![Page 4: Crime and Incarceration ALC – Summer 2007 Alicia Simmons.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050714/56649cf65503460f949c618c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. How Much Crime?
• Different types of crime– Property– Violent
• The number of occurrences
• The % of the population that are victims
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The Big Picture
• 2005: approximately 23 million crimes in the U.S.
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005
Crime Distribution
Property
Violent
20%
80%
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Property Crimes
• Motor vehicle theft
• Burglary
• Theft
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Property Crime Statistics (2005)
# of crimes % of victims
Motor vehicle theft
2.5 million 0.8
Burglary 8.9 3
Theft 35.1 12
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005
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What Cars are Stolen Most Often?
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Property crime
• # of crimes = 46.5 million • % victims in pop.= 15%
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005
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Violent crimes
• Simple & aggravated assault
• Robbery
• Rape
• Homicide
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Violent Crime Statistics (2005)
# of crimes % of victims
Simple assault 4.1 million 1
Aggravated assault
1.3 0.4
Robbery 785,000 0.3
Rape 151,000 0.05
Homicide 30,200 0.01
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005
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Violent crime
• # of crimes = 6.3 million • % victims in pop.= 3%
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005
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2. Trends in Incarceration
• Incarceration around the world
• Current trends and their causes in the U.S.
• Impacts on specific groups
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Incarceration Around the World
874,171 1,548,498
http://www.prisonstudies.org
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2,193,798
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30
62
97
118
149
281
604
624
630
737
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
India
Japan
Republic of Korea
China
England & Wales
Taiwan
St. Kitts & Nevis
Russian Federation
French Guiana
United States
http://www.prisonstudies.org
Incarceration Rate (per 100,000 population)
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Bureau of Justice Statistics
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Causes of Prison Growth
• Pre 1970s: Indeterminate Sentencing
• 1970s – today: Tough on Crime– Politicization of crime– Growing conservative
climate– American individualism
Mauer, 2001
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Determinant Sentencing
• Moves us from an offender-based to an offense-based system
• 88% of in incarceration from 1980-1996 is due to changes in punishment
– 51% results from in the number of people doing time
– 37% results from in term length
Mauer, 2001
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Bureau of Justice Statistics
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Did Prison Growth Cause the Crime Drop?
• Ways an in incarceration could lead
to a in crime– Rehabilitation: fixing criminals– Incapacitation: stopping current criminals– Deterrence: stopping future criminals
• 1993-2001: incarceration the crime
rate 2-5%
Western, 2006
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Impact on Specific Groups
• Immigrants
• Gender
• Race
• Social class
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Immigrants & Crime
• Longstanding public fear of immigrant crime
• 1st generations do not commit many crimes– 2nd and 3rd generations commit more
Martinez & Valenzuela, 2006
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Gender and Incarceration
Bureau of Justice Statistics
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Race & Incarceration
Free pop. Incarcerated pop.
Lifetime likelihood of incarceration
Black 12% 43 30
Hispanic 35 35 20
White 70 36 4.4
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Bureau of Justice Statistics
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Social Class & Incarceration% in Prison or Jail by Social Class and
Race
Males age 20-40
White 1.6%
Hispanic 4.6
Black 11.5
Non-College Males age 20-40
White 3.2
Hispanic 5.5
Black 17.0
High School Dropout Males age 20-40
White 6.7
Hispanic 6.0
Black 32.4
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Tying the Trends Together
• Mass imprisonment:
– “A rate of imprisonment and a size of prison population that is markedly above the historical and comparative norm for societies of this type.” (1)
– “Social concentration of imprisonment’s effects.” (1)
Garland, 2006
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Why are things Unequal?
• Racial bias in the following institutions– Police: racial profiling– Courts: unequal representation– Laws: powder vs. crack cocaine
• A double standard exists for the upper vs. lower classes– Creates legitimacy issues
Cole, 2001
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3. What are the Social Impacts?
• Stereotypes
– Police interactions
– Job opportunities
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• Stereotype: a conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image that a person applies to both a group and each individual within it
– Black men are stereotyped as criminals– Whites are stereotyped as law abiding
citizens
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Interactions with the Police
• Black men are often wary of interactions with the police
• Worried about being innocent but getting into trouble– Demeanor with police
• Convictions create records that follow throughout your life
Anderson, 1990
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Job Opportunities
5
1417
34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Black White
Effect of Criminal Record by Race
Record
No record
Pager, 2003
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Questions for Today
1. How much crime is there?
2. What are the trends in incarceration?
3. What are the social impacts of incarceration?