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WWeellccoommee MMeessssaaggee
Welcome to CRIJ 1301 – Introduction to Criminal Justice with Odessa College. This
course workbook is an integral and required adjunct to your course text. This material has been
compiled through the collaborative efforts of the Criminal Justice Department faculty of Odessa
College. It is compliant with the most current Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board
Academic Course Guide Manual (ACGM) concerning course content and learning outcomes.
We have researched many sources of material and compiled what we believe is the most
comprehensive, accurate and contemporary information available from any source. Our idea is
to unlock ourselves, as instructors and students of Criminal Justice from any single source of
information such that we are free to more fully develop a bank of exceptional material and
coursework that leads the learner unencumbered through the American Criminal Justice system
in a comprehensive manner.
In your time spent in this coursework, we will explore the foundations of modern
criminal justice, look at all of the major players that comprise the modern system of justice, the
workings of each and the interplay between these systems as well as explore contemporary
issues that shape the present and future of American justice.
This course is a foundational program which introduces the student to the inner
workings of the criminal justice system through a comprehensive study of the three major
players: Law Enforcement, the Courts and Corrections. We will also take a look at the sub-
components within the system such as Probation and Parole, non-governmental corrections
services and community resources which intimately interact with the “Big 3”. This course
provides a historical and philosophical overview of the American criminal justice system,
including the nature, extent, and impact of crime; criminal law; and justice agencies and
processes.1 The general overall learning outcomes for this course include the successful
student being able to: Describe the history and philosophy of the American criminal justice
system; Explain the nature and extent of crime in America; Analyze the impact and
consequences of crime; Evaluate the development, concepts, and functions of law in the
criminal justice system, and; Describe the structure of contemporary federal, state, and local
justice agencies and processes.2
ODESSA COLLEGE CRIMINAL JUSTICE DEPARTMENT
Jennifer S. Myers, MSCJA, Psy.D Candidate, Department Chair
Shawndee K. Kennedy, MSCJA, Associate Professor
Troy N. Thomas, MSCJA, Associate Professor
John W. Newton, MSCJA, Associate Professor
Billy J. Spruill, MSCJA, Associate Professor
1 Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, Academic Course Guide Manual (ACGM),
http://reports.thecb.state.tx.us/ibi_apps/WFServlet.ibfs?PG_REQTYPE=REDIRECT&PG_MRsaved=false&PG_Func=GETBINARY&
PG_File=ljwaqxpy.pdf, March 30, 2015. 2 Ibid.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Revision 07-2015
The associated notes and Key
Terms apply to Module 1 of your text.
These notes and terminology will help
you to focus on those areas of the
module that your instructor has
identified as relating to the learning
objectives of the material. This is not to
say that any topics not included
specifically are in any way unimportant
and so you should pay equal attention to
the module in its entirety to get the full
context of information.
The notes are in our standard
Cornell Notes format. You should apply
all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking
by not just completing the focal
information gleaned, but also be sure to
write questions that you have and
anticipate potential test questions in the
left margins as well as writing a concise
summary in your own words about the
module at the end of your notes.
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Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 1 – American
Criminal Justice & The Nature of Crime
Date:
Questions Notes
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1. Public views about crime are often
_________________, _____________________ and
even ________________.
1.1.2. Arrest Data – 2010 (Source Bureau of Justice Statistics
2012)
1.1.3. Identify the reason who most Americans are ill-
informed about the extent of crime according to your
text.
11,200 20,090112,300
408,490
11,300
1,271,410
289,770
1,638,850
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
Arrests for Violent & Non-Violent Crime
2010S o u r c e : B u r e a u o f J u s t i c e S t a t i s t i c s ( 2 0 1 2 )
Violent Crimes Non-Violent Crimes
Questions Notes/Key Terms
1.2 Identify and discuss the three essential roles of the Police in
the criminal justice system.
1.2.1. Identify and discuss the roles and responsibilities the
three participants that comprise the Court system
1.
2.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.
1.2.2. Relative representations of arrests by crime
classification
All Arrests
Misdemeanors
Felonies
Questions Notes/Key Terms
The funnel represents the many defendants who enter into
the criminal justice system.
Because of the mechanisms and opportunities in
the system, as many as 98% of those who enter the
system never make it to trial and ultimate
conviction or acquittal.
1.3 There are 7 decision points in the criminal justice process.
Identify and discuss each.
1.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
7.
1.4 The American Criminal Justice System is unique in the world.
Define and discuss the following concepts that make it so.
Decentralization
Federalism
Separate Juvenile System
Adversarial v. Inquisitorial Systems
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Constitutional Rights
1.5 The Size of the American Criminal Justice System
1.6 Models of Criminal Justice. Identify and discuss the
characteristics of the following models.
1.6.1. Individual Rights and Due Process model
$-
$20.000
$40.000
$60.000
$80.000
$100.000
$120.000
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
U.S. Criminal Justice Expenditures(in Billions of Dollars)
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
Courts Police Corrections
Questions Notes/Key Terms
1.6.2. Procedural Justice
1.6.3. The Crime Control model
1.6.4. The Rehabilitation model
1.6.5. The Just Deserts model
1.6.6. The Restorative Justice model
Questions Notes/Key Terms
1.7 The Nature of Crime
1.8 Crime Control Policy & Consequences
1.8.1. Discuss the method of creating crime control policy and
identify the problem that this method has created.
1.8.2. Identify and briefly discuss the four substantial
consequences of this policy development methodology
1.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.
3.
4.
1.9 Defining Crime
1.9.1. Discuss the Consensus Perspective of crime control
Questions Notes/Key Terms
1.9.2. Discuss the Conflict Perspective of crime control
1.10 Measurement of Crime
1.10.1. List and identify the major characteristics of the two
types of crime measures
1.
2.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
1.10.2. Discuss what Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are:
1.10.3. Identify the strengths and weaknesses (limitations) of
the Uniform Crime Reports
Questions Notes/Key Terms
1.10.4. Discuss what the National Incident Based Reporting
System (NIBRS) is:
1.10.5. Discuss what the National Crime Victim Survey is and
identify its purpose.
1.10.6. Discuss the characteristics and purpose of Self-Report
Surveys.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Define the following Key Terms
Adversarial System
Inquisitorial System
Bill of Information or Information
Bill of Rights
Broken Windows Theory
Constitutional Rights
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Crime Index
Dark Figure of Crime
Defense Attorney
Prosecutor
Decentralization
Federalism
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Grand Jury
Indictment
Incidence
Initial Appearance
Judge
Jail
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Laws
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Official Crime Data
Part 1 Crimes
Part 2 Crimes
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Prison
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
Unofficial Crime Data
Warrant
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 1 – American
Criminal Justice & The Nature of Crime
Date:
33333333 –––––––– 22222222 -------- 11111111 SSSSSSSSUUUUUUUUMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRYYYYYYYY
33333333
List 3333 newnewnewnew things that you learned from the reading assignment
22222222
List 2222 things that you found particularly particularly particularly particularly interestinginterestinginterestinginteresting from the assignment
11111111
List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about
Guided Notes
The associated notes and Key Terms
apply to Module 2 of your text. These
notes and terminology will help you to
focus on those areas of the chapter that
your instructor has identified as relating
to the learning objectives of the
material. This is not to say that any
topics not included specifically are in any
way unimportant and so you should pay
equal attention to the chapter in its
entirety to get the full context of
information.
The notes are in our standard
Cornell Notes format. You should apply
all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking
by not just completing the focal
information gleaned, but also be sure to
write questions that you have and
anticipate potential test questions in the
left margins as well as writing a concise
summary in your own words about the
chapter at the end of your notes.
Mo
du
le 2
Crim
ina
l Law
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 2 – Criminal Law
Date:
Questions Notes
2.1 Foundations of Criminal Law
2.1.1. Define and discuss the Rule of Law and its purpose
2.1.2. Law provides societies with a range of benefits… List all
8 benefits
2.1.3. (1)
2.1.4. (2)
2.1.5. (3)
2.1.6. (4)
2.1.7. (5)
2.1.8. (6)
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.1.9. (7)
2.1.10. (8)
2.2 Define and discuss Social Legitimacy
2.3 Sources of Criminal Law – Define and discuss the following
2.3.1.
2.3.2. Code of Hammurabi –
2.3.3. The Romans –
2.3.4. Common Law –
2.3.5. The Doctrine of Stare Decisis –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.3.6. Judicial Precedent (Case Law) –
2.4 Identify and discuss the differences between the United
States Constitution and the Bill of Rights
2.5 Types of Law; Criminal Law - Define and discuss the
following
2.5.1. Crime -
2.5.2. Substantive Criminal Law –
2.5.3. Infraction –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.5.4. Misdemeanors –
2.5.5. Felonies –
2.5.6. Beyond a reasonable doubt –
2.6 Civil Law - Define and discuss the following
2.6.1. Preponderance of the evidence –
2.6.2. Case Law
2.6.3.
Administrative Law
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.7 Criminal Procedure and Due Process Protections - Define
and discuss the following
2.7.1. Procedural Law –
2.7.2. Adversarial System –
2.7.3. Defense Attorneys –
2.8 Constitutional Protections - Define and discuss the following
2.8.1. Ex Post Facto Laws –
2.8.2. (Writ of) Habeas Corpus –
2.8.3. Self-Incrimination -
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.8.4. Double Jeopardy –
2.9 Principles of Crime
2.9.1. Hall’s Principles of Criminal Law - Define and discuss
the following
2.9.2. Legality –
2.9.3. Actus Reas –
2.9.4. Mens Rea –
2.9.5. Concurrence –
2.9.6. Harm –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.9.7. Inchoate Offenses –
2.9.8. Causation –
2.9.9. Punishment –
2.9.10. Elements of Crime – Define and discuss what elements
of a crime are
2.10 Criminal Excuses and Justifications
2.10.1. Criminal Excuses - Define and discuss the following
2.10.2. Insanity Defense –
2.10.3. Diminished Capacity –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.10.4. Guilty but Mentally Ill –
2.10.5. Duress –
2.10.6. Age –
2.10.7. Provocation –
2.10.8. Mistake –
2.11 Justification - Define and discuss the following
2.11.1. Self Defense –
2.11.2. Consent –
2.11.3. Necessity –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Module 2 - Key Terms
Define and discuss the following
Actus reus –
Assault –
Battery –
Beyond a reasonable doubt –
Bill of Rights –
Burglary -
Code of Hammurabi -
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Common law -
Concurrence -
Consent -
Constitutional rights -
Crime -
Defense attorney -
Diminished capacity –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Double jeopardy -
Duress –
Ex post facto clause –
Felony –
Felony murder rule –
Homicide –
Infraction –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Insanity defense –
Judicial precedent -
Jurisdiction –
Jurisprudence –
Justification –
Law –
Mens rea –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Misdemeanor –
Mistake –
Necessity –
Premeditation –
Preponderance of evidence –
Procedural law –
Provocation –
Punishment –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Self-defense –
Self-incrimination –
Stare decisis –
Substantive criminal law –
Writ of habeas (corpus)-
Module 2 Assignment: Elements of a Crime
Questions Notes/Key Terms
ELEMENTS OF A CRIME ASSIGNMENT
1. Every codified (written) crime certain features, or elements,
which are specific to it and set it apart from any other
crime.
• Taken together, these features compose the legal
essence of the specific crime, or the legal definition
of it.
• They are referred to in legal terms as the elements
of the crime and describe the most essential and
required aspects of criminal conduct.
○ In other words, they define the specific
behaviors, conditions and intent which must
be present for an act to be considered
criminal.
○ To convict a defendant of a particular crime,
prosecutors must prove to a judge or jury
that each and every one of the statutory
elements are present.
▪ There is no “close enough”, “mostly
there” or “almost” in terms of proper
charging and conviction for a crime.
� It is an all or nothing situation.
○ If even one element of an offense cannot be
established beyond a reasonable doubt, that
particular crime has not been committed,
criminal liability has not been demonstrated,
and the defendant will be found not guilty.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2. Words, connected phrases and punctuation is everything in
terms of separating the various elements of a statutory
crime.
For Example:
• Statutes (criminal laws, codified crimes, etc.)
typically begin by defining as the first element the
answer to “who” must be involved to commit the
offense.
○ Statutes typically begin with words such as
“A person”, “Whomever”, “Whoever”, “Any
person”, or similar terms which would be the
first element of the crime.
▪ This terminology indicates that it
must be a human being personally
involved and it cannot be an animal,
accident of causes or result of events
not started in motion by a person.
(We’ll talk about causes or legal
causation another time)
• Following the “who” begins the “what”.
○ The target or intended “victim” of the crime
will be identified.
▪ If the crime is against a person, this
element will usually include words
such as “another”, “person of
another”, “body of another”, etc. as a
person cannot commit a crime
against themselves.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
� An example, if a person shoots
and kills themselves
intentionally (suicide) it is not
a crime, whereas if they
intentionally shot and killed
the person of another they
are likely criminally
responsible for Murder.
○ For property crimes such as burglaries,
property thefts, embezzlement, etc. the
“victim” element will commonly use words
such as “property”, “property of another” or
it may specifically define the property by
type (i.e. money, motor vehicle, firearm,
etc.”
• Now there is all of the other wording which makes
up the remaining components or “elements” of the
crime that must exist.
○ The words “and” or “or” are critical to watch
for.
▪ When “and” is used, it connects one
element with another that follows it
so that both must exist to satisfy the
definition of the crime.
▪ When “or” is used, it separates one
element from the next one(s) so that
one or the other element(s) will
satisfy the definition.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
� Example of use of “and” as a
connector (from Texas Penal
Code Chapter 31 on Theft):
“...promising performance
that is likely to affect
the judgment of another
in the transaction and
that the actor does not
intend to perform or
knows will not be
performed...”
� Example (from Texas Penal
Code Section 21 on Assaultive
Offenses):
“...intentionally,
knowingly, or recklessly
causes bodily injury to
another”
� Read this as: “...
intentionally or
knowingly or recklessly
causes bodily injury to
another...”
3. In this exercise you will be given several excerpts of crimes
from the Texas Penal Code as well as the General Laws of
Massachusetts. Using what you now know about
recognizing elements of crimes, your job is to take each law
and (1) identify the individual elements of the crime that
must exist as well as (2) identify the connecting word or
punctuation or the separating word or punctuation that
either ties or separates one element from the one(s) that
follow.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
• Suggestion: an array of colored pencils is handy to
accomplish this task. Use one color for each
separate and distinct element that you identify.
Where elements that are connected by the “and”
exist, use the same color for the entire connected
element. Use a single bright and distinct color to
pick out the essential “and’s” and “or’s” such as
bright red so that they will stand out when the
entire law is read.
○ It may also be helpful to use a bulleted list
for each distinct element so that it can act as
a checklist when it comes time to apply the
law.
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 2 – Criminal Law
Date:
33333333 –––––––– 22222222 -------- 11111111 SSSSSSSSUUUUUUUUMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRYYYYYYYY
33333333
List 3333 things that you learned from the reading assignment
22222222
List 2222 things that you found interesting from the assignment
11111111
List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Revision 07-2015
Guided Notes
The associated notes and Key Terms
apply to Module 3 of your text. These
notes and terminology will help you to
focus on those areas of the chapter that
your instructor has identified as relating
to the learning objectives of the
material. This is not to say that any
topics not included specifically are in any
way unimportant and so you should pay
equal attention to the chapter in its
entirety to get the full context of
information.
The notes are in our standard
Cornell Notes format. You should apply
all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking
by not just completing the focal
information gleaned, but also be sure to
write questions that you have and
anticipate potential test questions in the
left margins as well as writing a concise
summary in your own words about the
chapter at the end of your notes.
Mo
du
le 3
Po
lice in
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes: H
istory
& F
un
ction
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 3 – Police in the United States:
History and Function
Date:
Questions Notes
3.0 The Evolution of Policing
3.0.1. Define and discuss which feature of American
policing is directly responsible for the large
number of police agencies in the United States
3.1 Roots of American Policing
3.1.1. Identify where the roots and foundations of
American policing originate from.
3.1.2. During the period after the fall of the Roman
Empire, identify what form of social control was
relied upon to control deviant behavior.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.1.3. Define and discuss the term “tythings” (later
spelled tithings)
3.1.4. Define and discuss the Shire-reeve and who their
modern-day equivalent is.
3.1.5. Identify and discuss two of the many problems
with this early system of crime control.
3.1.6. Identify and discuss who the constables were and
what they were responsible for.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.1.7. As time progressed and England’s centralize
government took shape, identify what the people
begin to push for?
3.1.8. The movement to satisfy the people (above) was
impeded by two features of English history.
Identify and discuss each.
1.
2.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.1.9. Identify who Sir Robert Peel was and discuss what
his significant contributions to English policing
were.
3.1.10. Discuss the London Metropolitan Police and
identify its significant characteristics.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.2 History of Policing in the United States
3.2.1. Identify where American policing first began and
discuss how it differed from English policing.
3.2.2. Discuss the development and issues of policing in
the southern and western areas of the country
during this period.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.3 The Political Era
3.3.1. Identify the time period that this era represents
and discuss the development and characteristics
of policing during this time.
3.3.2. Identify and discuss the problems of connecting
local politics to policing.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.4 The Reform Era
3.4.1. Identify what year the Wickersham Commission
was created and also identify and discuss its
findings.
3.4.2. Identify what years the Reform Era takes place
between and also identify and discuss the two (2)
primary changes that occurred in policing during
these years.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.5 Contemporary Policing
3.5.1. Identify the social characteristics of the 1960’s and
1970’s in American society.
3.5.2. Identify the two distinct strategies suggested by
academics to bring about change in policing. (You
will define them later in the Key Terms section)
1.
2.
3.5.3. Identify and discuss the ways that Problem-
Oriented Policing and Community Policing
overlap.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.6 Police Roles and Functions
3.6.1. Discuss an overview of the roles and
responsibilities of today’s policing.
3.6.2. Identify and discuss the major responsibilities of
police officers in the Law Enforcement role.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.6.3. Identify and discuss the major responsibilities of
police officers in the Order Maintenance role.
3.6.4. Identify and discuss the major responsibilities of
police officers in the Service role.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.7 Police as Paramilitary Organizations
3.7.1. Identify and discuss general characteristics of how
police departments are considered paramilitary
organizations.
3.7.2. Identify and discuss the characteristics of police
organization.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.7.3. Identify and discuss the characteristics of federal
police organization.
3.7.4. Identify and discuss the characteristics of state
police organization.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.7.5. Identify and discuss the characteristics of local
(city and state) police organization.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Key Terms – Define the following:
Broken-windows theory
Community policing
Community problem-solving era
Constable
Deterrence
Directed patrol
Discretion
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Division of labor
Evidence-based practices
Formal social control
Gatekeepers
Hierarchy
Hue and cry
Informal social control
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
Legalistic-style agencies
London Metropolitan Police
Mechanistic organizations
Order Maintenance
Paramilitary organization
Political era
Problem-oriented policing
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Reform era
Service-style agency
Shire reeve
The Bow Street Runners
Thief takers
Watchman-style agency
Zero-tolerance policing
Peelian Principles
These nine conceptual ideas, first developed
by Sir Robert Peel, summarize his concept of proper
policing. They were commonly known as policing by
consent principles. They were first given to all new
police officers of the Metropolitan, London Police
Department in 1829 as an ideal to perform to and a
guide to their service. These tenets live on today in
modern policing in democratic societies all over the
world.
1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.
2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police
actions.
3. Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to
be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.
4. The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the
necessity of the use of physical force.
5. Police seek and preserve public favour not by catering to public opinion but by constantly
demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.
6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore
order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient.
7. Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the
historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being
only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are
incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.
8. Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to
usurp the powers of the judiciary.
9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of
police action in dealing with it.
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 3 – Police in the United
States: History and Function
Date:
33333333 –––––––– 22222222 -------- 11111111 SSSSSSSSUUUUUUUUMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRYYYYYYYY
33333333
List 3333 things that you learned from the reading assignment
22222222
List 2222 things that you found interesting from the assignment
11111111
List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about
Guided Notes
The associated notes and Key Terms
apply to Module 4 of your text. These
notes and terminology will help you to
focus on those areas of the chapter that
your instructor has identified as relating
to the learning objectives of the
material. This is not to say that any
topics not included specifically are in any
way unimportant and so you should pay
equal attention to the chapter in its
entirety to get the full context of
information.
The notes are in our standard
Cornell Notes format. You should apply
all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking
by not just completing the focal
information gleaned, but also be sure to
write questions that you have and
anticipate potential test questions in the
left margins as well as writing a concise
summary in your own words about the
chapter at the end of your notes.
Mo
du
le 4
Law
En
force
me
nt O
pe
ratio
ns &
Leg
al Lim
itatio
ns
H
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 4 – Law Enforcement
Operations & Legal Limitations
Date:
Questions Notes
4.0 Police in the United States
4.0.1. Discuss the concept of social legitimacy and how
public support is a crucial part of it.
4.0.2. Identify the six public perceptions based on a
large-scale study from 2001.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.0.3. Identify the six data findings according to Eith &
Durose from 2011 according to your text.
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.0.4. Demographically, individuals between what ages
were most likely to have an encounter with police?
4.0.5. Concerning these encounters, identify the three
characteristics identified by your text.
•
Questions Notes/Key Terms
•
•
4.0.6. According to your text, in 2008, what percent of all
those questioned reported that the police acted
respectfully (include the breakdown by
race/ethnicity).
4.0.7. According to your text, what do public views of
these encounters seem to depend on? (again,
include the breakdown by race/ethnicity).
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.0.8. Identify and discuss the statistics in your text
concerning the threat or actual use of force by
police.
4.0.9. Summarize the data presented concerning face-to-
face encounters with police as presented by your
text.
4.1 Police Officers and Police Department Requirements
4.1.1. According to your text, identify and discuss what
most local jurisdictions and virtually every state as
well as the federal government now use to outline
how officers are to be selected.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.1.2. Discuss and compare how processes and policies
that guide the hiring of law enforcement officers
compares across jurisdictions. (Include a
discussion of data according to your text).
4.1.3. Identify and discuss what other minimum
standards are expected of applicants according to
your text.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.1.4. Identify and discuss how at the federal level
applicants are selected according to your text.
4.2 Police Culture
4.2.1. Identify the characteristics that seem to indicate
why people enter policing according to White in
2010.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.2.2. Identify and discuss why selecting who is and is
not qualified to become a police officer is
considered to be no trivial matter according to
Henson in 2010.
4.2.3. Identify and discuss what the training of police
officers includes and how the police subculture
becomes involved as well as what its effects
appears to be on new and experienced officers.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.2.4. List the six fundamental beliefs of the police
subculture identified by your text.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.2.5. Identify the two fundamental cognitive realities
according to Jerome Skolnik in 1966 and discuss
each.
1.
2.
4.2.6. Define and discuss what is meant by the “blue
wall of silence”.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.3 Constitutional Policing
4.3.1. Discuss the general characteristics of the powers
of police to investigate crime, etc.
4.3.2. Identify and discuss the general rights that police
have when they believe that a person has
committed a crime.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.3.3. Identify when police officers must generally obtain
an arrest warrant for a person.
4.3.4. Identify and discuss what police officers must
have in order to arrest (stop, detain and question)
a person.
4.3.5. Identify what all persons arrested are entitled to
as a protective measure.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.3.6. Identify which Constitutional Amendment is
fundamental in affecting the ability of police to
search a person or their property.
4.3.7. What does this Amendment say? (Take directly
from your text).
4.3.8. Identify and discuss the purpose and
characteristics of the search warrant.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.3.9. Identify and discuss where a warrantless search
may be necessary according to your text.
•
•
4.3.10. Define and discuss the exclusionary rule (include
the court case and year).
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.3.11. Define and discuss the fruit of the poisonous tree
doctrine (include the court case and year).
4.3.12. Identify the court case and year in which the
exclusionary rule became applicable to the states.
4.3.13. Define and discuss the good faith exception to the
exclusionary rule.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.3.14. Define and discuss the term inevitable discovery.
4.4 Police Interrogations
4.4.1. Identify and discuss the general issues involved in
police interrogations according to your text.
4.4.2. Identify and discuss what the case of Miranda v.
Arizona addressed. (Include what constitutional
protection the case is based upon).
4.5 Contemporary Issues in Policing
4.5.1. Identify and discuss the common forms of police
corruption (types of behaviors or activities).
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.5.2. Identify and discuss how police corruption is dealt
with and controlled in most police agencies.
4.5.3. Define the term police discretion and discuss how
it is used.
4.5.4. Identify and discuss the four problems associated
with police discretion according to your text.
1.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
2.
3.
4.
4.5.5. Seriousness of crime and level of allowable
discretion.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.5.6. Identify how most departments gauge the proper
level of force acceptable in situations, include the
five “levels” characterized by the National Institute
of Justice.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.5.7. Discuss how police officers can also be considered
victims in use-of-force exchanges (include
statistical information according to your text).
4.5.8. In the post-civil rights movement years, identify
and discuss ways in which that movement has
changed policing.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
4.5.9. Discuss the issue of racial profiling according to
your text.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Key Terms – Define the following terms
Arrest –
Arrest warrant –
“Blue wall of silence” –
Discretion –
Exclusionary rule –
Exigent circumstances –
“Fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine –
Good faith doctrine –
Inevitable discovery rule –
Internal affairs-
Plain view –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Police subculture –
Probable cause –
Probable cause hearing –
Racial profiling –
Search warrant –
Use-of-force continuum –
Warrantless search –
Working personality
Summary:
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 4 – Law Enforcement
Operations & Legal Limitations
Date:
33333333 –––––––– 22222222 -------- 11111111 SSSSSSSSUUUUUUUUMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRYYYYYYYY
33333333
List 3333 things that you learned from the reading assignment
22222222
List 2222 things that you found interesting from the assignment
11111111
List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about
Guided Notes
The associated notes and Key Terms
apply to Module 5 of your text. These
notes and terminology will help you to
focus on those areas of the chapter that
your instructor has identified as relating
to the learning objectives of the
material. This is not to say that any
topics not included specifically are in any
way unimportant and so you should pay
equal attention to the chapter in its
entirety to get the full context of
information.
The notes are in our standard
Cornell Notes format. You should apply
all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking
by not just completing the focal
information gleaned, but also be sure to
write questions that you have and
anticipate potential test questions in the
left margins as well as writing a concise
summary in your own words about the
chapter at the end of your notes.
Mo
du
le 5
Th
e C
ou
rts
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301: Introduction to
Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 5: The Courts
Date:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
5.0 The Structure of the Court System: Define and discuss the
following.
5.0.1 First Level:
5.0.2 Trial courts & responsibilities:
5.0.3 Second Level:
5.0.4 Appellate Courts:
5.0.5 Third Level:
5.0.6 Supreme Courts:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 2 of 139
5.1 Define and discuss the term jurisdiction?
5.2 Discuss what is venue and what is meant by change of
venue?
5.3 The Federal System. Define and discuss the following:
5.3.1 US District Courts & Duties
5.3.2 US Courts of Appeals (US Circuit Courts) & Duties
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 3 of 139
5.4 The (United States) Supreme Court
5.4.1 How many justices make up the (United States)
Supreme Court?
5.4.2 Define and discuss who appoints Supreme Court
Justices and how long do they serve?
5.4.3 Define and discuss a writ of certiorari?
5.4.4 Explain what the Rule of Four is?
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 4 of 139
5.5 State System of Courts:
5.5.1 Explain the difference between limited jurisdiction
and general jurisdiction. Provide an example of each
of these courts in a state system.
5.6 The Courtroom Work Group
5.6.1 Identify and discuss the role and responsibilities of
the Judge
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 5 of 139
5.6.2 Identify and discuss the process of how judges
selected
5.6.3 What role does the Missouri Plan play in the
selection of judges?
5.6.4 Identify and discuss the roles and responsibilities of
the Prosecutor
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 6 of 139
5.6.5 Identify and discuss the roles and responsibilities of
the Defense Attorney
5.7 Identify and discuss the different types of defense counsel
and how defense counsel is obtained by a defendant.
5.8 The Phases of a Trial:
5.8.1 Define and discuss the Booking process
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 7 of 139
5.8.2 Define Preliminary Hearings and discuss their
purpose in the trial process:
5.8.3 Discuss the role of the grand jury in the trial
process.
5.8.4 Define and discuss what is meant by an indictment
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 8 of 139
5.8.5 Define and discuss what is meant by an information
5.8.6 Define and discuss what is meant by a no bill.
5.8.7 Define and discuss the Arraignment
5.8.8 Define and discuss the role and purpose of Plea
Bargaining
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 9 of 139
5.9 The Criminal Trial
5.9.1 Define and discuss the Adversarial Process
5.9.2 Define Direct Evidence
5.9.3 Define Circumstantial Evidence
5.9.4 Explain in detail from start to finish the progression
of the criminal trial
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 10 of 139
Key Terms – Define the following:
Acquittal –
Appellate/appeals courts –
Assigned counsel –
Bail –
Bench trial –
Change of venue –
Charge bargaining –
Circuit/district/superior courts –
Circumstantial evidence –
Closing arguments-
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 11 of 139
Courtroom work group –
Direct evidence –
Exculpatory evidence –
General jurisdiction –
Guilty plea –
Hung jury –
Indictment/true bill –
Inferior courts/lower courts/municipal courts-
Information –
Initial appearance –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 12 of 139
Jurisdiction –
Limited jurisdiction –
Missouri Plan –
Mistrial –
No bill –
Nolo contendere (no contest plea) –
Not guilty plea –
Plea bargaining –
Pretrial release/diversion –
Prosecutorial discretion –
Public defender –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Page 13 of 139
Summary
Release on own recognizance (ROR) –
Sentence bargaining –
Sequestered –
Subpoena –
Summons –
Trial courts –
Venue –
Voir dire –
Writ of certiorari –
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301: Introduction to
Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 5: The Courts
Date:
33333333 –––––––– 22222222 -------- 11111111 SSSSSSSSUUUUUUUUMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRYYYYYYYY
33333333
List 3333 things that you learned from the reading assignment
22222222
List 2222 things that you found interesting from the assignment
11111111
List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Revision 07-2015
Guided Notes
The associated notes and Key Terms
apply to Module 6 of your text. These
notes and terminology will help you to
focus on those areas of the chapter that
your instructor has identified as relating
to the learning objectives of the
material. This is not to say that any
topics not included specifically are in any
way unimportant and so you should pay
equal attention to the chapter in its
entirety to get the full context of
information.
The notes are in our standard
Cornell Notes format. You should apply
all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking
by not just completing the focal
information gleaned, but also be sure to
write questions that you have and
anticipate potential test questions in the
left margins as well as writing a concise
summary in your own words about the
chapter at the end of your notes.
Mo
du
le 6
CR
IMIN
AL P
UN
ISH
ME
NT
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 6 – Criminal Punishment
Date:
Questions Notes
6.1 The Enforcement of Social Rules
6.1.1. According to your text, “Laws place limits on
individuals and companies”. Identify and discuss
how laws operate when they are broken.
6.1.2. Identify and discuss what is necessary for groups
of people to live and work together in our society
and why this is so.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.1.3. Discuss the characteristics of the Dark Ages period
in Europe and identify the greatest weakness in
why crime was considered a private matter
6.1.4. Identify and discuss the three countries that
effectively changed how crimes were dealt with
and how this was accomplished.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.1.5. List the five important characteristics of how
crimes were treated before and during the Dark
Ages period.
•
•
•
•
•
6.1.6. Identify and discuss how the expansion of England
affected punishment of criminals. Be sure to
identify what years are involved.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.1.7. Identify and discuss how the American colonies
dealt with criminal punishments.
6.1.8. Identify and discuss the three significant
characteristics of the abridged history of
punishment according to your text.
1.
2.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
3.
6.2 The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sanctions
6.2.1. Discuss the concepts and characteristics of what
the goals of criminal sentences represent
according to your text.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.2.2. Identify and discuss the goals and characteristics
of the Just Desserts philosophy of criminal
punishment.
6.2.3. Identify and discuss the goals and characteristics
of the Deterrence philosophy of criminal
punishment.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.2.4. Identify and discuss the goals and characteristics
of the Incapacitation philosophy of criminal
punishment.
6.2.5. Identify and discuss the goals and characteristics
of the Rehabilitation philosophy of criminal
punishment.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.3 Sentencing Models
6.3.1. Discuss how judicial discretion works in the United
States.
6.3.2. Identify and discuss the differences between
Concurrent Sentences and Consecutive Sentences.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.3.3. Identify and discuss the purpose and significance
of plea agreements as well as the way that they
work. (Include percentages of usage).
6.3.4. Define and discuss what indeterminate
sentencing is and how it works.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.3.5. Define and discuss what structured sentencing is
and how it works.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.3.6. Define and discuss what determinate sentencing
is and how it works.
6.3.7. Define and discuss what aggravating factors are.
6.1.1. Define and discuss what mitigating factors are.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.1.2. Identify and discuss the characteristics of the
federal presumptive sentencing strategy according
to your text.
6.1.3. Identify and discuss the purpose of truth in
sentencing laws. (Include the dates that they
came about).
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.1.4. Define and discuss what mandatory sentencing is
and how it works.
6.1.5. Identify and discuss the purpose of “three strikes”
laws.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.1.6. Define and discuss what mandatory minimum
sentencing (as opposed to mandatory sentencing)
is and how it works.
6.1.7. Define and discuss what indeterminate
sentencing is and how it works.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.2 Capital Punishment
6.2.1. Discuss how common capital punishment is (or is
not) in the United States. (Include statistics from
your text as examples)
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.2.2. Identify the purposes, reasons and beliefs that
pro-death penalty arguments include.
6.2.3. Using Table 6.3 – Methods of Execution by State
(2009) in your text, discuss what things stand out
to you in terms significance or which strike you as
odd or unusual.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.2.4. Concerning anti-death penalty arguments, identify
the issues in the “unfair administration”
argument.
6.2.5. Concerning anti-death penalty arguments, identify
the issues in the “it does not deter crime”
argument.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
6.2.6. Concerning anti-death penalty arguments, identify
the issues in the “financially costly” argument.
6.2.7. Concerning anti-death penalty arguments, identify
the issues in the “innocence of mistakes of fact”
argument.
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Terms Define the following:
Aggravating factors –
Alternative sanctions –
Concurrent sentences –
Consecutive sentences –
Dark Ages –
Determinate sentencing –
Deterrence –
General deterrence –
Good time –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Incapacitation –
Judicial discretion –
Just deserts –
Mandatory minimum sentencing –
Mandatory sentences –
Medical model –
Mitigating factors –
Parole board –
Plea agreement –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Presumptive sentencing guidelines –
Retribution –
Specific deterrence –
Structured sentencing –
Truth-in-sentencing –
Summary:
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 6 – Criminal Punishment
Date:
3333 –––– 2222 ---- 1111 SSSSUMMARYUMMARYUMMARYUMMARY
3333
List 3333 things that you learned from the reading assignment
2222
List 2222 things that you found interesting from the assignment
1111
List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Revision 07-2015
Guided Notes
The associated notes and Key Terms
apply to Module 7 of your text. These
notes and terminology will help you to
focus on those areas of the chapter that
your instructor has identified as relating
to the learning objectives of the
material. This is not to say that any
topics not included specifically are in any
way unimportant and so you should pay
equal attention to the chapter in its
entirety to get the full context of
information.
The notes are in our standard
Cornell Notes format. You should apply
all of the concepts of Cornell Note-taking
by not just completing the focal
information gleaned, but also be sure to
write questions that you have and
anticipate potential test questions in the
left margins as well as writing a concise
summary in your own words about the
chapter at the end of your notes.
Mo
du
le 7
Institu
tion
al C
orre
ction
s
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 7 – Institutional
Corrections
Date:
Questions Notes
7.1 The Evolution and Development of Corrections
7.1.1. Discuss the Evolution and Development of
Corrections:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
7.1.2. Discuss the characteristics of law, punishment and
corrections in Colonial America:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
7.1.3. Discuss the Rise of the Penitentiary:
7.1.4. Discuss Prison Reformatories:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
7.1.5. Discuss 20th Century Prisons:
7.2 Custody, Prisons and Jails
7.2.1. Discuss the general characteristics of custody in
prisons and jails:
7.2.2. Discuss the size, scope and structure of custody:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
7.2.3. Discuss the Federal Bureau of Prisons:
7.2.4. Discuss the characteristics of State Prisons and Local
Jails
Questions Notes/Key Terms
7.3 Managing Prisons and Jails
7.3.1. Discuss the general characteristics of prisons and
jails:
7.3.2. Discuss the characteristics of Prison life:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
7.3.3. Discuss the rights and legal protections of inmates:
7.4 Incarceration and the Reduction of Crime
7.4.1. Discuss whether incarceration reduces crime
Summary:
Questions Notes/Key Terms
Key Terms
Define the following:
• Auburn system –
• Direct supervision –
• Indirect supervision –
• Indeterminate sentencing –
• Inmate code –
• Prisonization –
• Recidivism rate –
Questions Notes/Key Terms
• Selective incapacitation –
• Total institutions –
• Walnut Street Jail –
Cornell Notes Course: CRIJ 1301 – Introduction
To Criminal Justice
Name:
Module: Module 7 – Institutional
Corrections
Date:
3333 –––– 2222 ---- 1111 SSSSUMMARYUMMARYUMMARYUMMARY
3333
List 3333 things that you learned from the reading assignment
2222
List 2222 things that you found interesting from the assignment
1111
List 1111 thing that you did not understand or still have a question about