Creativity & Innovation - 1 © Minder Chen, 2013-2014 Creativity and Innovation Minder Chen Visiting...

Creativity & Innovation - 1 © Minder Chen, 2013-2014

Creativity and Innovation

Minder ChenVisiting Professor

Information Management Department National Taiwan University

&Professor of MIS

California State University Channel [email protected]

National Tainan University

Nov. 20, 2014



• Creativity is simply the production of novel, appropriate ideas in any realm of human activity, from science, to the arts, to education, to business, to everyday life.

• The ideas must be novel—different from what's been done before—but they can't be simply bizarre; they must be appropriate to the problem or opportunity presented.

• Creativity is the first step in innovation, which is the successful implementation of those novel, appropriate ideas.


Definition of Innovation

• An innovation is the creation and application of a new or significantly improved technology, product/service, process, or business model that is accepted by markets and society. – Adapted from OECD 2005 and Wikipedia.



• Creativity is the quality or ability to create or invent something original.

Innovation = Creativity + Implementation

Innovation = Creativity + Value

• New opinions are always suspected and usually opposed, without any other reason but because they are not already common. - John Locke


Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

創業Entrepreneurship

創意Creativity

創新Innovation

創意的空間創新的文化創業的精神


Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

創業Entrepreneurship

創意Creativity

創新Innovation

• Lean Startup

• Product/service/process• Business model • Social Innovation• IT-enabled

• Individual• Team• Organization

創意的空間創新的文化創業的精神


The Secret Formula for Creativity

• What Makes the Soup So Good?


Source: Teresa Amabile, Growing Up Creative: Nurturing a Lifetime of Creativity, 1989.


Three Components of Creativity

Source: (link)

Managers influence these components (particularly motivation) through workplace practices and conditions.

Source: Teresa Amabile, "How to Kill Activity," Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct, 1998, Vol. 76 Issue 5, pp. 76-87.

• Upend the status quo

• Persevere through dry spells (incubation)

• Passion• Interest


Ideas and Creativity

• “Ideas are cheap.”

• Ideas aren’t cheap at all—they’re free.– Tina Seeling

• “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” – Alan Kay

• We are all inventors of our own future. And creativity is at the heart of invention. – Tina Seeling


Knowing vs. Doing

• So What? Now What?

• The world no longer cares what you know . .

• the world cares what you can do with what you know:– Do you have the skill?

– Do you have the will? (Stay hungry! Stay foolish!)

http://www.tonywagner.com/wp-content/uploads/creating-innovators-2-12.pdf


The Candle Problem

The subject was given three key items: a candle, a book of matches, and a box of thumbtacks. Using these items, the goal was to position the candle in a way that, while lit, no wax would touch the ground or table top.


Creating Innovators

• Play to Passion to Purpose = PerseverancePlay to Passion to Purpose = Perseverance• The resilience and self-confidence that comes from surviving

“failure”

The Culture of Schooling The Culture of Innovation

Individual Achievement CollaborationSpecialization Problem-based,

MultidisciplinaryLearning

Risk Avoidance Trial and ErrorConsuming Creating

Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation

http://www.tonywagner.com/wp-content/uploads/creating-innovators-2-12.pdfhttp://www.tonywagner.com/wp-content/uploads/calling-all-innovators-ed-leadership-4-12.pdf


Kids are taught to learn by understanding “the one right answer” they need to find, and what they need to do to find it. (On tests of how kids do at brainstorming ideas, 98% of three-year-olds register as “creative geniuses.” By the time they are 25? Only 2%).

http://www.fastcoexist.com/3018877/can-playing-with-legos-make-you-more-creative

Check this out http://seriousplay.com/19483/HOW%20TO%20GET%20IT

What Happen to Our Creativity?

The Logo Movie (video)


Four Key Processes

• PLAYING — which connects being (identity and selfhood) with doing (creative action)

• MAKING — which connects doing (creative action) with having (available materials)

• SHARING — which connects having (things to share) with knowing (knowledge and experience)

• THINKING — which connects knowing (knowledge and experience) with being (identity and selfhood)


Aim to Innovate: maximize your creativity at work

• Become an expert.

• Observe.

• Know your audience.

• Step out of your comfort zone.

• Be willing to work alone.

• Talk to outsiders about your work.

• Have fun.

• Take a nap or let your mind wander.

• Take a break.

• Challenge yourself. Evangelia G. Chrysikou, "Your Creative Brain at Work,"Scientific American Mind, Vol. 23, 24 - 31 (2012) (pdf version, link)


Be a Life style Observers


Where Good Ideas Come From• Innovations don’t come from individuals working

alone.

• Innovations come from an environment that fosters the cross pollination of hunches and small innovations.

• Innovations come from a community of thinkers and doers in close proximity to each others thinking.

• We are often better served by connecting ideas than we are by protecting them.

• Chance favors the connected mind– Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NugRZGDbPFU based on his book

Ted Talk video


Formula for True Innovation

• America’s advantage, if it continues to have one, will be that it can produce people who are also more creative and imaginative, those who know how to stand at the intersection of the humanities and the sciences.

• That is the formula for true innovation, …true innovation, …

– Walter Isaacson is the author of “Steve Jobs.”

– http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/opinion/sunday/steve-jobss-genius.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0


Torrance Test


Measuring Creativity

• Fluency: how many responses

• Flexibility: how many types of responses

• Originality: the unusualness of the responses

• Elaboration: the detail of the responses

Source: http://www.senseandsensation.com/2012/03/assessing-creativity.html


• Anna drew the most drawings, even though her drawings were all faces. She has the highest fluency.

• Benji drew the most types of responses, even though he has fewer total responses than Anna. He has the highest flexibility.

• Carol drew two wheels and a ball--nice geometry! No prize, alas.

• Darlene drew only two responses, but no one else drew a balloon or a bomb. She has the highest originality.

• Edward drew only three faces, but with more detail than the others. He has the highest elaboration.

(link)


Terrance Circle Test

http://www.jrimagination.com/blog/2012/3/13/advice-from-outside-the-box.html

Creativity & Innovation - 24 © Minder Chen, 2013-2014 (link)


The 10 Myths of Creativity• The Eureka Myth (“I found it”; Epiphany) Long

incubation stage; Centered around persons not ideas

• The Breed Myth Nurture wins over nature

• The Originality Myth Springboard and “steal”

• The Expert Myth Multidisciplinary teams

• The Incentive Myth Intrinsic motivation

• The Lone Creator Myth Edison’s Muckers

• The Brainstorming Myth A process

• The Cohesive Myth Conflicts are not bad

• The Constraints Myth Constraints may help• The Mousetrap Myth Difficulty in market acceptance

http://www.inc.com/christina-desmarais/10-myths-about-creativity.html/1

David Burkus, The Myths of Creativity, 2013


Creativity and Teamspirit• One doesn’t manage creativity [but nurtures]

• One manages for creativity (i.e., creative process)• Tap ideas from all ranks (using multidisciplinary teams)

• Lone inventor myth Encourage and enable collaboration

• Enlightened trial and error (of a creative team) succeeds over the planning of lone genius.*

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M66ZU2PCIcMSource: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkHOxyafGpE (1of 3)

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDczMzEzNjY4.html


IDEO Brainstorming Rules & Tips

• Defer judgment• Encourage wild ideas• Go for quantity• Build on the ideas of others• One conversation at a time• Stay focused on the topic• Be visual

1. Number and record each idea – let’s try to get a hundred ideas, motivates participants

2. Write the flow of ideas in a way that is visible to the group

3. Make sketches, mind-maps, diagrams, . . .


Trial and Error

• "I begin with an idea, and then it becomes something else."

- Pablo Picasso

• “Fail often to succeed sooner.”

- IDEO

• “There is no failure here, just iteration.”

http://www.ideo.com/images/uploads/news/pdfs/hemispheres_1.pdf


What is Design? – Tom Kelley

• Not just problem solving – creative leap

• Messy – No right answer

• Takes a point of view – or many POVs

• Calls for vision and multiple minds

• Open attitude – many solutions

• Learned from experience with reflection

• Requires a feel for the materials

• Requires ongoing mindfulness 用心• Starts with broadening, followed by narrowing

Divergent Thinking Assimilation Convergent Thinking Compiled by Scott Klemmerhttp://hci.stanford.edu/cs147/


Divergent and Convergent Thinking

http://keyholesoftware.wordpress.com/2011/12/20/setting-the-stage-for-the-agile-retrospective-organizational-culture-of-collaboration-and-feedback-the-facilitator-and-creating-a-safe-environment/


SCAMPER Method for Brainstorming (Eberle, 1971)

Substitute What could be used instead of an existing component?

Combine What could be added to an existing product? Adapt How can it be adjusted to suit a condition or

purpose? Modify, Magnify, & Minify

How can the color, shape, or form be changed? How can it be made larger, stronger, or thicker? How can it be made smaller, lighter, or shorter?

Put to other uses

What else can it be used for?

Eliminate What can be removed or taken away from it?

Reverse &Rearrange

How can it be placed opposite its original position? How can the pattern, sequence, or layout be changed?


The Creative Process

http://www.creativehuddle.co.uk/creative-process/


Discovery, Invention, and Innovation

“If an idea begat a discovery, and if a discovery begat an invention, then an innovation defined the lengthy and wholesale transformation of an idea into a technological product (or process) meant for widespread practical use. Almost by definition, a single person, or even a single group, could not alone create an innovation. The task was too variegated and involved.”

– The Idea Factory, by Jon Gertner


Discovery vs. Invention

• lightning was a form of electricity.

Applied creativity — taking clever ideas and smart designs and applying them to useful devices.

– Walter Isaacson


Invention vs. Innovation• iPod wasn't the first portable music device (Sony

popularized the "music anywhere, anytime" concept 22 years earlier with the Walkman; MP3)

• What made Apple innovative was that it combined all of these elements -- design, ergonomics and ease of use -- in a single device, and then tied it directly into a platform that effortlessly kept that device updated with music.

• Apple invented nothing. Its innovation was creating an easy-to-use ecosystem (with iTune Store, iTune, and iPod) that unified music discovery, delivery and device. And, in the process, they revolutionized the music industry. Creative Creative CollisionCollision

Source: http://www.pbs.org/idealab/2012/03/the-difference-between-invention-and-innovation086.html


Drivers for Innovation

• Necessity is the mother of invention.

• Where there is a friction (frustration), there is an opportunity. – Zappos’ founder Nick Swinmurn

– Dropbox file sharing: Drew Houston reportedly conceived the idea for Dropbox after repeatedly forgetting his USB drive

– Chinapages.com by Jack Ma


Product & service Innovation Polaroid Camera

(Instant Camera)


Process Innovation

Moving assembly line Steal from : Meat Packing PlantHigh wage;

Model-T: a true innovation available to a wide audience. pleasure car passenger car


Business model Innovation

SouthwestZara: Fast FashionDell: Direct salesIKEA: Self-assembled furnitureApple: iPod & iTune ecosystem innovation


Architecture of Innovation

Service Innovation

Product Innovation

Consumer

End product/ service

& Component

Business

Science/Technology

Creativity & Imagination

Process Innovation

Business Model Innovation

Technology Innovation

ExperienceInnovation

Humanity/Art

Intersection & Integration


The Rate of Innovation: Product vs. Process


Key Factors at Three Phases

Fluid Transitional Specific

Product Radical, frequent

Dominant design

Incremental,

rare

Process Rare, rely on skills

General equipment

Specialised equipment

Organisation Organic Semi-structured

Hierarchical

Market Fragmented Segments Commodity

Competition Increasing, different

Decreasing, more similar

Few similar


S-Curve or thelogit function for rate of diffusion adoptation.

The cumulative distribution of innovation adopters who are characterized by the timing of their decision to accept and implement the innovation.

Innovation Diffusion

Everett M. Rogers (1931-2004), Diffusion of Innovations, 4th edition (1995)

Innovation Diffusion Function to Saturate a Market


The Process of Innovation Diffusion

Invent

Adopt

Persuade

Decide Reject

Accept

Implement

Abandon


Technology Forecasting

• “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” – Thomas Watson, Chairman, IBM (mainframe giant),

1943

• “This telephone has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us.”– Western Union (telegraph) internal memo, 1876

• “There is no reason why anyone would want a computer in their home.”– Ken Olsen, Founder, Digital Equipment Corp.

(minicomputer giant) 1977


5 Factors of Innovation Adoption Decision (Roger)

Factor DefinitionRelative Advantage

How improved an innovation is over the previous generation.

CompatibilityThe level of compatibility that an innovation has to be assimilated into an individual’s life.

Simplicity orComplexity

If the innovation is perceived as complicated or difficult to use, an individual is unlikely to adopt it.

TrialabilityHow easily an innovation may be experimented. If a user is able to test an innovation, the individual will be more likely to adopt it.

Observability

The extent that an innovation is visible to others. An innovation that is more visible will drive communication among the individual’s peers and personal networks and will in turn create more positive or negative reactions.


Suitcases on Wheels• Wheels on a suitcase? So convenient, they're an unremarkable essential for

today's traveler. But in 1970, Bernard Sadow had trouble selling his rolling suitcase idea.

• "I showed it to every department store in New York City and a lot of buying offices, and everybody said I was crazy. 'Nobody's going to pull a piece of luggage with wheels on it.' People just didn't think in those terms," Sadow said.

http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/10/04/wheeled.luggage.anniversary/

Macy’s ads began promoting “the Luggage That Glides.”


Rollerboard• But it was also a time of huge change in the culture of travel, as a growing

number of people flew, airports became bigger and far more women began traveling alone, especially on business trips. It had taken a long time, but common sense and the quest for convenience prevailed. The suitcase acquired wheels; travelers no longer routinely needed porters and bellhops.

• The Rollaboard was invented in 1987 by Robert Plath, a Northwest Airlines 747 pilot and avid home workshop tinkerer, who affixed two wheels and a long handle to suitcases that rolled upright, rather than being towed flat like Mr. Sadow’s four-wheeled models.

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/business/05road.html?_r=0


Innovation Is Inherently Multidisciplinary

Science & Engineering

Business Administrationand Management

Social Sciences

Global Economy& Markets

BusinessInnovation

TechnologyInnovation

Social-OrganizationalInnovation

DemandInnovation

Grameen Bank (Bank of the poor, Micro lending)

Groupon

Laser, seminconductor

TQMReengineering


Three Types of Restaurants

Source: Service Is Front Stage

Teppanyaki-typeRestaurant (i.e., Benihana)

火

鍋

Ho

tpo

tH

otp

ot


For Innovation Opportunities

Rule breaking

DemographicsNew PerceptionNew knowledge

Creativity & Innovation - 52 © Minder Chen, 2013-2014http://strategicorganizationdesign.com/the-innovator%E2%80%99s-dna-disruptive-research-disruptive-writing

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy6Ex1C_SAs#!


Usefulness of Giant Gourds


Hand Lotion Secret Formula


Usefulness of Giant Gourds


Creativity in Using a Big Gourd

• "Now as to your five-bushel gourd, why did you not make a float of it, and float about over river and lake? And you complain of its being too flat for holding things! I fear your mind is stuffy inside.“

惠子謂莊子曰：「魏王貽我大瓠之種，我樹之成而實五石，以盛水漿，其堅不能自舉也。剖之以為瓢，則瓠落無所容。非不呺然大也，吾為其無用而掊之。」莊子曰：「夫子固拙於用大矣。宋人有善為不龜手之藥者，世世以洴澼絖為事。客聞之，請買其方百金。聚族而謀曰：『我世世為洴澼絖，不過數金；今一朝而鬻技百金，請與之。』客得之，以說吳王。越有難，吳王使之將。冬，與越人水戰，大敗越人，裂地而封之。能不龜手一也，或以封，或不免於洴澼絖，則所用之異也。今子有五石之瓠，何不慮以為大樽而浮乎江湖，而憂其瓠落無所容？則夫子猶有蓬之心也夫！」


Innovation Pipeline

Source: http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_innovation_management_jul07.pdf.pdf


中國四大發明

雕板印刷活字印刷術 ( 畢昇 )

指南針、火藥、活字印刷術、和造紙術、


Finding the Sweet Spot

http://www.ideo.com/images/uploads/news/pdfs/IDEO_HBR_Design_Thinking.pdf


Design Thinking Process by Stanford d.school / IDEO

• http://dschool.stanford.edu/dgift/• https://dschool.stanford.edu/groups/designresources/wiki/36873/attachments/8a846/ModeGuideBOOTCAMP2010.pdf

“To create meaningful innovations, you need to know your users. Empathize and care about their lives.”

“Framing the right problem is the only way to create the right solution.”

“It’s not about coming up with the ‘right’ idea, it’s about generating the broadest range of possibilities.”

“Build to think and test to learn.”

“Testing is an opportunity to learn about your solution/assumptions and your user.”

IDEO: Inspiration Ideation Implementation


Oral B Kid Toothbrush by IDEO

• Design Toothbrush for kid under age 5

Video http://ecorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?mid=2100


Quirky Pivot Power Strip

https://www.quirky.com/shop/44-pivot-power-a-creative-outlet


Design for Extreme Affordability • Problem: 15 M premature and underweight babies

and many died.

• Reasons: – Babies are so tiny they don’t have enough fat to

regulate their own body temperature.

– Traditional incubators can also cost as much as $20,000—each.

• Goal: Design low-cost infant incubator for developing world

• Field research:– Saw unused infant incubators in hospital in Nepal. Changing

design for hospitals and clinics to Rural mothers in their villages

– Heard mother is going to reduce temperature from 38oc to 30oc Changing the indicator to just OK

http://www.creativeconfidence.com/chapters/chapter-3


The Embrace Infant Warmer Is A Product With A Mission

http://embraceglobal.org/

ABC News 20/20 Video

Video from Embrace

$200

Paraffin (石蠟 )


Redesign MRI for Kids

• GE 18 billion Healthcare Division

• Multimillion-dollar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines

• Problem: Children are frighten by the MRI machine and 80% has to be sedated before scanning.

• Action: Chief designer took “Human-Centered Design and Innovation” at Stanford d.school

• Solution: Designing MRI machine Redesign and humanize the experience for kids (getting young patients safely and willingly through an MRI scan)


GE’s “Adventure Series” MRI for Kids

GE's Adventure Series redesigns imaging equipment including MRIs, X-ray machines and CT scanners like the pirate-themed machine pictured here to make the procedures less scary for kids.

(Link)

Link


Do Observations in the Field• Use observations in the field to spot

contradictions of what you see and what you expect. Dig deeper

• Genchi Genbutsu (現地現物 ): “Going to the source to see for yourself.” (The Toyota Way, p. 40)

• Empathy means challenging preconceived ideas and setting aside your sense of what you think is true in order to learn what is true.

• “It’s not what you don’t know that get you into trouble. It is you know for sure that ain’t so.”

-- Mark Twain.


Swiffer – P&G and Contiuum• “There has got to be a better way to clean a floor.

Current mops are the cleaning equivalent of the horse drawn carriage – where’s the car?”

Procter & Gamble’s 2nd most popular consumer product.


Frictions & Pains

• 3M Post-it

• “I keep losing my place in my music!”

http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/iap/inventors_fry2.html


3M Masking Tapes• Drew wanted to test a new batch of

sandpaper, so he visited an auto body shop in St. Paul,

• Minn. When he entered the shop, he heard a group of workers cursing vehemently. He asked about the problem. Two-tone cars were popular then, but the effect required workers to mask certain parts of the auto body using a combination of heavy adhesive tape and butcher paper. After the paint dried, workers removed the tape – and often peeled away part of the new paint. Their labor was undone, and costs mounted for the customer.

• 3M gives employees 15% of their time to work on their personal projects.


Not Seeing the Opportunities

1. Cannot see at its nascent stage

2. Don’t take it seriously once seen

3. Don’t understand when it has become successful

4. Wait until it is too late

看不見看不起看不懂來不及

先見之明人棄我取摸透產業先人一著

Creativity & Innovation - 1 © Minder Chen, 2013-2014 Creativity and Innovation Minder Chen Visiting...

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