Crash course Consequential LCA and modelling with …...2019/04/24 · Lorie Hamelin, PhD Senior...
Transcript of Crash course Consequential LCA and modelling with …...2019/04/24 · Lorie Hamelin, PhD Senior...
Lorie Hamelin, PhDSenior researcher
PI on Make Our Planet Great Again Project Cambioscop
Crash course – Consequential LCA and
modelling with SimaPro
24th.April.2019. Toulouse, LCA lab of INP-ENSIACET
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Agenda
Morning – 9.00 to 12.00
• Presenting each other & opening computers
• Introductory case
• LCA in a nutshell
• Phases of an LCA
• Consequential (and attributional) LCA
Afternoon – 13.30 to 18.30
• Exploring SimaPro
• Coffee cup exercise
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Presentations
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Don’t be afraid to ask questions … and to participate, it’s
interactive!
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Maabjerg Energy Centre
2G Bioeth300,000 t straw
77 M liters bioethanol
92,000 t molasses
92,000 t solid biofuel
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LCA in a nutshell
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What is LCA?
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What is LCA?
•A leading environmental assessment methodology
•A standardized methodology of the ISO 14040
series
•ISO 14040: 2006 Environmental management – Life cycle
assessment – Principles and framework
•ISO 14044: 2006 Environmental management – Life cycle
assessment - Requirements and guidelines
•Cradle-to-grave
•LCA assesses quantitatively the environmental
consequences of products/services considering their
whole life cycle
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What is LCA?
Materials production
Product manufacture
Use and maintenance
Disposal
.
.
.
.
.
.
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What is LCA?
•Now that you know about the whole flow of substances of
your product…how can you judge of the environmental
consequences?
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What is LCA?
•Now that you know about the whole flow of substances of
your product…how can you judge of the environmental
consequences?
•Impact assessment (one of the 4 phases of an LCA) will allow you to
translate these flows of substances into environmental impacts
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• Impact assessment :
Fictive example: For providing a luminous flux of 1 lumen during 1 hr in a
5m2 room
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Global
warming 100 y
(kg CO2 eq.)
Acidification
(g SO2 eq.)
Eutrophication
(g PO4)
Total energy
End-of-life Use
Distribution Production
kg CO2 eq.
Ref: Above (fictive). Right: Tichelen et al. (2006)
What is LCA?
What is LCA? – (III)
13
Ref: Hamelin et al. 2014. Applied Energy 114
Ref: EC (2019). doi:10.2777/251887
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What is LCA?
•Now you have quantified the environmental impacts
involved in providing a luminous flux of 1 lumen during 1 h
(to light a given room) with a given bulb…yes…but…
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What is LCA?
•Typically, an LCA answers 2 main questions:
•Is A better than B?
•Where (in the life cycle) are the hot spots?
•Application covers various perspectives:
•Ex1: What choices to make for the energy system (e.g. biofuels)? (government perspective)
•Ex2: What to do with my empty mayonnaise (plastic) bottle? // Single use or re-usable diapers? (citizen perspective)
•Ex4: How can my product be more efficient on an environmental perspective? (industry perspective – product development)
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What is LCA?
•Other VERY important questions:
•What does it replace?
•What are the consequences?
•More of “A” is produced (and what does that involve?)
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What is LCA?
•In 3 bullets:
•Focus on services (different ways to provide a given service to
society)
•Comparative
•Holistic
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What is LCA?
•LOST IN THE TERMS?
•Cradle-to-gate
•Cradle-to-cradle
•Well-to-wheel
•Carbon footprint
•System analysis
•Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)
•Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
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Phases of an LCA
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Phases of an LCA
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation Application
ISO 14040 (2006)
•Development and/or
improvement of products
•Laws, public policies
•Marketing
•Etc…
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Phases of an LCA
•LCA is an iterative process ….you need the result in order
to scope it!
Source: Hauschild M (2009). Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment. Ease Waste PhD course, 11.06.2009, DTU.
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Goal and scope
•Goal definition:
•Which decision(s) is this LCA intended to support?
•What is the target audience to whom the results will be
communicated?
•What are the reasons to carry out this LCA?
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Goal and scope
•Scope definition covers (among others): •The object of the study (product/system, market segment, alternatives)
•Definition of primary and secondary services
•Definition of a functional unit (Quality, Quantity, Duration)
•Defining a reference flow
•Delimitation of the scope
•Geographically, temporally and technologically
•System equivalency (process flow diagram)
Defined in ISO 14040
***Scope definition is probably the most important phase of the LCA***
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Goal and scope
•Reference flow (examples - i)
FU: Absorb and contain urine & faeces of a baby (age 0 – 12 month ) for 1 year
A: Single use diaper B: Cotton diaper
(38 diapers/week) (68 diapers/week)
(150 use/diaper)
(individual hand washing
between each uses)
*DIAPERS*
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Goal and scope
•Reference flow (examples - i)
FU: Absorb and contain urine & faeces of a baby (age 0 – 12 month ) for 1 year
A: Single use diaper B: Cotton diaper
(38 diapers/week) (68 diapers/week)
(150 use/diaper)
(individual hand washing
between each uses)
*DIAPERS*
1976 (single use) diapers 23.6 (cotton) diapers
3536 washings
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Goal and scope
•Reference flow (examples - ii)
A: Long duration paint B: Short duration paint
(0.3 kg/m2)
(duration of 20 years)(0.3 kg/m2)
(duration of 10 years)
*PAINTS*
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Goal and scope
•Reference flow (examples - ii)
A: Long duration paint B: Short duration paint
(0.3 kg/m2)
(duration of 20 years)(0.3 kg/m2)
(duration of 10 years)
*PAINTS*
30 kg of paint A 60 kg of paint B
FU: Providing 100 m2 of painted wall with an opacity of 98%, for 20 years
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Goal and scope
•Reference flow (examples - iii)
FU: Providing 200 ml of hot beverage 3 times/d for 365 days.
A: Plastic 1-use cup B: Ceramic mug
*Hot beverage containers at a workplace*
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Goal and scope
•Reference flow (examples - iii)
FU: Providing 200 ml of hot beverage 3 times/d for 365 days.
A: Plastic 1-use cup B: Ceramic mug
*Hot beverage containers at a workplace*
(usable once per use, assuming there
is always only 1 cup/per use, e.g. not
doubled for avoiding fingers
burning.)
(usable for 4380 uses)
(washing after each use)
1095 units 0.25 unit1095 washings
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Goal and scope
•Drawing your process flow diagram:
services
Eg.: xx km of
transport demand
nature.process
Flow
Eg.: xx GJ diesel;
(X GJ/km)Eg.: refining
Flow
Eg.: XX GJ oilEg.: oil
extraction
•Use dotted lines for avoided processes / flows.
•Draw the process flow diagram for your reference and for each alternative to be
assessed
processFlow Flow process
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Consequential and Attributional LCA
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A pfd in 7 minutes
•In team : Bio-diesel from animal fat example
•FU: 10 km of transportation in a “conventional” 5-seat
passenger car in Europe (EU-4 engine)
•For this, you will need to produce A MJ bio-diesel:
•Inputs for esterification process:
• Pig fat: B MJ
• Others inputs (methanol and energy) can be considered as “others”
•Co-products:
• Co-product 1: C MJ glycerin. Can be used for heat
• Co-product 2: E MJ distillation residues. Can be used for heat.
• Co-product 3: G kg catalyst residue. Rich in potassium, can be used in agriculture.
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Introduction to consequential thinking
•Bio-diesel from animal fat example:
•How much of the fertilizer shall be attributed to the animal fat?
•Would we produce more pigs because we want more
biodiesel?
•But…what do we do today with the animal fat???
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In consequential LCA, it would be modelled like this
Esterification
biodieselProviding XX km
transportation
Glycerine
&
distillation
residues
Pig fat
Used in boiler heat
Marginal
mineral K
fertilizerFat used in
boiler
heat
Marginal heat
production
Catalyst
residues
Applied on
arable landK
Marginal heat
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In attributional LCA, it may be modelled like this…
Farming
pigs
Dead pigs (and
their
management)
Manure (and its
management)Esterification
biodiesel
glycerine
Catalyst
residue
Distillation
residue
Meat
processing
meat
Blood & meal
fat
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Consequential LCA
•What are the consequences of implementing system A instead of system B?
=> More of “A” is produced (and what does that involve?)
System
Alternatives
LCA
Conclusion
Decision
Difference/consequence
Ref: Wenzel et al. (2009)
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Consequential LCA
•Simple representation of LCA
Materials production
Product manufacture
Use and maintenance
Disposal
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ref: Wenzel et al. (2009)
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Consequential LCA
•Systems are a little more complex…
Materials production
Product manufacture
Use and maintenance
Disposal
.
.
.
.
Disposal Materials production
Preceding system(s) Proceeding system(s)
Adjoining system(s)
SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5
PS
SS6 .
. . . .
.
SS*
Ref: Wenzel et al. (2009)
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Consequential LCA
•And even more complex…(several suppliers, but only the “marginals” react to a demand change
Ref: Wenzel et al. (2009)
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Consequential LCA
• What is the environmental difference between this
product ‘being there’ and ‘not being there’, i.e. what is
the environmental consequence of
demanding/supplying more or less of this product?
• The formula of consequential LCA:
2B/-2B = ?
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Consequential LCA, in a nutshell
• 1) System expansion to handle multi-functionality
•Tracking the consequences of the demand change
• Identifying which products are replaced on the market by arising co-
products. If constrained, what service is replaced?
•System boundary: the system boundary is expanded in order to
include (only) what is affected by a change in the use of the product
for which the LCA is made.
•When to stop? At the point where consequences become so small,
or uncertainty so large, that further expansion of the boundary will
yield no significant information for the decision to support.
•2 key expansion cases: consider co-products + consider constrained
resources
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Consequential LCA, in a nutshell
•2) Consequential LCA uses data from MARGINAL
supply only
•Which technologies/suppliers will respond to a change in
demand???
•Marginal supply: The response to a marginal change in demand on
the market in question
•Remember: a process is part of the system if it can respond to a
change in demand for your studied product/service
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Consequential LCA
Rape production
Rape processing
Rapeseed oil
Rape straw
EsterificationBio-diesel
Driving
Arable land
OilRefining
Diesel
Petrol
Other
Rapeseed cake Glycerine
•Example: 1st generation biodiesel from rape
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Consequential LCA
Rape production
Rape processing
Rape seed oil
Rape straw
EsterificationBio-diesel
Driving
Arable land
OilRefining
DieselPetrol
Other
Rapeseed cake Glycerine
Displaced service by the use of rape straw
Displaced service by the use of rapeseed cake
Food/feed
Arable land
Marginal supply for displaced service
Marginal supply for displaced service
Displaced service by the use of glycerine
Marginal supply for displaced service
•Example: 1st generation biodiesel
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Consequential LCA
•Example: 1st generation biodiesel
Rape production
Rape processing
Rape seed oil
Rape straw
EsterificationBio-diesel
Driving
Arable land
OilRefining
DieselPetrol
Other
Rapeseed cakeGlycerine
Animal fodder (protein)
(based on a published LCA: Jensen et al., 2007)
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 47
Consequential LCA
•Example: 1st generation biodiesel
Rape production
Rape processing
Rape seed oil
Rape straw
EsterificationBio-diesel
Driving
Arable land
OilRefining
DieselPetrol
Other
Rapeseed cakeGlycerine
Animal fodder (protein)
(based on a published LCA: Jensen et al., 2007)
Arable landSoybean production Soy meal
Soy oil
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 48
Consequential LCA
•Example: 1st generation biodiesel
Rape production
Rape processing
Rape seed oil
Rape straw
EsterificationBio-diesel
Driving
Arable land
OilRefining
DieselPetrol
Other
Rapeseed cakeGlycerine
Animal fodder (protein)
(based on a published LCA: Jensen et al., 2007)
Arable landSoybean production Soy meal
Soy oil
Palm fruit productionArable land
Palm meal
Palm oil
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 49
Consequential LCA
•Example: 1st generation biodiesel
Rape production
Rape processing
Rape seed oil
Rape straw
EsterificationBio-diesel
Driving
Arable land
OilRefining
DieselPetrol
Other
Rapeseed cakeGlycerine
Animal fodder (protein)
(based on a published LCA: Jensen et al., 2007)
Arable landSoybean production Soy meal
Soy oil
Palm fruit productionArable land
Palm meal
Palm oil
Arable landBarley production
Barley Animal fodder (carbohydrate)
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 50
Additional readings on consequential LCA
• Available as a pdf package upon request!
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 51
Phases of an LCA -II
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Inventory analysis
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation Application
ISO 14040 (2006)
•Development and/or
improvement of products
•Laws, public policies
•Marketing
•Etc…
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 53
Inventory analysis
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Inventory analysis
•Foreground data (your system, i.e. processes of your pfd)
•Direct contact with the industries, manufacturing datasheets
•Lab or pilot-scale measurements
•Scientific studies (scientific journals, reports, etc,)
•Estimation methodologies
•Background data
•Primarily from databases (like Ecoinvent)
Let’s relate it to the examples used so far
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Inventory analysis
•Useful tools for data searching•Direct communication (phone, email)
•Eurostat / FAO / IFA, etc.
•Our World in data / Index Mundi
•SimaPro listserv: http://lists.pre-sustainability.com/scripts/wa-PRECBV.exe?SUBED1=LCALIST
•PEF Pilot phase: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/PEFCR_OEFSR_en.htm
•IPCC Assessment reports and National Guidelines for GHG
•Life Cycle Initiative: https://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/
•JRC Data Catalogue and Bioeconomy Knowledge Centre:
http://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset?sort=sort_criteria+desc%2C+title_string+asc
https://biobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
•EPLCA: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
•Databases for scientific articles: Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, etc…
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Inventory analysis
•Ecoinvent is recognized as the world's leading supplier of consistent and transparent life cycle inventory data
•The database contains more than 3500 industrial processes, and these are extensively documented
•Data are available for the following sectors: Energy, transport, building materials, chemicals, washing agents, paper & board, agriculture and waste management.
•The database is described at www.ecoinvent.ch
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Inventory analysis
• Other LCI databases for background data
Ref: Hamelin et al. (2010)
651.9 kg liquid
fraction ex-
separation per FU
Reference pig
slurry (scenario A)
Liquid fraction (fattening pig
slurry) (scenario F)
Comments
Input
Liquid fraction “ex separation”
1000 kg The emissions are calculated relative to this.
Slurry “ex housing” 1000 kg Water 86 kg 86 kg
Concrete slurry store Included Included As in scenario A.
Cut straw 2.5 kg 2.5 kg As straw is regarded as a waste product from cereal production (rather than a co-product), the life cycle data of straw production are not included.
Output
Slurry “ex storage” 1086 kg 1086 kg
Energy consumption Electricity 1.45 kWh Electricity for pumping and stirring (see text).
Emissions to air
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.18 kg (if calculated as in Annex F
:2.75 kg)
0.396 kg Calculated from CH4 emissions: kg CO2 = kg CH4 * 1.42 (see text).
Methane (CH4) 1.94 kg 0.279 kg Based on IPCC methodology (IPCC, 2006), but with VS of separated liquid fraction, see text.
Ammonia (NH3-N) 0.11 kg 0.0825 kg NH3-N = 2% of the total N in the liquid fraction “ex-separation”, see text.
Direct emissions of Nitrous oxide (N2O-N)
0.033 kg 0.0249 kg
Evaluated based on reference slurry emissions, adjusted with relative total N ratios (see text).
Indirect emissions of Nitrous oxide (N2O-N)
0.0014 kg 0.00107 kg
0.01 kg N2O–N per kg (NH3–N + NOX–N) volatilised (IPCC, 2006, table 11.3), see text.
Nitrogen monoxide (NO-N) (representing total NOX)
0.033 kg 0.0249 kg
Estimate based on Dämmgen and Hutchings (2008), consisting of assuming that NO-N = (direct) N2O-N * 1, see text.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2-N)
No data No data No data
Nitrogen (N2-N) 0.099 kg 0.0747 kg
Estimate based on Dämmgen and Hutchings (2008), consisting of assuming that N2-N = (direct) N2O-N * 3
Discharges to soil and water
None None Assumed to be none, as leakages from slurry tanks are prohibited in Denmark
Inventory analysis (V)
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For processes where composition is important, don’t forget your mass balances!
(example from Hamelin et al., 2010)
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 61
Inventory analysis
•ISO standard for LCA presents some requirements regarding inventory analysis. The main principles to remember:
•All that has significance should be included
•All data shall be documented, as well as their uncertainties
•Treatment of missing data should be documented
•Cut-off criteria: a process may be exclude if it contributes to less than X% of the environmental impacts (considered in the study)
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Inventory analysis
•Sensitivity analysis:
•There may be some assumptions/calculations methods/data etc… that you used but that are rather uncertain
•The sensitivity analysis allows you to assess how sensitive the final results are to these choices
•Basically, it consists to perform the LCA again by changing the potentially sensitive parameter by another, and evaluate how this affects the results
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Inventory analysis
•MonteCarlo:
A<B B Ryegrass Willow Miscanthus
A AD GA CO CF AD GA CO CF AD GA CO CF
Ry
eg
rass AD x
GA 60 x
CO 100 66 x
CF 100 81 59 x
Willo
w
AD 98 x
GA 90 100 x
CO 86 100 77 x
CF 97 100 78 61 x
Mis
ca
nth
us
AD 90 82 x
GA 60 45 100 x
CO 86 43 100 68 x
CF 83 48 100 80 67 x
Table S18. Uncertainty analysis for global warming based on MonteCarlo analysis: the values indicate the number of occurrences
(%) in which the bioenergy scenario ‘A’ resulted in less environmental impacts than ‘B’ (e.g., 100 means that ‘A’ resulted in less
impacts than ‘B’ in 100% of the occurrences).
Ref. Tonini et al. (2012)
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Impact Assessment
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation Application
ISO 14040 (2006)
•Development and/or
improvement of products
•Laws, public policies
•Marketing
•Etc…
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 65
Impact assessment
•Why impact assessment?
Substance Compartment Unit Alternative A* Alternative B*
Ammonia Air kg 3.0 1.7
Carbon dioxide Air kg 110.8 114.0
Carbon monoxide Air g 154.1 66.4
Dinitrogen monoxide Air g 53.1 83.1
Methane Air kg 4.0 4.6
Nitrogen oxides Air g 328.1 320.0
NMVOC Air g 3.9 2.6
Nitrate Water g 198.0 0.9
Phosphate Water g 12.3 264.1
Copper Soil g 30.1 2.7
Zinc Soil g 48.6 10.0
* Fictive example
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Impact assessment
•Mains steps of an impact assessment
•Classification: Assignment of emissions to impact categories according to their potential effect
•What does this emission contribute to?
•Characterization: Quantification of contributions to the different impact categories
•How much could it contribute?
•Normalization: Expression of the impact potentials relative to a reference situation
•Comparing apples with apples
•Valuation: Ranking, grouping, or assignment of weights to the different impact potentials
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 67
Impact assessment
• Impact categories?
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 68
Impact Assessment
• Classification game
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 69
Impact assessment
•The overall concept
Inventory
CH4
CO2
N2O
NH3
NOx
N, water
P, water
SO2
Cu, soil
(…)
Impacts (chosen)
Global warming
Acidification
Ozone formation
Eutrophication (N)
Eutrophication (P)
(…)(…)
Characterisation
kg CO2 eq.
kg SO2 eq.
kg C2H4 eq.
kg N
kg P
(…)
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 70
Impact assessment
• PEF
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 71
Impact assessment
•See also latest recommendations for some categories in:
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 72
Impact assessment
Characterization
•Quantification of the contribution from each substance to the impact category
•Each impact category has a reference substance; all other contributions to the
impact category are calculated relative to it by equivalence factors
•The reference substance and equivalence factors will depend of the impact
assessment method you use.
• Most methods, reference substances and equivalence factors are
available in SimaPro.
•Description of most methods available in Ecoinvent report number 3.
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 73
Impact assessment
•Should we treat the sludge (B) or not (A) ? (fictive
example)
Impact
categories
Option A Option B Unit
Global
warming
174.0 461.1 kg CO2 eq.
Acidification 868 2.48 kg SO2 eq.
Photochemical
ozone
formation
200 720 kg C2H4 eq.
Nutrient
enrichment
3.576 5.364 kg NO3- eq.
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 74
Impact assessment
Normalization
•Normalized result = Characterized result / Reference value
•A way to handle trade-offs so we can compare all impact categories with the
same unit (comparing apple with apple)
•Unit: The person equivalent
•The impact from an average person
•In a given reference year
•Yearly total emission (global/regional/local) per person
(worldwide/regional/local)
•It provides a relative impression of the environmental impact caused by your
system compared to the impact from one average person
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 75
Impact assessment
•The overall concept (2)
Characterisation
kg CO2 eq.
kg SO2 eq.
kg CFC-11 eq.
kg N
kg P
(…)
How much of
these are emitted
per world citizen or
European citizen?
(for a given
reference year)
Ex.: 8.7 t CO2
eq. / pers*y
GW
Aci.
O.D.
Eu-N
Eu-P
Person eq. (yr 1994)
Person eq. (yr 1994)
Person eq. (yr 1994)
Person eq. (yr 1994)
Person eq. (yr 1994)
Normalisation Valuation
Ranking,
grouping or
assignment of
weights to the
different
impact
potentials.
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 76
Impact assessment
Ref.: Adapted from results of Brentrup et al., 2001
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
CAN UAN Urea
PE
* y
ear
Eutrophication
Acidification
Global warming
• Example of normalized results
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 77
SimaPro
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 78
Just purchased SimaPro?
• Install it with your registration ID and code via (and
of course read the installation instruction manual):
https://support.simapro.com/articles/Article/SimaPro
-Installation/
• Find the database (typically under:
C:\Users\Public\Documents\SimaPro)
• Good practice (and advice): Copy the (virgin)
database and never touch it, so you always have an
original protected copy on your hard drive
Always do this
even if you work
on a network!
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 79
How it looks like the 1st time you open SimaPro
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 80
SimaPro
• Remember: SimaPro is just a software – you can
thus NOT say that your data comes from SimaPro
(it comes from one of the database available in
SimaPro)
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 81
SimaPro
• Exploration + coffee cup exercise
LISBP • Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés • Page 82
Key references mentioned
• EC (2019): Environmental impact assessments of innovative bio-based product. https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/15bb40e3-3979-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1
• Tonini et al. 2012: Bioenergy production from perennial energy crops: a consequential LCA of 12 bioenergy scenarios including land use changes. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3024435
• Hamelin et al. 2010. LCA of biogas from separated slurry. https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2010/978-87-92668-03-5/pdf/978-87-92668-04-2.pdf
(also published as a paper in ES&T here: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200273j )
• Jensen, K. H., Thyø, K. A., Wenzel, H., 2007. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-diesel from Animal Fat. Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
• Hamelin et al. 2014. Environmental consequences of different carbon alternatives for increased manure-based biogas. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261913007800
About the PEF (also called EF only when referred to in terms of methodology)• http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/PEFCR_OEFSR_en.htm (see technical reports)
• http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/PEFCR_guidance_v6.3.pdf (see list of recommended models, table 2, among others)
• https://www.pre-sustainability.com/sustainability-consulting/sustainable-innovation/product-environmental-footprinting
• Critic on the PEF weighting methodology: https://lca-net.com/blog/pef-weighed-and-found-wanting/
Mentioned during the lecture (/Gabriella): • Weidema BP (2017). Estimation of the size of error introduced into consequential models by using attributional background
datasets. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-016-1239-x
More on consequential LCA:• https://consequential-lca.org/
• See pdfs sent jointly with this power point (Wenzel et al. 2009 and Brandao et al. 2017)
• PhD dissertation by L. Hamelin (along with appendix): https://www.ceesa.plan.aau.dk/publications/phd-dissertations/