Crafting Reproductive Rights and Community Through Social Practice Art

7/30/2019 Crafting Reproductive Rights and Community Through Social Practice Art

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Crktf i\mprhductfvm \fibts

! Chggu fty brhuibShcfke rkctfcm Krt

Mef`m Emmgk`sK` Bh`hrs Tmsfs Sulgfttmd f` krtfke Aueeegm`t h k Dmirmm f`

Shcfhehiy k`d K`tbrhphehiyEmwfs ! Cekrj Cheemim

Gky


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F cefppmd tbm wfrm k`d%ks F ekfd ft dhw`%

F `htfcmd tbkt tbm bhhjs kt tbm thp%wbm` pkfrmd thimtbmr lmckgm bmkrts.

F crmktmd gy structurm%gkjfì bmkrts k`d ghrm bmkrts

k`d mòhyfì tbm pkttmr`s h tbm cut wfrm ks fs crfss'crhssmd.Ekymrfì tbm wfrm% wrkppfì ft wftb tbf``mr wfrm%

F lmik` th wmkvm tbm bmkrts k`d pkttmr`s thimtbmr.Ks F ghvmd% F rmf`hrcmd tbm bmkvy f`tmrsmctfh`s%wf`dfì sgkee% tbf`% dmefcktm strk`ds krhu`d tbm bmkvy% hrcmd gktmrfke.

Ybm` tbm rkgm wks chgpemtm% F gkdm ft sh.]sfì `m% rmd strfì F lmik` th wrkp ft

krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d. Fch`tfùmd% krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d krhu`d k`d

krhu`d.Ft `mmdmd th mme wkrg k`d smcurm k`d skm%

efjm k` mglrkcm.K`d ft dfd% lut

Ft met cehsmd rhg tbm whred k`d rhg `kturm.Ft sbhued `ht lm cehsmd h sh chgpemtmey%

F wk`tmd ft th lm hpm` k`d pkrt h tbm `kturke whred shF emt emkvms irhw hut h ft.

''Skrkb LrfcmLfrds @mst ^krtfcfpk`t


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klem ha Ch`tm`ts

Klstrkct

Kcj`hwemdimgm`ts

F. Stktmgm`t h F`tm`t

mrgs 2

FF. ^hrtrkfts h Krtfsts

Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw ;>Cktby Ckdm ;;Sk`dy Skgpsh` ; êmksm `htm tbkt

tbfs sthry fs irkpbfc.

Ybm` F wks f` tbm kwjwkrd phsftfh`% bm pusbmd gy emis kpkrt% k`d gy m`tfrm lhdy tur`md rmd% mg'lkrrkssmd kt tbm mxphsurm mvm` f` tbm dfg efibt h tbm lksmgm`t. Tm gk` pekcmd k ksbefibt lmtwmm`gy emis% pkrtfkeey feeugf`ktfì gy vkif`ke krmk.

Arhg tbmrm tbm gk` rudmey smpkrktmd gy vkif`ke efps k`d f`smrtmd k pkfr h thìs% efjm tbhsm usmd f`chhjfì k`d irfeefì% f`th gy vkif`k. Tm wmrm ched k`d bkrd% k`d tbmrm wks k` f`crmdflem kghu`th pkf` k`d prmssurm ks bm hpm`md tbmg f`sfdm h gm% usfì shgmtbfì''F `mvmr hu`d hut wbkt''th ehcj tbmg f`th pekcm wbm` F bkd lmm` strmtcbmd kt emkst f`cbms hpm`. @mxt ckgm k tbf` pm`cfe%wbfcb tbm gk` sbhvmd f`th gy cmrvfx th lmif` dfektfì ft. Htbmr pm`s k`d pm`cfes h f`crmksfì wfdtbwmrm hrcmd tbrhuib gy cmrvfx% mkcb h tbmg ckusfì gm th wf`cm f` pkf`. Ybm` tbm gk` wks sktfs'md tbkt F wks hpm` m`huib% bm f`smrtmd k chkt bkìmr% tbm trfkìuekr pkrt lm`t f`th k strkfibt ef`m%tbrhuib gy cmrvfx k`d f`th gy utmrus. F ghk`md wftb pkf` ks bm lmik` okllfì ft krhu`d% bfttfì gyutmrf`m wkee F dh`t j`hw bhw gk`y tfgms lmhrm bm `keey pfmrcmd tbm mtke skc.

Ckrhef`m survfvmd th tmee bmr sthry% ymt gk`y dh `ht. Kcchrdfì th tbm Kek` Iuttgkcbmr F`stftutm%

whredwfdm% u`skm klhrtfh`s kcchu`t hr tbm efvms h kpprhxfgktmey whgm` mvmry dky. K`ùkeey%

kcchrdfì th tbm Yhred Bmketb Hrik`fzktfh`% u`skm klhrtfh`s rmsuet f` - h prmi`k`cy'rmektmd dmktbs.;;

êk``md ^krm`tbhhd k`d htbmr sfgfekr hrik`fzktfh`s krm rmsph`sflem hr ehwmrfì tbm k`ùke ùglmr h

feemike klhrtfh`s f` tbm ]`ftmd Stktms sfi`fck`tey ly prhvfdfì mksfey'kccmssflem mducktfh` k`d prmvm`tktfvm

ckrm th kee. Ybmtbmr ft lm tbm prhvfsfh` h ch`dhgs hr lfrtb ch`trhe pfees% prm`ktke ckrm% hr klhrtfh` kdvfcm

k`d supphrt% tbm hrik`fzktfh` fs dmdfcktmd th supphrtfì tbm bmketb k`d wmeelmfì h fts cefm`ts.

Tk`jueey% gk`y pekcms f` tbm ]`ftmd Stktms bkvm bhspftkes k`d whgm`s cm`tmrs tbkt krm gmdfckeey

mqufppmd% mghtfh`keey supphrtfvm% k`d pbysfckeey skm. Ybfem f` @hrtbmkstmr` k`d Ymstmr` stktms wm krm `h


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Afi. ? wh h tbm gk`y `msts bkìfì f` tbm ÊKCM Ikeemry.

ehìmr hrcmd th chpm wftb tbm pkfùe k`d kefm`ktfì

rmkeftfms h hur efvms f` sheftkry pekcms wftb gkjmsbf

thhes tbkt tbrmktm` hur bmketb k`d wmeelmfì% tbfs fs `ht

trum hr tbm chu`try ks k wbhem. Tm ibt hr kccmss

th skm klhrtfh`s fs `ht hvmr. Kcchrdfì th klhrtfh`

kdvhckcy hrik`fzktfh` ^rhvfdm%< f` - rurke

chggu`ftfms k`d hvmr - h chu`tfms f` tbm Shutb

k`d Gfdwmst dfd `ht bkvm kccmss th klhrtfh` ckrm.

Tm mst lufedfì prhomct fs tbm lrkf`cbfed

h Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw k`d wks u`dmrtkjm` ly

chggu`fty gmglmrs k`d supphrtmrs h êk``md

^krm tbhhd Cheuglfk Yfeekgmttm "^^CY& f` k`

kttmgpt th rmmvkeuktm hur mxfstfì syglhes k`d

u`dmrstk`dfìs h chkt bkìmrs% wfrms% klhrtfh`s% k`dwhgm s bmketb.3 Ym pekymd wftb tbm pekstfcfty h

hrg% u`ctfh`% k`d syglhe h tbm wfrm chkt bkìmrs.

Tm gkeemklfefty h tbm gktmrfkes wks usmd th rmtkjm

ch`trhe h tbm bkrsb rmkeftfms tbkt chgm rhg klhrtfh`

rmstrfctfh`s. Yftb irft k`d swmkt wm eftmrkeey rmhrgmd

tbmsm bkìmrs k`d wfrms f`th `msts% k`d f` tbm prhcmss

wm emkr`md wm ck` rmhrg tbm hlomcts k`d rmstrfctfh`s

h hur whred f`th shgmtbfì wm ck` kee ehvm% k bhgm.

F kttm`dmd tbm mvm`t tbm Lfrds @mst ^rhomct lmckusm F wks drkw` th tbm fdmk h k irhup h pmhpem

chgfì thimtbmr th gkjm krt tbkt spmkjs th f`dfvfduke mxpmrfm`cms% ks wmee ks th lrhkdmr shcfke oustfcm k`d

whgm`s bmketb fssums. F bkvm kewkys lmm` vmry f`trfiumd wftb rmprhductfvm bmketb% rfibts% k`d mducktfh`.

Ft fs fgphrtk t tbkt mvmryh`m bks kccmss th tbm thhes% j`hwemdim% k`d ckrm `mmdmd th sustkf` k bmketby k`d

prhductfvm efm. Ybm` F wks sfxtmm` k`d mkrue h gy pkrm`ts dfskpprhvke h gy smxuke kctfvftfms% gy rfm`d

k`d F gkdm k smcrmt trfp th êk``md ^krm`tbhhd. Tmrm% F rmcmfvmd k ymkrs suppey h lfrtb ch`trhe pfees rhg k

vmry hpm` k`d f`hrgktfvm pbysfcfk`% tbk`jueey spkrfì lhtb gy pkrm`ts k`d gysme rhg k efjmey kwjwkrd

k`d pkfùe ch`vmrsktfh`. êk``md ^krm`tbhhd gmmts tbm `mmds h gk`y% k`d tbm ckrm prhvfdmd vkrfms irmktey

rhg smxukeey trk`sgfttmd f`mctfh` "SF& tmstfì th klhrtfh` prhcmdurms th kgfey pek``fì smrvfcms.

Ybfem gk`y% efjm gysme% tur` th êk``md ^krm`tbhhd f` ghgm`ts h chùsfh`% `mmd% k`d ekcj h

u`ds% êk``md ^krm tbhhd supphrts lrhkdmr fdmkes ks wmee% wbfcb htbmrs wbh dh `ht dfrmctey smmj smrvfcms

krm f`cef`md th supphrt. Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekws prhomct lrfìs pmhpem thimtbmr tbkt gky `ht htbmrwfsm

pbysfckeey ch`vm`m f` hrdmr th supphrt tbm hrik`fzktfh`. F currm`tey bkvm bmketb f`surk`cm k`d k iy`mchehifst

"f` kddftfh` th k gucb bmketbfmr rmektfh`sbfp wftb gy pkrm ts& sh F bkvm h mmd th vfsft ek``md krm`tbhhd


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hr tbm rmm hr ehw chst prhcmdurms tbmy prhvfdm% ymt F dh wfsb th supphrt tbmg f` k`y wky tbkt F ck`. \ktbmr

tbk` prhvfdfì gh`mtkry dh`ktfh`s% ly kttm`dfì tbm Hpm` Cfrcems mvm`t k`d bmepfì th rmhrguektm

`miktfvm syglhes% F kg supphrtfì tbm hrik`fzktfh` k`d kee tbkt ft stk`ds hr. F kg bmepfì rkfsm kwkrm`mss

klhut klhrtfh` fssums% tbm gfssfh` h ek``md ^krm tbhhd th prhvfdm skm klhrtfh`s k`d htbmr smxuke bmketb

smrvfcms% k`d tbm chggu`fty tbkt dmpm`ds h` tbm smrvfcms êk``md krm tbhhd prhvfdms.4

F` k` mhrt th ueey m`ckpsuektm wbkt ft fs th mìkim k chggu`fty% F bkvm mglhdfmd tbm cm`trke

mtb`hirkpbfc gmtbhdhehiy h pkrtfcfpk t'hlsmrvktfh` f` tbm dmmpmst sm`sm. F bkvm prfgkrfey rmefmd h` gy

f`tmrkctfh`s% ch`vmrsktfh`s% k`d mxpmrfm`cms whrjfì wftb krtfsts k`d gmglmrs h tbm chggu`ftfms tbkt

surrhu`d gm. F` tbfs wky% em`dfì rhg Yfejf`sh`'Ymlmr "&% F mme ks tbhuib F kg k shcfke prkctfcm krtfst

h shgm shrt% mgpehyf i mtb`hirkpbfc prkctfcms ks wmee ks ifvfì krtfstfc supphrt f` hrdmr th f`tmrkct wftb

tbm chggu`fty k`d `d cheemctfvm gmk`fìs k`d vkeums. Tm gmmtfìs k`d whrjsbhps tbkt F bkvm kttm`dmd

sbkpm tbm pkrtfcfpk`t hlsmrvktfh` chgph`m t h tbm ohur`my F bkvm mglkrjmd uph`. Arhg tbmsm f`vhevmd

ghgm`ts h ch`cmptukefzfì fdmks k`d crmktfì krt wftb gy pmmrs% F bkvm iktbmrmd f`sfibt f`th tbm prhcmss

utfefzmd ly krtfsts wbh dmdfcktm tbmfr whrjfì efvms th gkjfì gmk`fìue% shcfke prkctfcm krt.Cbhhsfì gy f`hrgk`ts wks k prhcmss tbkt hccurrmd hrik`fckeey% lksmd h` tbm ch``mctfh`s tbkt

wmrm mstklefsbmd tbrhuib vkrfhus mvm`ts k`d iktbmrfìs F kttm`dmd. F ch`ductmd hrgke f`tmrvfmws wftb

Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw% Sk`dy Skgpsh`% k`d K``m Irmm`whhd f` ^hrtek`d% Hrmih`. K `mfiblhr rhg gy

bhgmthw` ch``mctmd gm th Cktby Ckdm% wbhg F f`tmrvfmwmd vfk pbh`m. Tm krtfsts tbkt F bfibefibt f` tbfs

pkpmr wmrm kee vmry wfeefì th supphrt gy prhomct. Tfs prhcmss fs f`bmrm`tey lfksmd ifvm` tbkt F chued `ht

tkej wftb mvmry shcfke prkctfcm krtfst f` ^hrtek`d% gucb emss f` tbm whred% ymt tbfs fs tbm `kturm h emkr`fì

k`d kgfefkrfzfì wftb tbm mtb`hirkpbfc gmtbhd. F ch`sfdmr Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw gy gkf` f`hrgk`t%

lmckusm F whrjmd cehsmst wftb bfg% k`d dfrmctey pkrtfcfpktmd f` bfs krt. Tm ch`vmrsktfh`s F bkd wftb Bhrktfh

bmepmd gm th lmttmr u`dmrstk`d tbm med h shcfke prkctfcm krt. Tm htbmr krtfsts F tkejmd wftb mkcb sbkrmd

f`crmdfley vkeuklem f`sfibts ks wmee% k`d F

rmmct tbfs f` gy whrj. F rmirmt ht bkvfì

bkd tbm hpphrtu`fty th mìkim dfrmctey ks

k pkrtfcfpk`t f` mvmry krtfsts m`dmkvhrs.

\mikrdemss% gy cbhfcm th f`ceudm tbmsm krtfsts

whrds rmmcts gy f`tmrmst f` tbmfr whrj.

Kttm`dfì tbm êk``md ^krm`tbhhd

`mst lufedfì whrjsbhp ch``mctmd gm

wftb gk`y htbmr krt mvm`ts tkjfì pekcm f`

^hrtek`d. F vfsftmd smvmrke sbhws k`d mxbflft

hpm`fìs kt tbm EKCM ikeemry dhw`thw`%

k`d F kesh kttm`dmd smvmrke shcfke prkctfcm k`d

pulefc krt tkejs. H`m h tbm tkejs F kttm`dmd

Afi. ? K vfmw h tbm `msts ks tbmy wmrm f`stkeemd f` tbm ÊKCM Ikeemry.


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wks kcfeftktmd ly EKCM Ikeemry curkthr% Iklm Aehrms% rmikrdfì tbm whrj ly smvm` krtfsts wbh ch`trflutmd

krt th tbm Ybftm rfdm8 sbhw mxbflftmd kt tbm ikeemry. F` kddftfh` th ch`ductfì hrgke f`tmrvfmws wftb

krtfsts% F gmt wftb K``m Irmm`whhd% Sk`dy Skgpsh`% k`d Bhrktfh Ekw h` gk`y hccksfh`s rmikrdfì

prhomcts tbmy krm whrjfì h`. F gmt wftb kee tbrmm krtfsts th whrj h` k`htbmr chgph`m`t h tbm Hpm` Cfrcems

prhomct "tbm Lfrds @msts wks h`m kspmct h tbfs prhomct&. Ahr tbfs chgph`m`t% Bhrktfh cheeklhrktmd wftb

Sfstmrs h tbm \hkd Ckm k`d tbm bhgmemss chggu`fty tbkt rmsfdms f` ^hrtek`d. Tm hur h us gmt th dfscuss

tbm prhducts h tbfs whrj% wbfcb ch`sfsts h sfxty syglhes drkw` ly tbm bhgmemss k`d ghu`tmd h` rmcycemd

df``mr pektms.= Ym crmktmd k dfctfh`kry h tbm syglhes th bk`dhut kt tbm Hpm` Cfrcems sbhw% k`d dfscussmd

urtbmr wkys th lrfì tbfs whrj thimtbmr ch`cmptukeey.

Tm gmmtfì F kttm`dmd wftb tbm tbrmm krtfsts emd th k`htbmr prhomct f`vftktfh`. Bhrktfh ksjmd

gm th whrj wftb bfg% K``m Irmm`whhd% k`d ^^CY Dmvmehpgm`t Chhrdf`kthr \kcbkme Gu`jkcsf k`d

Chggu`fty Hutrmkcb Chhrdf`kthr Ekgkr feegk`% th chgphsm k lhhj lksmd h` tbm Lfrds @msts prhomct.1

êk``md ^krm`tbhhd fs currm`tey f` tbm prhcmss h rmlrk`dfì f` k` mhrt th rmkcb hut th `mw supphrtmrs

h tbm hrik`fzktfh`. Gu`jkcsf k`d feegk` bhpm tbkt tbfs lhhj ck` phrtrky k phsftfvm fgkim h ek``md^krm`tbhhd th tbm chggu`fty. Tm lhhj ck` phtm`tfkeey lm shed kt ^^CY u`drkfsmrs "f.m. Smxy umsdky

mvm`ts% tbm Akee Ikek mvm`t% mtc.&% hr ft gky lm hmrmd kt tbm hpm`fì h tbm pmrgk`m`t `mst f`stfeektfh`. Tm

lhhj gky bmep th mxpk`d tbm pktfm`t lksm k`d lmchgm ghrm rmemvk`t th pmhpem wbh whued `ht htbmrwfsm

wkej tbrhuib êk``md ^krm`tbhhds dhhrs.

Ks krtfsts% K``m Irmm`whhd k`d Bhrktfh Ekw rmprmsm`t tbm krtfstfc kspmct h tbm lhhjs prhductfh`.

Irmm`whhd bks gkdm smvmrke lhhjs kermkdy% k`d ks k sjfeemd prf`tgkjmr% dmsfi`mr% k`d vfsfh`kry% sbm whrjmd

wftb Bhrktfh th pfcj hut tbm ghst kppmkefì `msts% pbhthirkpb tbmsm pfmcms% k`d chgphsm tbm fgkims k`d

tmxt f`th k` krtfstfc% tkìflem ftmg.

F ch`ductmd f`tmrvfmws h pkrtfcfpk`ts f`vhevmd f` tbm prhomct k`d mxpehrmd wbkt tbm prhomct

rmprmsm`ts hr mkcb pmrsh` f` tbm ch`tmxt h syglhefsg f`bmrm`t f` `msts k`d chkt bkìmrs h tbm prhomct. F`

ch`ductfì tbmsm f`tmrvfmws% wm thhj `htm h tbm Bmketb F`surk`cm hrtklfefty k`d Kcchu tklfefty Kct h

"BF^KK& rmiuektfh`s rmikrdfì pktfm`t ch`dm`tfkefty% pkrtfcuekrey lmckusm tbfs prhomct fs ksshcfktmd

wftb ek``md krm`tbhhd. krtfcfpk ts sfi`md k rmemksm hrg% f`hrgfì tbmg tbkt tbmfr sthrfms wfee lm

pulefsbmd% k`d tbkt tbm lhhjs gky lm shed hr prht% wftb prhcmmds ihfì th ^^CY k`d tbm Hpm` Cfrcems

^rhomct.

F kg vmry mxcftmd klhut gy rhem f` tbfs prhomct. Tm hpphrtu`fty F bkvm th lm f`vhevmd f` tbm Lfrds

@mst prhomct lhtb ks k chggu`fty gmglmr% pkrtfcfpk`t% k`d cheeklhrkthr k`d kesh ks k` mtb`hirkpbmr fs

k u`fqum h`m% wbfcb keehws gm th mìkim rst bk`d f` tbm prhcmss h prhducfì gmk`fì. F bkvm iktbmrmd

stktmgm ts rhg htbmrs% lut ks k pkrtfcfpk`t gysme% F kesh bkvm pmrsh`ke mxpmrfm`tfke dmscrfptfh`s th rmmct

uph` k`d sbkrm. Ks Yfejf`sh`'Ymlmr "& stktms% rmmxfvm k`tbrhphehiy ck` keehw mtb`hirkpbmrs th kct ks

tbmfr hw` jmy f`hrgk`t k`d ZW tkjm k pekcm h` tbm stkim% ks ft wmrm% h tbm sulomct chggu`fty "&. Ks

lhtb krt pkrtfcfpk`t k`d mtb`hirkpbmr F bkvm lmm` klem th rmmct h` gy mxpmrfm`cms% k`d bhw tbmsm rmektm th


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tbm lrhkdmr ch`tmxt h tbm `msts ch`structmd kt ek``md krm tbhhd.

F` tkejfì wftb Ekw% F fggmdfktmey met k dmsfrm th urtbmr pfcj bfs lrkf`% imt th j`hw bfs whrj% k`d

mxpehrm tbm sgkee ymt f`crmksfìey supphrtmd whred h shcfke prkctfcm krt. F` h`m dfscussfh` wftb Ekw% bm

mxpekf`md% tbm krt chggu`fty fs sgkee% lut tbm pulefc th ch``mct wftb fs buim. F kg drkw` th tbm fdmk h

mìkifì wftb k irhup h pmhpem f` k` f`ceusfvm k`d wmechgfì wky% f` hrdmr th crmktm shgmtbfì lmkutfue%

phwmrue% k`d f`sfibtue% k`d ck` lm mxpmrfm`cmd lmyh`d tbm ch``ms h tbm trkdftfh`ke% meftfst krt whred.

hdkys krt ck` ifvm lfrtb th thghrrhws rmvheutfh`s. Tm krt h tbfs ghgm`t prmmgpts shcfke fòustfcms h

tbm uturm. Ks Lruiumrk "?& kptey prhcekfgs% krt fs efvfì tbm uturm f` tbm prmsm`t. Ly sbmddfì efibt

h`th vmry rmke k`d tkìflem bugk` struiiems k`d fòustfcms% krt fs klem th spur ch`vmrsktfh`s k`d fùm`cm

cbkìms urtbmr dhw` tbm rhkd.

Ch`tmxt pekys k` fgphrtk t rhem f` tbm crmktfh` h krt. Krt fs ghst mmctfvm wbm` ft fs gkdm hr k

spmcfc sftm k`d f`chrphrktms tbm cueturke% shcfke% pheftfcke% m`vfrh`gm tke% k`d mch`hgfc fssums rmemvk`t

th fts ehcktfh`. Krt ck` lm lektk`tey cbkrimd wftb k pheftfcke kim`dk%9 k`d ft ck` kesh lm usmd ks k sultem

hrg h rmsfstk`cm th k` hpprmssfvm structurm% systmg% hr hrcm h phwmr. Ybfem gy schpm fs efgftmd% tbmshcfke prkctfcm krtfsts F bkvm ihttm` th j`hw krm ghrm f`tmrmstmd f` lrfìfì k chggu`fty thimtbmr krhu`d k

chggh` fdmhehiy% `mmd% hr mxpmrfm`cm f` wkys tbkt

crmktm gmk`fì% ifvm vhfcm% k`d mgphwmr pmhpem. H`m

Lfrds @mst pkrtfcfpk`t mmes tbkt tbm sultem rkgmwhrj

ekfd hut ly Ekw m`klemd bmr th rmmct h` bmr hw`

mxpmrfm`cms f` k wky tbkt wks chghrtklem k`d

f`tmr`k. Ly kcj`hwemdifì bmr hw` cbhfcms% sbm met

mgphwmrmd ks k gmglmr h lrhkdmr kctfvfst mhrts.

Gk`y krtfsts krhu`d tbm whred usm shcfke

prkctfcm krt th mìkim irhups h pmhpem. Shgm tmkcb

studm`ts th lmchgm krtfsts mìkimd f` tbm chggu`fty

"f.m. k`fk Lruiumrk% Ohsmpb Lmuys% Bkrrmee Aemtcbmr%

mtc.&% k`d htbmrs ksj kudfm`cms th pmrhrg "f.m.

Gkrf`k Klrkghvfc%2 Qfth Kcch`cf% Sk`tfkih Sfmrrk% mtc.&.6 Shgm krtfsts smm tbm m`tfrm prhcmss ks krt% wbfem

htbmrs sfgpey smm tbm `ke prhduct ks krt. Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw chglf`ms tbmsm gmtbhds: bm mducktms bfs

sme'smemctmd pkrtfcfpk`ts h` k` fssum% ifvms tbmg thhes% k`d emts tbmg gkjm hlomcts hr f`stkeektfh`s% wbfcb

krm tbm` dfspekymd f` ikeemrfms ks krt. F` tbfs wky% bm fs dmsfi`ktfì tbmsm chggu`fty gmglmrs ks krtfsts%

rmf`hrcfì Lmuys kssmrtfh` tbkt kee bugk`s krm krtfsts. Lmuys irhu`dlrmkjfì fdmks f` gk`y wkys f`spfrmd

tbm shcfke prkctfcm k`d pkrtfcfpk`t lksmd krt ghvmgm`t. Bm stktms% Mvmry bugk` lmfì fs k` krtfst wbh''

rhg bfs stktm h rmmdhg''tbm phsftfh` h rmmdhg tbkt bm mxpmrfm`cms kt rst bk`d''emkr`s th dmtmrgf`m

tbm htbmr phsftfh`s f` tbm thtke krtwhrj h tbm uturm shcfke hrdmr "Lmuys f` Lfsbhp ?&. Ekw

m`churkims mkcb f`dfvfduke th rmmct uph` pmrsh`ke mxpmrfm`cms% k`d usm hlomcts tbkt spmkj th mkcb pmrsh`s

Afi. ? ^krtfcfpk`ts whrjfì h` tbmfr `msts kt ^^CY.


21/40

f`tmrmsts% uplrfìfì% k`d prmsm`cm f` tbm whred. Thuib Ekw dhms ht ch`sfdmr bfgsme th lm k curkthr

sf`cm% ks bm puts ft% bm dhms ht mxceudm k`yh`m rhg pkrtfcfpktfì f` prhomcts% bm mgpehys tbm curkthrfke

prhcmss ly ckstfì k `mt hut f`th tbm pulefc k`d smmfì wbkt pmhpem chgm up wftb lksmd h` tbm rkgm bm

prhvfdms. Bm m`churkims cheemctfvfty tbrhuib sbkrmd mxpmrfm`cms% k`d tbm crmktfh` h `mw gmk`fìs hr

mvmrydky hlomcts.

FQ. Ymkvfì @krrktfvms

F` ch`sfdmrfì shcfke prkctfcm krt% F wfee kddrmss smvmrke tbmhrmtfcke dfrmctfh`s ks tbmy rmektm th gy

mxpmrfm`tfke k`d mtb`hirkpbfc `dfìs. Trhuib guetfpem f`tmrvfmws k`d f`hrgke ch`vmrsktfh`s ft bks

lmchgm cemkr tbkt krtfsts whrjfì f` tbm krm`k h shcfke prkctfcm krt f` ^hrtek`d% Hrmih` dh `ht wfsb th

fdm`tfy tbmfr whrj ks hpmèy pheftfcke hr ch`rh`tktfh`ke.


22/40

rmsfstk`cm mhrts% mcbhfì Schtts "& study h mvmrydky hrgs h pmksk`t rmsfstk`cm% k`d tbm wkys f` wbfcb

tbm vhfcmemss ck` mxmrcfsm tbmfr hw` phwmr f` sgkee wkys.

Lufedfì h` tbm tbmhrfms h sultem rmsfstk`cm% F ch`sfdmr krt ks tbm mglhdfgm`t h shcfke ckpftke:

shcfke ckpftke fs `mmdmd th gkjm krt k`d krt fs usmd th crmktm hr kcfeftktm tbm urtbmr sprmkd h shcfke ckpftke.

Ks shcfke ckpftke% krt ck` lm usmd th lufed cheemctfvm ch`scfhus`mss k`d lmchgm k phwmrue gmtbhd hr shcfke

cbkìm. Lhurdfmu "l&% hrtms "&% Leku "&% k`d htbmrs ch`sfdmr shcfke ckpftke th lm kee rmshurcms

k`d rmektfh`sbfps lmtwmm` f`dfvfdukes k`d f`stftutfh`s. F` hrdmr hr prhomcts efjm Hpm` Cfrcems th bkvm k

lrhkd fgpkct h` chggu`ftfms k`d crmktm ekstfì shcfke cbkìms% rmshurcms krm `mmdmd. Tmsm rmshurcms

f`ceudm lut krm ht efgftmd th pulefc u`dfì "m.i. irk`ts&% wfeefì vheu`tmmrs% k chggu`fty spkcm% k`d krt

gktmrfkes. Kddftfh`keey% Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw f`vftms htbmr krtfsts th pkrtfcfpktm f` bfs prhomcts f` hrdmr th

urtbmr ùrturm tbm succmss h bfs prhomcts% wbfem kesh ifvfì htbmrs k cbk`cm th kccuguektm mxpmrfm`cms k`d

lufed tbmfr krtfstfc phrthefhs. Mkcb krtfst bks f`sfibts f`th tbm `kturm h ckpftke% lhtb shcfke k`d mch`hgfc%

k`d tbm wkys f` wbfcb tbmfr whrj gust lm structurmd krhu`d tbm f`stftutfh s k`d f`dfvfdukes tbkt supphrt

tbmfr krt.Tm vkeum h k shcfke prkctfcm krt prhomct efms f` fts spktfke ch`tmxt. Spkcm fs u`dkgm`tke th tbm

ch``mctfh s gkdm lmtwmm` chggu`ftfms k`d krtfsts. Lhurdfmu "k% l% & kriums tbkt tbm

mtfsbfzktfh` h cueturke ckpftke m`klems us th u`dmrstk`d fts vkeum k`d phwmr wftbf` k shcfkeey ch`strumd

bfmrkrcby. Ifmry` "& rmvfmws tbm fgphrtk`cm h pekcm f` shcfhehiy% kriufì tbkt f` hrdmr th u`dmrstk`d

k`y shcfke pbm`hgm`h`% h`m gust kcj`hwemdim tbm bfsthry k`d dy`kgfcs h tbm spkcm. Lksmd h` tbm im`mrke

k`keysfs h spkcm% F usm Af`jmepmkre ! Kcch`cf "&% Jwh` "&% k`d Ekcy "& th sftuktm krt f` k spkcm.

Tmsm kutbhrs krm pkrtfcuekrey f`tmrmstmd f` vkrfhus pulefc krt ghdmes. F krium tbkt tbm Lfrds @mst rhomct%

efjm htbmr shcfke prkctfcm krt% fs pulefcey sftuktmd% k`d mvm` ghrm sh% ft dfrmctey kcfeftktms gmk`fìue pulefc

f`tmrkctfh`s k`d dfscussfh`s.

Mvmry bugk` lmfì fs k` krtfstwbh''arhg bfs stktm ha armmdhg''tbm phsftfh` ha armmdhg tbkt bm

mxpmrfm`cms kt afrst bk`d''emkr`s thdmtmrgf`m tbm htbmr phsftfh`s f` tbm

thtke krtwhrj ha tbm auturm shcfkehrdmr Ohsmpb Lmuys


23/40

Afi. ? Tm Ekìm`hrt oust lmhrm mglkrjfì h` fts trfp th ^h'ek`d. Yhgm` h` Ykvms % whgm`h`wkvms.hri.

Cheemctfvm Krt ks Kctfvfsg

Ks F skt f` tbm ^^CY ch`mrm`cm rhhg wktcbfì

tbm sehw trfcjem h pmhpem chgfì f`% ft qufcjey

lmckgm cemkr tbkt wm wmrm k dfvmrsm irhup. Dmspftm

tbm uùsuke cuegf`ktfh` h pmhpem% wm ch`vm md

f` k spkcm tbkt lrhuibt k` f`stk`t chggh`kefty

th efibt. Ym kee supphrt êk``md ^krm`tbhhd k`d

mme strhìey klhut lkcjfì k` hrik`fzktfh` tbkt

prhvfdms kccmssflem rmprhductfvm bmketb ckrm th kee

pmhpem. Tfs rmkefzktfh` wks f`stk`tey ghvfì. Ym

krm k cheemctfvm. Ym sbkrm k chggh` vhfcm% hur

mxpmrfm`cms krm rmektmd% k`d ks k irhup% wm krm mgphwmrmd. Ks Bhrktfh ekfd hut tbm prmgfsm h tbm prhomct%

gy mxcftmgm`t irmw. Ym wmrm ifvm` tbm cbk`cm th mkcb kddrmss hur hw` mmefìs k`d mxpmrfm`cms rmektmdth kgfey% klhrtfh`s% k`d lufedfì k bhgm wftbf` k chggh` rkgmwhrj k`d wftb sfgfekr lksfc gktmrfkes.

Lufedfì gy `mst% k`d hlsmrvfì htbmrs dhfì tbm skgm% ft lmckgm cemkr tbkt wbkt wm wmrm dhfì wks krt. Ym

krm tbm krt.

Kctfvfsg m`kctmd tbrhuib krt ck` tkjm gk`y hrgs. Ahr tbm purphsms h gy tbmsfs% F hcus h` tbm

usm h krt ks mxprmssfvm cueturke hrgs th crmktm f`tmrvm tfh`s f`th pulefc dmlktms. Ekglmrt'Lmktty "&

mxpehrms tbm whrj h \mlmcck Ihgpmrt% k Dutcb mgf`fst kctfvfst whrjfì h` whgm`s bmketb fssums.

Ihgpmrts whrj fs dfrmctey rmektmd th tbm Lfrds @mst ^rhomct lmckusm ft thh tkcjems klhrtfh` pheftfcs tbrhuib

krt k`d shcfke prkctfcms. Yftb tbm krtfstfc supphrt h Ohmp vk` Efmsbhut% Ihgpmrt ch`vmrtmd k sbfppf i

ch`tkf`mr f`th k ueey u`ctfh`ke ghlfem iy`mchehifcke cef`fc ckeemd Yhgm` h` Ykvms "smm i. &. Tm cef`fc

trkvmes krhu`d tbm whred k`d dhcjs f` chu`trfms wbmrm klhrtfh`s krm feemike. Yhgm` wbh mmd iy`mchehifcke

bmketb ckrm% klhrtfh`s% hr htbmr rmprhductfvm bmketb `mmds ck` lhkrd tbm sbfp tbkt smts h f`th f`tmr`ktfh`ke

wktmrs sh tbkt trkf`md pbysfcfk`s k`d vheu`tmmrs ck` emikeey k`d skmey prhvfdm mducktfh`% ch`trkcmptfh`%

k`d ghst fgphrtk`tey "k`d ch`trhvmrsfkeey& klhrtfh` pfees. F` mssm`cm% Ihgpmrt k`d bmr crmw dmke wftb tbm

prmvm`tklem pk`dmgfc tbkt fs klhrtfh`'rmektmd dmktbs "Ekglmrt'Lmktty ?&. Tm hrik`fzktfh` bks gmt

lkcjeksb%


24/40

lrhkdmr dfscussfh`s h klhrtfh` rfibts% syglhefsg% k`d tbm fgphrtk`cm h supphrtfì whgm`s bmketb ckrm

`mmds.

Htbmr studfms bkvm sbhw` tbm mmctfvm`mss h krt ks k thhe th crmktm ghvmgm ts k`d cbkìm. Ghhdy

! bf``my "& ch`ductmd f`tmrvfmws k`d dfd pkrtfcfpk t hlsmrvktfh`s f` k chggu`fty krt mìkimgm t

prhirkg tbkt hcusms h` prhghtfì bmketb k`d wmee`mss hr hedmr kduets. Tm kutbhrs hu`d tbkt ly whrjfì

f` k irhup h` tbm krt prhomct% pkrtfcfpk`ts met ghrm ch``mctmd th tbmfr chggu`fty% wbfcb fùm`cmd tbmfr

im`mrke wmee lmfì. Sfgfekrey% Gurrky "& sbhws tbkt krt ck` lm usmd th pusb phefcy cbkìms. Gurrky

ch`sfdmrs rkcmy Mgf`s krtwhrj% hm` tbmgmd krhu`d rkpm trkugk sbm mxpmrfm`cmd% ks k wky th hrwkrd

ekws kikf`st rkpm f` k` ketmr`ktfvm% krtfstfc wky. Thuib tbfs rmvfmw fs ghrm hcusmd h` tbm ekws f` pekcm

surrhu`dfì rkpm fssums% tbm usm h krt th mìkim pheftfcke kctfvfsts k`d hrwkrd shcfke oustfcm ch`cmr`s fs vmry

phwmrue k`d sfgfekr th wbkt Ekw fs dhfì wftb tbm lfrds msts.


25/40

Afi. ? Ekuib rkcj% . ^bhth trk`smrs k`d mg'lrhfdmry h` ef`m` tmk thwmes. ^bhth Churtmsy h Sk`dySkgpsh`.

Yhgm`s Eflmrktfh` Ghvmgm`t. Vmt mvm` bmr whrj bks k

rmmxfvm k`d vmry pmrsh`ke qukefty th ft tbkt ck` stk`d h`

fts hw` ks k` kmstbmtfckeey kppmkefì krtfstfc prhductfh`

tbkt fs smpkrktm rhg lektk`t kctfvfsg. F` tbfs wky% bmr

whrj thh% fs hpm` th f`tmrprmtktfh` k`d f`tmrkctfh`.

Tm Yhgm`s Eflmrktfh` Ghvmgm`t m`klemd Cktby

th rmkefzm tbkt whgm` krm hpprmssmd ly smxfsg k`d f`

hrdmr hr tbm smxfsg th m`d% whgm` `mmdmd th lmchgm

vfsflem. Ly dhcugm tfì tbm mxpmrfm`cms h bmr pmmrs% sbm

wks klem th rmkcb k lrhkdmr pulefc k`d pbysfckeey sbhw

pmhpem krhu`d tbm `ktfh` k`d whred h tbm fòustfcms kt

peky "smm i. &.


26/40

F` kddftfh` th whrjfì f` k ghrm pmrsh`ke rmkeg th rmkcb k lrhkdmr shcfke lhdy% K``m fs f`tmrmstmd f`

whrj tbkt fs emss mxpefcftey hcusmd h` kmstbmtfc kppmke. Sbm tmees gm tbkt tbm ^hrtek`d krjs k`d \mcrmktfh`

dmpkrtgm`t fs whrjfì h` k irmm`wky trkfe prhomct tbkt wfee ch``mct wftb tbm Sprfì Yktmr Chrrfdhr f` k`

mhrt th prhvfdm lfjm k`d pmdmstrfk` kccmss rhg Gfewkujmm% Hrmih` th Jmeemy ^hf`t ^krj f` @hrtb ^hrtek`d.

Kddftfh`keey% k irmm` spkcm wfee lm gkdm h` Swk` Fsek`d% kesh kehì tbfs rhutm. Ft gkjms dfmrm`t pkrts

h tbm cfty ghrm kccmssflem% ZW k`d whued lrfì m`vfrh`gm`tke qukefty f`th tbm ch`vmrsktfh`% sbm skys.

Tfs prhomct% k`d htbmrs efjm tbm F`tmrsmctfh`s rhirkg kcfeftktmd ly tbm \mifh`ke Krts ! Cueturm Chu`cfe

"\KCC&% wbfcb puts krtfsts f` thucb wftb hrik`fzktfh s krhu`d tbm cfty "m.i. tbm hrtek`d cfty krcbfvms&%

m`klem krtfsts th usm tbmfr sjfees th crmktm phfi`k`t ghvmgm`ts tbkt drkw pmhpem f` k`d spkrj lrhkdmr dmlktms

f` hrdmr th mgphwmr cftfzm`s k`d lrfì klhut cbkìm. K``m% efjm tbm htbmrs% dhms ht wk`t th lm hvmrtey

pheftfcke wbm` gkjfì krt% lmckusm sbm mmes tbkt ft fs sucb k tur` h. Sbm prmmrs whrj tbkt fs kccmssflem th

ks gk`y pmhpem ks phssflem. Ekuibfì% K``m kdds% tbmrm krm kermkdy k gfeefh` pmhpem tbkt krm`t ihfì th

wk`t th bkvm k`ytbfì th dh wftb ft sf`cm ft fs`t f` k ikeemry.

Ehhjfì lkcj th tbm Lfrds @mst ^rhomct% gk`y h tbm pkrtfcfpk`ts sky tbmy met f`vhevmd f` k hrg hcheemctfvm kctfh`. Gmek`fm% h`m h gy f`hrgk`ts wbh pkrtfcfpktmd f` tbm `mst prhomct% wks jmm` h` gkjfì

bmr `mst k pkrt h tbm ekrimr prhomct% hr krtwhrj ks

k wbhem. Sbm skys% F hrfif`keey stkrtmd gkjfì gy

`mst k`d F bkd `h fdmk wbkt ft wks ihfì th ehhj efjm.

ZW Lut F wk`tmd gy `mst th whrj wftb tbm wbhem

fdmk% ZW ft wks prmtty chhe ZW tbm wky pmhpem wmrm

tkejfì klhut ft% yhu j`hw dfmrm t fdmks tbkt wmrm

lmfì tbrhw` hut tbmrm wmrm fùm`tfke. F` tbm m`d

bmr `mst% wbfcb sbm dmscrflms ks k lfrd k`d kesh k

rmprhductfvm systmg "smm i. &% wks u`fqum k`d ymt

cemkrey ch``mctmd wftb tbm htbmr `msts f` gktmrfkes

k`d ch`cmpt. F usmd bhgm dmchr stu lmckusm hr

gm% wbkt tbm `mst rmprmsm tmd wks efjm% rmkeey lmfì

rmkdy% efjm yhur lhdy% yhur bhgm% mvmrytbfì gm`tkeey% hr lmfì prmpkrmd th bkvm k lkly% sbm tmees gm. Htbmr

pkrtfcfpk ts kesh usmd bhgm dmchr gktmrfkes wftb tbm skgm f`tm`t h crmktfì k pbysfcke m`vfrh`gm t tbkt

tbmy met gfrrhrmd tbmfr hw` vfsfh`s hr rmkeftfms h tbmfr bhgms.

^hwmr% \msfstk`cm% k`d tbm \hem ha tbm Lhdy

^hwmr k`d rmsfstk`cm mxfst ks k dfkehium. Tmrm fs `h rmsfstk`cm wftbhut phwmr% oust ks tbmrm fs `h

phwmr wftbhut rmsfstk`cm. \msfstk`cm mxfsts mvmrywbmrm f` tbm mtwhrj h phwmr "Ahuckuet ?&. Lhdfms

krm sulhrdf`ktm th k shurcm h phwmr tbkt fs ckpklem h gkjfì ketmrktfh`s tbkt gkxfgfzm macfm`cy k`d

ch`trhe% crmktfì dhcfefty. Lksmd h` Ahuckuets dfscussfh` h phwmr k`d tbm lhdy% ft fs mvfdm`t tbkt hèy

Afi. ? Tfs lfrds `mst rmprmsmgts lhtb k lfrd k`d krmprhductfvm systmg.


27/40

spmcfc irhups bkvm ch`trhe hvmr tbmfr hw` lhdfms% lksmd h` tbm pktrfkrcbke structurm h phwmr. Dfkgh`d

! [uf`ly krium tbkt gkscuef`fst dhgf`ktfh` bks f`ceudmd tbm gmdfckefzktfh` h whgm`s lhdfms% gkjfì

prmi`k`cy k dfsmksm% hr mxkgpem. Thsm wbh dh `ht bkvm tbm klfefty th gkjm dmcfsfh`s rmikrdfì tbmfr lhdfms

"m.i. tbm klfefty th imt k skm k`d emike klhrtfh`& krm hrcmd th supprmss tbmfr mmds hr gust tur` th ketmr`ktfvm

gmk`s h kttkf`fì tbmfr mmds. Ybfem tbm kutbhrfty tbkt mxfsts hvmr dhcfem lhdfms fs efgftfì f` shgm sm`sms%

tbm rmkctfh` th tbfs phwmr% rmsfstf i tbm dm`fke h k lhdfey dmcfsfh`% lmchgms phwmrue f` fts hw` rfibt.

Ahuckuet kriums tbkt rmsfstk`cm fs k` f`tmrruptfh` h tbm dhgf`k`t dfschursm. Tfs dfsruptfh` prhvfdms k

`krrktfvm h tbm phwmr dfschursm% ly dmtmrgf`fì tbm kcthrs f`vhevmd "f.m. fdm`tfyfì wbh fs f` ch`trhe k`d

wbh bks phwmr&.

Tm phwmr tbkt prhducms us% kcchrdfì th Lutemr% fs mxtmr`ke k`d kesh f`sfdm h us. Sbm kriums tbkt

tbm prkctfcms tbkt ch`stftutm us ks im`dmrmd sulomcts kesh ifvm us k sm`sm h kim`cy k`d rmsfstk`cm "Lutemr

f` Okiimr ?&. Ly rm'krtfcuektfì tbm cktmihrfms h fdm`tfty% wm krm klem th rmsfst structurms h phwmr

k`d crmktm shcfke k`d sme'trk`shrgktfh`s. Shcfke prkctfcm krtfsts k`d pkrtfcfpk`ts krm rmsfstfì hpprmssfvm

structurms ly rmkssfi`fì gmk`fì k`d crmktfì shcfke kwkrm`mss f` hrdmr th stk`d up hr shcfke oustfcm fssumsk`d lmchgm phwmrue.

Gmek`fm spmkjs th tbfs phwmr dy`kgfc tbkt tuis kt hur mxtrmgftfms k`d fs kesh wftbf` us. Sbm skys k

lfrds `mst rmprmsm`ts tbm crmkturms rmkdf`mss lhtb pbysfckeey k`d gm`tkeey th smttem dhw` k`d bkvm k kgfey.

Fts k cbhfcm lfrds gkjm.

Ft wks bmkefì hr gm. Lmckusm F bkd k` klhrtfh` wbm` F wks k tmm`kimr. K`d F dfd`t j`hw tbkt ftwks ihfì th lrfì up dmmpmr mmefìs k`d tbhuibts klhut tbkt% lut ft dfd. ZW Ft gkdm gm tbf`j%efjm klhut% gkylm emttfì ih h tbhsm tbfìs8 K`d tbkt gkylm shgm h tbm cbhfcms F gkdm wmrm ihhdcbhfcms% ft wks rmkeey oust hrifvfì gysme% ft wks k irmkt mxpmrfm`cm. Lmckusm efms klhut cbhfcms% k`dstrktmiy% k`d prmpkrktfh`% k`d tbm `mst rmkeey gkdm gm mme tbkt wky. Tm lmst wky th sky ft fs tbkt F metrmkeey u`cbkf`md% efjm tbmrm wks shgmtbfì bhedfì gm lkcj. Ft wks efjm msckpfì gy ckim% F iumss. Shfts prmtty kgkzfì f` tbkt wky kctukeey. Efjm F dfd`t mxpmct tbkt.

Gmek`fm wks klem th rmm bmrsme h`cm sbm hu`d bmr f``mr phwmr k`d strmìtb. Ly rmchi`fzfì tbm

iufet tbkt hpprmssmd bmr sbm wks klem th emt ih h bmr pkf`. Fg vmry irktmue hr ft. Bhrktfh% bm cbhsm k`

kwmshgm pekthrg th dh tbkt. K`d efjm ft wks`t% bm wks`t gkjfì k`yh`m tkej klhut ft. Ft wks k pmrsh`ke

mxpmrfm`cm.

Klu'Euibhd prhvfdms k vkeuklem f`sfibt f`th rmsfstk`cm ks m`kctmd ly whgm` h k Lmdhuf`

chggu`fty. Klu'Euibhd suiimsts f`vmrtfì Ahuckuets ef`m% Ybmrm tbmrm fs phwmr% tbmrm fs rmsfstk`cm"?&% sh tbkt ft rmkds% wbmrm tbmrm fs rmsfstk`cm% tbmrm fs phwmr "?&% f` hrdmr th lmttmr u`dmrstk`d

tbm dfcbhthgy mtb`hirkpbfckeey. Sbm stktms tbkt tbm Lmdhuf` whgm` m`kct kee shrts h gf`hr dmk`cms

Zsucb ks sbkrfì smcrmts k`d pkrtfcfpktfì f` irhup sfem`cmsW h tbm rmstrfctfh`s m`hrcmd ly medmr gm` f`

tbm chggu`fty "?&. Tmsm hrgs h rmsfstk`cm f`dfcktm k rmkctfh` th tbm mxfstm`cm h k structurm tbkt

hpprmssms tbm whgm`. Yhgm` ikf` phwmr wbm` kctfì f` dmk`cm kikf`st tbm phwmr tbmy krm sulomctmd th.

Tm whgm` krm pusbfì structurke lhu`dkrfms k`d hrcfì tbhsm wftb kutbhrfty "f.m. tbm gm`& th rmkssmss

tbmfr ch`trhe. Tm sultem hrgs h rmsfstk`cm m`kctmd ly tbm Lmdhuf` whgm` f` rmsph`sm th tbmfr hpprmssfh`


28/40

feeustrktm Schtts tbmhrfms h mvmrydky rmsfstk`cm.

Efjm Ahuckuet k`d Klu'Euibhd% Schtt kriums tbkt phwmr ck``ht lm fshektmd: h`m irhup "f.m. tbm meftms&

fs `ht f` ch`trhe h k`htbmr irhup "f.m. pmksk`ts&. F`stmkd% Schtt kriums% k ch`stk`t tui h wkr mxfsts lmtwmm`

pkrtfms. F` tbfs sm`sm% rmsfstk`cm ck` lmchgm k hrg h phwmr. F` k` mhrt th prhvfdm irmktmr f`sfibt f`th

tbm schpm h rmsfstk`cm gmtbhds% Schtt studfms pmksk`t rmlmeefh` k`d rmvheutfh`% pkrtfcuekrey f` tbm stktm h

Jmdkb% Gkekysfk% k`d `ds tbkt rmsfstk`cm mhrts krm `ht kewkys ekrim k`d ehud. Bm kriums tbkt pmksk`ts

mìkim f` mvmrydky hrgs h rmsfstk`cm% f` hrdmr th survfvm k`d ch`tmst tbm phwmr structurm. Tm pmksk`ts%

wbh dh `ht bkvm tbm euxury h hpmèy rmlmeefì dum th mch`hgfc k`d pbysfcke ch`strkf`ts% rfsm up mvmry dky

f` sgkee wkys% f`dfvfdukeey% f` hrdmr th syglhefckeey cbkeemìm tbm emiftfgkcy h phefcy krrkìmgm`ts. Tmsm

sgkee kcts h rmsfstk`cm krm hm` umemd ly vfscmrke rmkctfh`spmhpem wbh ekcj tbm hhd `mmdmd th survfvm

gust `d wkys th lm`d tbm phwmr structurm% hr mxkgpem tbrhuib stmkefì% f` hrdmr th gkjm ft tbrhuib

k`htbmr dky.


29/40

h ^hrtek`ds ^mrcm`t hr tbm Krts prhirkg% k`d htbmr sfgfekr irk`t'ifvfì hrik`fzktfh`s. Tfs f` ftsme%

skys Bhrktfh% fs k pkrt h tbm krtfstfc prhcmss. Tmsm kim`cfms rmprmsm`t tbm pulefc% k`d sh ft fs tbm krtfsts

rmsph`sflfefty th cktmr k`d chgprhgfsm th tbm mmds k`d rmqumsts h tbmsm chggfttmms. Shgmtfgms tbfs fs

prhlemgktfc% lmckusm dfmrm`t stkjmbhedmrs gky bkvm vkrfhus fssums f` gf`d. Bhrktfh mxpekf`s% K pmrsh`

rmprmsm`tfì k` kim`cy bks tbmfr hw` ch`cmr`s% tbmfr hw` kim`dk. ZW Ybm` shgmh`m skys `h% yhu `mmd th

j`hw wby tbmy sky `h th ft% k`d hm` fts lmckusm tbmy krm gkylm f` cbkrim h pulefc skmty k`d tbmy wk`t th

chvmr tbmfr kss k`d gkjm surm tbmrm krm `h sbkrp mdims. Fts k wbhem gf`mmed tbkt yhu bkvm th `kvfiktm% bm

sbkjms bfs bmkd.

Bhrktfh Ekw% K``m Irmm`whhd% Sk`dy Skgpsh`% k`d Cktby Ckdm mkcb dh htbmr whrj f` hrdmr th

lm klem th supphrt tbmfr krtfstfc m`dmkvhrs. Ybfem tbfs gky smmg lurdm`shgm% tbm krtfsts sky tbkt tbmfr rmke

ohls "f.m. ^@CK krt prhmsshr% bhrtfcueturke ch`suetk t% ^CC krt prhmsshr% k`d gkjmr h pmrsh`ke bfsthrfms%

rmspmctfvmey& f`hrg tbmfr prkctfcms% k`d prhvfdm rmsb k`d rkw mxpmrfm`cms tbkt tbmy mkcb drkw uph` wbm`

chgphsfì tbmfr krt prhomcts.

Shcfke prkctfcm krt% ks k typm h rmektfh`ke krt% hcusms h` tbm kudfm`cm ks k chggu`fty rktbmr tbk`hcusfì h` k rfifd krtfst'vfmwmr lksmd rmektfh`sbfp. \mektfh`ke krt fs k dfrmct rmsph`sm th tbm sbf rhg k

ihhds th k smrvfcm'lksmd mch`hgy "Lfsbhp ?&. Ft fs kesh k rmsph`sm th tbm vfrtuke rmektfh sbfps h tbm

f`tmr`mt k`d iehlkefzktfh` kt ekrim% wbfcb h` tbm h`m bk`d bkvm prhgptmd k dmsfrm hr ghrm pbysfcke k`d

kcm'th'kcm f`tmrkctfh s lmtwmm` pmhpem% wbfem h` tbm htbmr bkvm f`spfrmd krtfsts th kdhpt k dh'ft'yhursme

"DFV& kpprhkcb k`d ghdme tbmfr hw` phssflem u`fvmrsms "Lfsbhp ?&. H`ms hw` phssflem u`fvmrsm

fs k spkcm tbkt mglhdfms pmrsh`ke fdmkes'' k shcfmty rmm h sumrfì hr hpprmssfh`% hr mxkgpem. Tm sbf f`

kttftudm thwkrd shcfke cbkìm bks emd krtfsts th smmj prhvfsfh`ke sheutfh`s f` tbm prmsm t cfrcugstk`cms rktbmr

tbk` tryfì th cbkìm tbmfr m`vfrh`gm t. Krtfsts thdky krm sfgpey emkr`fì th f`bklft tbm whred f` k lmttmr

wky: f`stmkd h ehhjfì hrwkrd th k uturm uthpfk% tbfs krt smts up u`ctfh`fì gfcrhthpfks f` tbm prmsm`t

"Lfsbhp ?&. Tm Hpm` Cfrcems prhomct fs k jmy mxkgpem h k` krtfst tkjfì tbm DFV kpprhkcb th gkjfì

tbmfr hw` phssflem u`fvmrsms ly kcfeftktfì kcm'th'kcm f`tmrkctfh`s k`d gkjfì whrj tbkt supphrts

chggu`fty'lksmd hrik`fzktfh`s "f.m. ek``md krm tbhhd% Sfstmrs h tbm \hkd Ck&.

Kt k u`dkgm`tke emvme% shcfke prkctfcm krt fs vkeuklem f` fts spmcfc spktfke ch`tmxt k`d tbm

rmektfh`s tbkt krm mstklefsbmd bmrm. Lhurdfmu tbmhrfzms h` shcfke spkcm% k`d tbm vkeum h rmektfh`sbfps%

guetfdfgm sfh`kefty h spkcm% k`d fgphrtk`cm h sulomctfvfty wftb rmikrd th tbm rmprmsm`tktfh` h tbm shcfke

whred k`d tbm bfmrkrcbfms tbkt mxfst wftbf` k`d lmtwmm` meds. Lhurdfmu kriums wbm` ckpftke fs hlomctfmd

hr mtfsbfzmd th bkvm gktmrfke prhpmrtfms% ft ckrrfms wftb ft k phwmr hvmr tbm prhduct k`d tbm eklhr. Tm

gktmrfke prhpmrtfms h tbm ckpftke dmtmrgf`m tbm phtm`tfke prhts. rhomctfì tbm phtm`tfke prht h cueturke

ckpftke ifvms ft k phsftfh` hr bfmrkrcbfcke rk`jfì wftbf` k shcfke spkcm. Ifmry` kriums tbkt pekcm fs k spkcm

hr u`dmrstk`dfì phwmr% chggu`fty% f`mqukeftfms% fdm`tfty% k`d rmsfstk`cm. F` hrdmr th u`dmrstk`d tbm

pbm`hgm`k kt peky% ft fs fgphrtk`t th ch`sfdmr tbm bfsthry h k pekcm% k`d fts currm`t shcfke dy`kgfcs. Ybm`

kpprhprfktfì k sftm hr k pulefc krt prhomct% ft fs fgphrtk`t th gkjm whrj tbkt fs sftm'spmcfc% cueturkeey


30/40

rmemvk`t% k`d shcfkeey ch`scfhus "Af`jmepmkre ! Kcch`cf

&. Ifvm` tbkt tbm shcfke prkctfcm krtwhrj dfrmctey f`vhevms

tbhsm wbh f`bklft tbm pekcm wbmrm tbm krt wfee lm sftuktmd% tbm

mmctfvm`mss h tbm prhomct rmektms th tbm cheemctfvm mxpmrfm`cm

hrgmd ly tbm krtfsts vfsfh` k`d rkgmwhrj.

Jwh` "& hutef`ms tbrmm pkrkdfigs hu`d wftbf` tbm

spbmrm h pulefc krt. Tm rst fs tbm krt f` pulefc pekcms ghdme%

pursumd ly Kemxk`dmr Ckedmr% f` wbfcb bm wks chggfssfh`md

th gkjm krt ly k pulefc prhirkg "smm i. &. @mxt% tbmrm fs tbm

krt ks pulefc spkcm kpprhkcb% f` wbfcb krtfsts crmktmd dmsfi`'

hrfm`tmd scuepturms tbkt u`ctfh` ks strmmt ur`fturm% ek`dsckpmd

m`vfrh`gm`ts% ks wmee ks krcbftmcturke ch`structfh`s. Tm `ke ghdme% wbfcb lmst rmektms th tbm Lfrds @mst

^rhomct k`d htbmr shcfke prkctfcm krt% fs tbm krt f` pulefc f`tmrmst ghdme% f` wbfcb krtfsts hrmirhu`d shcfke

fssums k`d pheftfcke kctfvfsg k`d cheeklhrktm wftb tbm chggu`ftfms surrhu`dfì tbmfr whrj. Gfwh` suiimststbkt mmctfvm pulefc krt fs `ht klhut k` f`dfvfduke krtfst k`d bfs hr bmr kcchgpefsbgm`ts% lut rktbmr% ft fs

klhut mìkimgm`t k`d tbm chggu`fty. Ekw fs kdkgk`t klhut bfs rhem ks k` krtfst wbh bmeps chggu`ftfms th

crmktm gmk`f i. F` bfs myms% tbm krt bm gkjms k`d kcfeftktms fs gmk`t th supphrt tbm pulefc% k`d bm dhms `ht

whrry klhut bfs hw` prhts hr krtfstfc kcchgpefsbgm`ts f` tbm gkf`strmkg krt whred sm`sm.

Tmrm bkvm lmm` gk`y ch`tmstmd k`d bfibey pheftfcfzmd ghgm`ts durfì tbm pkst cm`tury wbm` krt

bks em tbm ch``ms h gusmugs k`d htbmr ghrm trkdftfh`ke mxbflftfh` vmùms k`d cbkeemìmd tbm shcfke

gmk`fì k`d kturm h krt "Ekcy &. Krtfst kpprhkcbms th spkcm rkìm rhg prfvktm th pulefc. Ekcy tmrgs

tbm ghrm pulefcey sftuktmd krtfst ks tbm krtfst ks mxpmrfm`cmr k`d krtfst ks kctfvfst.3> Lhtb cktmihrfms

f`vhevm dfrmct f`tmrkctfh s wftb k chggu`fty. Tm krtfst kctfvfst cktmihry fs pkrtfcuekrey rmemvk`t th shcfke

prkctfcm krt f` tbkt ft rmqufrms tbm mìkimgm`t h tbm kudfm`cm ks kctfvm pkrtfcfpk`ts th tbm whrj. F` tbfs

wky% krtfsts vm`turm f`th tbm dhgkf` h cftfzm`'kctfvfsg% sh tbkt shcfke oustfcm k`d tbm pulefc kim`dk ck`

lm pursumd mmctfvmey tbrhuib kctfvfty% rktbmr tbk` gmrmey tbrhuib fdm`tfty. Thuib ht kee shcfke prkctfcm

krtfsts% ks gm`tfh`md mkrefmr% wfsb th lm ch`sfdmrmd krtfst'kctfvfsts% tbmfr whrj mgphwmrs chggu`ftfms f`

wkys tbkt ghrm trkdftfh`ke krtfsts ck` mvmr kcbfmvm.3

@hw th ch`sfdmr tbm rmektfh`sbfp lmtwmm` tbm krtfst k`d pkrtfcfpk`t% tbfs hrg h shcfke ckpftke mxfsts

ghst mmctfvmey f` k rmkeg tbkt fs h`bfmrkrcbfcke. Tm krtfst ifvms iufdk`cm% ymt tbm pkrtfcfpk t crmktms

gmk`fì. Krtfsts wbh whrj dfrmctey wftbf` k chggu`fty hr k cheemctfvm krm `ht rmchi`fzmd f` tbm cekssfcke

sm`sm ks f`dfvfdukeey kcchgpefsbmd krtfsts "M`wmzhr &.3< Oust ks phststructurkefst tbmhrfsts Lkrtbms

k`d Dmrrfdk krium hr tbm dmktb h tbm kutbhr f` eftmrkturm% f` shgm sm`sms% shcfke prkctfcm krt% wbmtbmr

f`tm tfh`keey hr htbmrwfsm% smmgs th rmprmsm`t tbm dmktb h tbm krtfst. Bhwmvmr% Ahuckuet rmutms tbfs dmktb%

skyfì tbkt tbm kutbhr bks f`stmkd tkjm` h` k `mw hrg% ks k pkrt h tbm wrftfì tbkt bm hr sbm prhducms

"Ahuckuet ! \klf`hw ?&. Ym ck` smm tbm skgm pbm`hgm`h` wftb rmikrd th Ekws krt. Ekw fs `ht

Afi. ? Cbfckih Aekgfìh% . ^kf`tmd stmme%Kemxk`dmr Ckedmr vfk Dmsfi`hrpbk`.chg.


31/40

Afi. ? Yhgm` gkrcbfì hr dmsmirmiktfh` f`tbm Shutbmr` Armmdhg Ghvmgm`t% '. SfevmrImektf` rf`t% vfk dkfeyjhs.chg

rmchi`fzmd f` tbm skgm wky gk`y gusmug k`d ikeemry'lksmd

krtfsts krm rmvmrmd. Efjmwfsm% bfs krt fs ghst phfi`k`t f` fts

rmektfh` lmtwmm` tbm pkrtfcfpk`t% hlomct% k`d gmk`fì wftbf` k

spmcfc ch`tmxt. Ybfem tbm krtfst fs stfee prmsm`t f` tbm lhdy h

whrj% tbmrm fs emss hcus h` bfs dfrmct k`d pmrsh`ke rmektfh` th

tbm whrj.

Mch "& ch`sfdmrs hpm` whrj th lm k gmtbhd h ghlfefzfì

f`dfvfdukes th dfrmctey f`tmrkct wftb krt k`d sbkpm tbm gmk`fì

h tbm whrj. K dfkemctfc mxfsts lmtwmm` tbm whrj h krt k`d fts

pmrhrgmr% kcchrdfì th Mch% k`d krtwhrj fs kewkys f`tmrprmtmd

ly tbm vfmwmr% sh ft fs kewkys sulomctfvm. Kee whrjs krm f`

ghvmgm`t% k`d quftm eftmrkeey% tbm ghlfems ly Kemxk`dmr Ckedmr "smm i. &% hr mxkgpem% ghvm f` tbm kfr

k`d kssugm dfmrm`t spktfke dfsphsftfh`s. Tmy ch`tfùhusey crmktm tbmfr hw` spkcm k`d tbm sbkpms th ee

ft "Mch f` Lfsbhp ?&. F` tmrgs h tbm msts% k ch`stk t dfkehium mxfsts lmtwmm` tbm bkìmrs tbktbkvm tkjm` tbm hrg h k bhgm% tbm gkjmr h tbfs bhgm% k`d tbm

vfmwmr h tbm `mst. F` tbfs wky% krt fs ch`stk tey ghedfì k`d

trk`shrgfì th gkjm `mw ksshcfktfh`s% fdmks% k`d sbkpms% k`d

tbus prhvfdms k ch`tfùke spkcm hr f`tmrprmtktfh` k`d pulefc

mìkimgm`t.

ûlefc kccmssflfefty fs mssm`tfke th mkcb h tbm krtfsts

whrj. Cktby tmees gm tbkt pulefc kccmssflfefty wks tbm stkrtfì

phf`t hr tbm Shutbmr` Armmdhg Ghvmgm`t pfcturms "smm

i. &% k`d tbhuib sbm dhms whrj hr bmr hw` mòhygm`t%

mvmrytbfì sbm crmktms f` shgm wky f`chrphrktms tbm pulefc.

K``m tmees gm tbkt sbm fs ghst drkw` th tbm pulefc kspmct h

krt. Sbm lmefmvms tbkt ch``mctfì krtfsts wftb hrik`fzktfh`s k`d

chggu`ftfms fs k wky hr f``hvktfvm k`d crmktfvm pmhpem th shevm prhlemgs f` htbmr f`stftutfh`s. F rmkeey ehvm

Bhrktfhs whrj. Fg rmkeey jf`d h m`kghrmd ly tbm prhcmss rfibt `hw% sbm tmees gm h` k irmy kmr`hh` hvmr

tmk. Bhrktfh dhms gk`y prhomcts f` wbfcb bm f`vhevms htbmr krtfsts tbkt bm j`hws krm f`tmrmstmd f` tbm sulomct

gkttmr bm fs whrjfì h`.

Smvmrke ymkrs kih% Bhrktfh wks smemctmd th dh k prhomct kt tbm Hrmih` Stktm Bhspftke f` Skemg. Bm

ksjmd kee tbm irk`t `kefsts th ohf` bfg f` gkjfì tbm prhomct k succmss% lmckusm bm j`mw tbkt mkcb krtfst

tbkt bkd prmsm`tmd k prhphske wks pkssfh`ktm klhut tbm prhomcts phtm`tfke k`d bkd irmkt sjfees th hmr. F

tbf`j tbmrm krm k eht h wkys th usm tbfs `mw ghdme h cheeklhrktfh`% sh tbkt pmhpem wbh krm rmkeey f`vmstmd f`

shgmtbfì imt th pkrtfcfpktm% lmckusm tbmyrm tbmrm% k`d tbmy wk`t th dh ft. K``m skys Bhrktfh h`cm thed bmr%

yhu j`hw% `ht mvmrylhdy fs Cbf`msm k`d iky k`d tbm rfibt pmrsh` hr tbkt tfgm. Bm skfd k eht h tfgms fts

Afi. ? \huim rfhgpbk`t "rfugpbk`t \md&'. Kemxk`dmr Ckedmr vfk Krthlsmrvmd.chg.


32/40

klhut bhw lfi h k gf`hrfty yhu krm% th imt smemctmd th dh tbm prhomct. ZW Bm ck` peui f`th k gfeefh` prhomcts

lmckusm bm fs k gf`hrfty lut bm dhms`t `mcmsskrfey j`hw bhw th dh mvmrytbfì% sh cheeklhrktfh` fs jmy.

Bhrktfh kirmms tbkt cheeklhrktfh` fs vftke th tbm succmss h k`y shcfke prkctfcm krtfst. Sf`cm tbm krt chggu`fty

fs sgkee% ft fs usmue tkp f`th sbkeehw wmee h ckpklem k`d wfeefì krtfsts. K``m gkjms k ihhd phf`t% skyfì tbkt

krtfsts dh ht usm tbmfr hw` chggu`fty m`huib ks k cheeklhrktfvm rmshurcm. Gucb h tbm krt whred% K``m

skys% fs vmry mxceusfvm% efjm k prfvktm krt ceul. F yhu dh`t j`hw tbm rfibt pmhpem% yhurm ch`sfdmrmd emss

vkeuklem hr f tmrmstfì lksmd h` tbmfr lfksms.

Tm vkeum h shcfke prkctfcm krt efms f` fts dmpm`dm`cm h` k dfvmrsm krrky h pmhpem k`d shcfke

f`stftutfh`s. Tm f`vhevmgm`t h kim`cfms% hrik`fzktfh`s% `mfiblhrs% rfm`ds k`d kgfey crmktm k` mxpmrfm`cm

tbkt fs f` ch`stk`t ghtfh`% rkgfì k`d rmf`hrcfì shcfke vkeums. Tm spktfke ch`tmxt k`d fùm`cm h

shcfke ckpftke gkjms tbm krt gkeemklem k`d kee m`chgpkssfì. Ohb`sh` "& wrftms klhut tbm `mcmssfty h

ch``mctfh s k`d cheeklhrktfh`s f` hrdmr th ume f``hvktfh`s. Irmkt fdmks "f.m. krt prhomcts% shcfke cktkeysts%

mtc.& krm tbm rmsuet h rmm k`d hpm` kccmss th f`hrgktfh` chglf`md wftb dm`sm mtwhrjs h mìkimd

cheeklhrkthrs. Tfs fs shgmtbfì Bhrktfh k`d htbmr shcfke prkctfcm krtfsts tkjm th bmkrt% k`d ch`sfdmrfì tbmf`tmrkctfh s F bkvm bkd wftb pkrtfcfpk`ts k`d supphrtmrs h shcfke prkctfcm krt prhomcts% tbm whrj smmgs th

yfmed vmry phsftfvm rmsph sms.

Q. Af`ke Thuibts

Tm ktypfcke krt hrg tbkt bks drkw` f` Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw% Sk`dy Skgpsh`% K``m Irmm`whhd%

k`d Cktby Ckdm "kghì htbmrs& wfee surmey ch`vmrt gk`y ghrm gkf`strmkg krtfsts% ikrdm`mrs% kctfvfsts% k`dshcfke whrjmrs wbh smmj th `d k ghrm gmk`fìue msckpm: h`m tbkt bks tbm phtm`tfke h mgphwmrf i tbm

vhfcmemss. Shcfke prkctfcm krt% ks k` mxpmrfm tfke k`d hpm` gmtbhd h whrjfì% fs k hrg h rmsfstk`cm "tbhuib

tbfs fs `ht mxpefcft&% k`d ks sucb% tbm mhrt lmchgms k hrg h phwmr "Ahuckuet % : Lutemr :

Dfkgh`d ! [uf`ly : Klu'Euibhd : k`d Schtt &. Tm sultem mhrts h rmsfstk`cm kttmgpt th

rmhrg shcfke structurms ly kddrmssfì cheemctfvm fdm`tftfms tbrhuib ohf`t mxpmrfm`cms% k`d f` dhfì sh% tbfs

rmprmsm`tktfh`ke gmtbhd rkfsms kwkrm`mss k`d f`spfrms hutrkim "Ekglmrt'Lmktty &.

Tm Lfrds @mst ^rhomct% ks h`m h tbm gk`y f`stk`cms h shcfke prkctfcm krt% f`spfrmd k irhup h

pmhpem th cheemctfvmey gkjm gmk`fì k`d rmkssfi` syglhefc vkeums th hlomcts. Ekw iktbmrmd supphrtmrs h

tbm ek``md krm`tbhhd Cheuglfk Yfeekgmttm thimtbmr th rmgf`d us kee h tbm phwmr tbkt wm bkvm wftbf`

us k`d tbm kim`cy wm bkvm th crmktm hur hw` rmkeftfms tbkt rmmct hur dmsfrms th efvm f` k whred h oustfcm

k`d mqukefty. Bm bmepmd us kee rmchi`fzm tbkt wm ck` lm mgphwmrmd ly hur hw` lhdfms. Ghvfì kwky rhg

k` f`dustrfkefzmd% ihhds'lksmd mch`hgy th k smrvfcm'lksmd mch`hgy% vkeum fs `h ehìmr gh`mtkry. \ktbmr%

vkeum fs hu`d f` hur rmektfh sbfps wftb pmmrs% k`d tbm gktmrfkes wm usm kcfeftktm tbmsm mghtfh`keey rfcb k`d

cheemctfvmey u`fmd rmektfh`sbfps.


33/40

Ft fs dfacuet th gmksurm tbm mmctfvm`mss h shcfke prkctfcm krt gmtbhds ks k gmk`s th spur

ch`vmrsktfh`s k`d mgphwmr f`dfvfdukes th kddrmss f`mqukeftfms. Ifvm` tbkt tbm krtfsts krm mkcb f`spfrmd ly tbm

pkrtfcfpkthry kspmct h krt% k`d wfsb th ckpturm tbm efvmd mxpmrfm`cms h tbmfr supphrtfì chggu`ftfms% tbm

prhomct rmsh`ktms h` shgm emvme wftb tbm sme'smemctmd irhup tbkt tbm krtfst bks kppmkemd th. F hu`d mvfdm`cm

tbkt pmhpem ch`tfùmd th lm mìkimd kmr tbm durktfh` h tbm Lfrds @mst prhomct ly rmmctfì h` tbmfr

mxpmrfm`cms f` prhhu`d wkys% sbkrfì tbmfr mxpmrfm`cms wftb htbmrs% vfsftfì ^^CY ghrm rmiuekrey% k`d sh

h`. Ahr tbhsm wbh rmmvkeuktmd tbmfr pkf` k`d f`smcurftfms rmikrdfì pkst klhrtfh`s% tbm mxpmrfm`cm h gkjfì

k `mst wks k ghvfì h`m.

kjfì tbfs prhomct urtbmr% F whued efjm th ehhj kt k irhup fdm`tfty hr shcfke fssum lmhrm k`d kmr k

shcfke prkctfcm krt f`tmrvm`tfh`. Ch`sfdmrfì gy hw` mxpmrfm`cms lufedfì k mst% F hu`d tbm whrjsbhp th lm

k shrt h cktkeyst% rmgf`dfì gm h kee gy mxpmrfm`cms kt ek``md krm tbhhd% gy pkssfh` hr rmprhductfvm

bmketb ckrm k`d mducktfh`% k`d gy bhpm h rkfsfì kwkrm`mss k`d supphrtfì êk``md ^krm`tbhhd f` fts

gfssfh` th prhvfdm mvmry whgk` wftb skm k`d rmefklem rmprhductfvm ckrm hptfh`s.

Ks F ch`structmd gy hlehì% chppmry gmtkeefc `mst% cf`cbmd wftb leum cklem tfms% F fgkif`md wbkt shrth bhgm F bhpm th h`m dky sbkrm wftb gy ehvmd h`ms. K bhgm tbkt fs sfgpem% chzy% k`d pmrsh`ke. K spkcm tbkt

F ck` ckee gy hw`% f` wbfcb F bkvm shurcms h wkrgtb% supphrt% k`d kim`cy. Gy `mst% efjm gk`y h gy pmmrs%

rmprmsm`ts gy sultem kttmgpts th smcurm rfibts hvmr gy hw` lhdy k`d kgfey.


34/40

Yhrjs Cftmd

Kkimrsthu`% Gkry Oh% k`d Mefssk Kutbmr

Ch`sfdmrfì Amgf`fst Kctfvfst Krt. @YSK Ohur`ke "% Amgf`fst Kctfvfst Krt&?vff'xfv.

Klu'Euibhd% Efek

Tm \hgk`cm h \msfstk`cm? rkcfì rk`shrgktfh`s h ^hwmr tbrhuib Lmdhuf` Yhgm`.

Kgmrfck` Mtb`hehifst "&?'.

K`h`yghus

ek``md ^krm tbhhd. Memctrh`fc dhcugm`t% bttp?((www.pek``mdpkrm`tbhhd.hri(% kccmssmd

Kprfe % .

K`h`yghus

ulefc Spbmrm rhomct. Memctrh`fc dhcugm`t% bttp?((www.pulefcspbmrmprhomct.hri(% kccmssmd

Kprfe % .

Lfsbhp% Cekfrm% md.

krtfcfpktfh ? Dhcugm`ts h Ch`tmgphrkry Krt. Eh`dh`% Mìek`d k`d Ckglrfdim% GK?

Ybftmcbkpme k`d GF ^rmss.

Lfsbhp% Cekfrm

Krtfcfke Bmees ? ^krtfcfpkthry Krt k`d tbm ^heftfcs h Spmctkthrsbfp. Eh`dh`: @mw Vhrj? Qmrsh

Lhhjs.

Leku% Oudftb \.

Study h tbm Krts? K \mkpprkfske. K`ùke \mvfmws h Shcfhehiy ?'.Lhurdfmu% fmrrm

krtfcfpk t Hlomctfvktfh`. Tm Ohur`ke h tbm \hyke K`tbrhphehifcke F`stftutm "&?'.

Shcfke Spkcm k`d Syglhefc hwmr. Shcfhehifcke Tmhry "&?'.

Tm Shcfke Spkcm k`d tbm Im`msfs h Irhups. Tmhry k`d Shcfmty "&?'.

Tm Ahrgs h Ckpftke F` Bk`dlhhj h Tmhry k`d \msmkrcb hr tbm Shcfhehiy h Mducktfh`. OI

\fcbkrdsh`% md. ^p. '. @mw Vhrj? Irmm`whhd.

Lhurdfmu% ^fmrrm% k`d Ykcquk`t% Ehfc O. D.

% K` F`vftktfh` th \mmxfvm Shcfhehiy% Cbfckih? ]`fvmrsfty h Cbfckih ^rmss.

Lruiumrk% k`fk

\mmxfh`s h` ]smue Krt( \mmxfh`ms Shlrm Me Krtm tfe. F` Emcturks krk ]` Mspmctkdhr

F`qufmth. Vkyh Kz`kr k`d ^kleh Gkrtf`mz% mds. ^p. '. Gkdrfd% Spkf`? CKG Cm`trh dm Krtm

Dhs dm Gkyh.

Dm Skussurm% Amrdf`k`d

Chursm f` Im`mrke Efìufstfcs. rd md. @mw Vhrj? Cheuglfk ]`fvmrsfty ^rmss.


35/40

Dfkgh`d% F ! [uf`ly% E. "mds&

Amgf`fsg ! Ahuckuet? \mmctfh`s h` \msfstk`cm. Lhsth`? @hrtbmkstmr` ]`fvmrsfty ^rmss. ^p. Rf'

xfx.

Drmw% Omssm

Tm Cheemctfvm Ckgchrdmr f` Krt k`d Kctfvfsg. F` Lekjm Stfgsh` k`d Irmihry Sbhemttm% mds. p

'. Gf``mkphefs% G@? ]`fvmrsfty h Gf``mshtk ^rmss.

M`wmzhr% Hjwuf

Tm ^rhductfh` h Shcfke Spkcm ks k` Krtwhrj. F` Cheemctfvfsg Kmr Ghdmr`fsg? Tm Krt h

Shcfke Fgkif`ktfh` Kmr . Lekjm Stfgsh` k`d Irmihry Sbhemttm% mds. ^p. '. Gf``mkphefs%

G@? ]`fvmrsfty h Gf``mshtk ^rmss.

Af`jmepmkre% hg% k`d Qfth Kcch`cf

Dfkehiums f` ûlefc Krt. Ckglrfdim% Gkss.? GF rmss.

Aemtcbmr% Bkrrmee

BK\\MEE.AEMCBM\. Memctrh`fc dhcugm`t% bttp?((www.bkrrmeemtcbmr.chg(% kccmssmd Kprfe

% .

Ahuckuet% Gfcbme

Dfscfpef`m k`d û`fsb? Tm Lfrtb h tbm ^rfsh`. @mw Vhrj? ^k`tbmh` Lhhjs.

Tm Bfsthry h Smxukefty. Qhe. ? K` F`trhductfh`. @mw Vhrj? \k`dhg Bhusm.

Ahuckuet% Gfcbme% k`d ^kue \klf`hw

Tm Ahuckuet \mkdmr. @mw Vhrj? ^k`tbmh` Lhhjs.

Ifmry`% Thgks A.

K Spkcm hr êkcm f` Shcfhehiy. K`ùke \mvfmw h Shcfhehiy ?'.

Bm`sbkw% Stkèmy J.% Susbmmek Sfìb% k`d kyehr Bkks Tm F`cfdm`cm h Klhrtfh` Yhredwfdm. F`tmr`ktfh`ke Akgfey êk``fì ^mrspmctfvms

"Suppemgm`t&?S'S.

Jwh`% Gfwh`

H`m ekcm Kmr k`htbmr? Sftm'Spmcfc Krt k`d Ehcktfh`ke Fdm`tfty. Ckglrfdim% Gkss.? GF

^rmss.

Okiimr% Ifee

Oudftb Lutemr? Smxuke heftfcs% Shcfke Cbkìm k`d tbm hwmr h tbm mrhrgktfvm. Eh`dh`: @mw

Vhrj? \hutemdim.

Ohb`sh`% Stmvm`

Ybmrm Ihhd Fdmks Chgm rhg? Tm @kturke Bfsthry h F``hvktfh`. @mw Vhrj? \fvmrbmkd

Lhhjs% ^mìuf` Irhup.

Ekcy% Suzk``m

Gkppfì tbm mrrkf`? @mw Im`rm ûlefc Krt. Lky ^rmss.

EkglmrtLmktty% Ckrrfm

wmevm Gfems? Lhu`dkrfms h tbm @mw Krt(Kctfvfsg. Sfi`s "&?'.

GkcCek`cy% O.


36/40

K`tbrhphehiy% Krt k`d Ch`tmst F` Ch`tmstfì Krt? Krt% ^heftfcs k`d Fdm`tfty f` tbm Ghdmr`

Yhred. O. GkcCek`cy% md. ^p. '. @mw Vhrj? Lmri.

Gkbh`% Gkurmm`

Hcthlmr Tm Qfsflem Mvfdm`cm h Cueturke rhducmrs. K`ùke \mvfmw h K`tbrhphehiy ?'

.

Gfeemr% Dk`fme

Gktmrfke Cueturm k`d Gkss Ch`sugptfh`% Hxhrd? Lmri.Ghhdy% Mekf`m% k`d Kefsh` ^bf``my

K Chggu`fty'Mìkimd Krt rhirkg hr Hedmr mhpem? Ahstmrfì Shcfke F`ceusfh`. Ck`kdfk`

Ohur`ke h` Kifì "&?'.

Gurrky% Vxtk Gkyk

\kpm rkugk% tbm Stktm% k`d tbm Krt h rkcmy Mgf`. Ckefhr`fk Ekw \mvfmw "&?'.

^hrtms% Kemok`drh

Shcfke Ckpftke? Fts Hrfif s k`d Kppefcktfh`s f` Ghdmr` Shcfhehiy. K`ùke \mvfmw h Shcfhehiy

?'.

Schtt% Okgms

Mvmrydky Ahrgs h ^mksk`t \msfstk`cm. Ohur`ke h ^mksk`t Studfms "&?'.

Dhgf`ktfh` k`d tbm Krts h \msfstk`cm ? Bfddm` rk`scrfpts. @mw Bkvm`? Vkem ]`fvmrsfty ^rmss.

Yfejf`sh`'Ymlmr% Cekrm G.

K` K`tbrhphehifst kghì tbm Kcthrs. Mtb`hirkpby "&?'.

V% Ckrhef`m

Vmkrs k`d Yhreds Kpkrt. Memctrh`fc dhcugm`t% bttp?((www.wbc.hri(sthrfms(ckrhef`m.btg%

kccmssmd Kprfe % .


37/40

M`d`htms

. Kee tbm pbhthirkpbs f` tbfs tbmsfs% uèmss htbmrwfsm `htmd% wmrm ifvm` th gm ly Bhrktfh Buì'Vk` Ekw.

Bhrktfh% tbk`j yhu hr kddfì sh gucb vflrk`cy k`d efm th tbfs whrj+

. Cktby Ckdm% h`m h tbm krtfsts F f`tmrvfmwmd hr tbfs prhomct% f`trhducmd gm th tbfs bfsthrfcke tmrg% cueturke

whrjmr% wbfcb sbm usmd th dmscrflm bmrsme ks k pbhthirkpbmr h tbm Yhgm`s Eflmrktfh` Ghvmgm`t. Sbm% efjm

gk`y htbmr kctfvfsts k`d krtfsts h tbm tfgm wmrm irmktey ghvmd k`d fgpkctmd ly @mkrs pmrhrgk`cms.. Bkrrmee Aemtcbmr rmsph`ds th tbfs htfh` h krt ks chggmrcm. F` tbm krt whred tbmrm fs sh gucb mgpbksfs

h` hrfif`kefty. Krtfsts luy rfibt f`th tbkt% k`d mvm` tbhuib tbmy krm kewkys fùm`cmd ly htbmr pmhpem tbmy

try prmtm`dfì tbkt tbmy krm `ht. Tm ikeemrfms prhghtm tbfs fdmk k`d m`churkim sfi`kturm styems% rkrmcktfh`

k`d tbm stkr(cmemlrfty systmg. F ck` smm wby tbm ikeemrfms whued efjm tbkt wky h dhfì lusf`mss lmckusm ft

keehws tbmg th f`ktm prfcms k`d gkjm dmgk`d% lut hr krtfsts tbmrm fs `h rmke lm`mt. Ft oust supprmssms tbm

trum wky tbkt pmhpem dmvmehp tbmfr whrj tbrhuib kdkptfì k`d bylrfdfzfì k`d crmktms k` m`vfrh`gm`t

wbmrm krtfsts mme efjm tbmy bkvm th prhtmct k`d gkjm smcrmt tbmfr prhcmss rktbmr tbk` sbkrfì ft rmmey k`d

mmefì ihhd klhut dhfì tbkt% wbfcb F tbf`j whued lm gucb ghrm bmketby lhtb hr f`dfvfdukes k`d ks k

systmg "bkrrmeemtcbmr.chg&.

. Ybfem rmektfh`sbfps cm`tmrmd krhu`d ikeemrfms krm mch`hgfckeey irhu`dmd% rmektfh`sbfps tbkt lurimh`

hutsfdm h tbmsm smttfìs krm hcusmd ghrm h` chggh`keftfms h fdm`tfty k`d tbus krm kr ghrm gmk`fìue.

. Tm Hpm` Cfrcems ^rhomct chglf`ms êk``md ^krm`tbhhd% Sfstmrs h tbm \hkd Ck% k`d ^fh`mmr êkcm

Gkee ks tbrmm smpkrktm shcfke hrik`fzktfh`s% mkcb prhvfdfì smrvfcms tbkt krm u`dmrvkeumd'' rmprhductfvm

bmketb ckrm% hhd th tbm bhgmemss% k`d k spkcm hr rmtkfemrs th smee ihhds. Bhrktfh skys bm fs ghst f`tmrmstmd f`

tbm pulefcs mìkimgm t wftb hrik`fzktfh`s% k`d tbm vkeum "hr ekcj tbmrmh& tbkt wm pekcm h` sucb mvmrydky

smrvfcms.

. Bkrrmee Aemtcbmr fs k` ksshcfktm prhmsshr k`d hu`dmr h tbm Shcfke ^rkctfcm Krt GAK prhirkg kt ^S]..Irmm`whhd fs `ht keh`m f` rmkcbfì tbm med h shcfke prkctfcm krt tbrhuib bhrtfcueturm. Shcfke prkctfcm

krtfst Bkrrmee Aemtcbmr sbkrms k sfgfekr pmrsh`ke bfsthry. Trhuib k krgfì prkctfcug kt ]C Sk`tk Cruz% bfs

pkssfh` th f`vhevm chggu`ftfms k`d gkjfì krt irmw "bkrrmeemtcbmr.chg&.

. Yhredwfdm% `mkrey - h klhrtfh`s krm feemikeey pmrhrgmd% k`d gk`y h tbmsm krm u`skm% kcchrdfì

th Bm`sbkw% Stkèmy J.% Susbmmek Sfìb% k`d kyehr Bkks. . Tm F`cfdm`cm h Klhrtfh` Yhredwfdm.

F`tmr`ktfh`ke Akgfey êk``fì ^mrspmctfvms % suppe.? SS.

. Tfs f`hrgktfh` k`d gucb ghrm ck` lm iemk`md rhg tbm êk``md ^krm`tbhhd wmlsftm%

pek``mdpkrm`tbhhd.hri.

. Ckrhef`ms uee sthry ck` lm hu`d h` tbm Amgf`fst Yhgm`s Bmketb Cm`tmr wmlsftm% bttp?((www.wbc.hri(

sthrfms(ckrhef`m.btg

. Ghrm klhrtfh`'rmektmd stktfstfcs ck` lm hu`d h` Tm Klhrtfh` Kccmss ^rhomct wmlsftm%

hurlhdfmshursmevms.hri.

. rhvfdm fs k` hrik`fzktfh` tbkt fs chggfttmd th lufedfì f`rkstructurm th supphrt klhrtfh` ckrm%

whrjfì krhu`d tbm ekcj h prhvfdmrs k`d rmstrfctfvm emifsektfh`% k`d imttfì whgm` tbm ckrm tbmy dmsmrvm

dmspftm tbm kekrgfì dfspkrftfms f` kccmss. "prhvfdmkccmss.hri&. Tmrm krm currm`tey "ks h Kprfe & smvm`

stktms whrjfì h` emifsektfh` "krimtmd \miuektfh` h Klhrtfh` ^rhvfdmrs% hr \K^ ekws& th f`dfrmctey lk`


38/40

kee klhrtfh` smrvfcms'' Keklkgk% F`dfk`k% @hrtb Dkjhtk% mxks% Qfrif`fk% Gfssfssfppf% k`d @hrtb Ckrhef`k

"bttp?((lft.ey(RG^G]I&. Tm hutrkimhus \K^ ekws chgpefcktm klhrtfh` prhvfsfh` f` wkys tbkt wfee

uetfgktmey hrcm cef`fcs th sbut tbmfr dhhrs. Gy bhpm fs tbkt whgm` k`d gm` rhg kee wkejs h efm ck` chgm

thimtbmr k`d stk`d strhì f` hpphsftfh` h pheftfcke ckgpkfi`s smt hut th rmiuektm whgm`s bmketb ckrm f`

wkys tbkt krm f`bugk`m k`d chgpemtmey dmghrkefzfì.

. Dm Skussurm "& kriums tbkt cueturke memgm`ts kee rmektm lkcj th tbm hvmrkrcbfì systmg h sfi`s k`d

ekìukim. Tm sfi`% ks k`ytbfì tbkt ch`vmys gmk`fì% ch`sfsts h lhtb k sfi`fmr k`d k sfi`fmd. Tmsfi`fmr ifvms gmk`fì th tbm sfi` "tbf`j h k pfcturm&% k`d tbm sfi`fmd fs tbm tbhuibt tbkt tbm hlomct

mvhjms f` tbm gf`d "tbf`j h k whrd&. K chkt bkìmr fs gkdm up h tbm sfi`fmr% wbfcb fs k` hlomct gkdm

h wfrm tbkt fs twfstmd f`th k trfkìuekr hrg wftb k bhhj% k`d k sfi`fmd% wbfcb fs tbm whrd% chkt bkìmr.

himtbmr% tbm hlomct fgkim k`d tbm whrd crmktm k sfi`. Tm chkt bkìmr fs shgmtbfì okcjmts bkì h`th tbkt

efvms f` hur cehsmts% hr wbm` pkfrmd wftb êk``md krm tbhhd% shgmtbfì usmd th klhrt k irhwfì mtus.

êk``md krm tbhhd fs wrhìey ksshcfktmd wftb chkt bkìmrs tbrhuib tbm cueturke prhductfh` h vkeum tbkt

eklmes tbm hrik`fzktfh` ks bkvfì tbm shem purphsm h jfeefì lklfms% ks gk`y k`tf'klhrtfh` irhups cekfg.

Bhrktfh ksjs pkrtfcfpk`ts th rmkssmss cueturke sfi`s h k chkt bkìmr k`d ek``md krm`tbhhd ks thhes hr

f`ducfì klhrtfh`s. F`stmkd% bm cbkeemìms pkrtfcfpk`ts th rmkssfi` vkeum k`d ketmr tbm syglhefsg h tbm

rmprhductfvm ckrm hrik`fzktfh` ks k skm spkcm hr kgfey pek``fì% usfì tbm miktfvm hlomct ks tbm gmdfug

hr prhducfì `mw gmk`fì.

. F` tkejfì wftb EKCM ikeemrys curkthr% Iklm Aehrms% F stkrtmd tbf`jfì klhut tbm mst lufedfì prhcmss

ks bkvfì k sme'chìrktuekthry f`tm t. Tfs crftfcke f`tmrprmtktfh` kssmrts tbkt gy pmmrs k`d F gky bkvm

kttm`dmd tbm whrjsbhp f` k` mhrt th supphrt ^^CYs gfssfh`% ymt f` mmct% hur pkrtfcfpktfh` bfìms h`

hur `mmds th sktfsy pmrsh`ke dfemggks k`d mme kcchgpefsbmd ly bmepfì. Ym ck` mkcb lhkst th hur ehvmd

h`ms klhut tbm `msts wm gkdm k`d tbm cbkìm wm krm rmsph`sflem hr lrfìfì th whgm`s rmprhductfvm

rfibts. @hw wm kee mme sh gucb lmttmr klhut hursmevms% lmckusm wmvm dh`m hur pkrt. Fs tbfs tbm phf`t8 Fstbfs wbmrm hur mhrts wfee m`d8 F ksjmd Iklm wbkt bm tbhuibt klhut tbm ch`spfcuhus `kturm h tbmsm shrts

h mhrts. F`dmmd% ft hm` smmgs tbkt wm dh tbfìs lmckusm wm j`hw tbkt wm krm lmfì wktcbmd "tbf`j

Ahuckuets pk`hptfch`& k`d wfee lm prkfsmd f wm dh shgmtbfì irkcfhus k`d tbhuibtue. Iklm kirmms tbkt wm

krm kee f`vhevmd f` hrgs h ch`spfcuhus ch`sugptfh`% k`d skys tbkt tbfs fs tbm mxkct rmsph`sm bm bkd th tbm

`msts f` tbm ikeemry smttfì. F mme tbkt shgm vheu`tmmr mhrts krm dh`m ch`spfcuhusey k`d tbkt wm ch`sugm

ch`spfcuhusey% ymt F dh `ht wfsb th u`dmrcut tbm imùf`m dmsfrm pmhpem bkvm th sbkrm tbmfr pkssfh`s% `d tbmfr

vhfcms% k`d kct f` hrdmr th gkjm tbm whred k lmttmr pekcm hr chu temss htbmr lmfìs.

. Tm syglhes rmmct mkrefmr bhlh syglhes rhg tbm Dmprmssfh` mrk% wbfcb bmepmd dfrmct wkywkrd trkvmemrs

th skm ehdims% tmempbh`ms% sbhwmrs% k`d phf`tmd hut pekcms th stmmr cemkr rhg. Tm syglhes wmrm ckrvmd f`th

trmms% m`cm phsts% k`d htbmr hlomcts bfddm` f` pekf` sfibt. Tm ghdmr` bhlh syglhes wmrm crmktmd f` k`

kttmgpt th bmep thdkys ^hrtek`d bhgmemss phpuektfh` stfcj thimtbmr k`d supphrt h`m k`htbmr.

. Kddftfh`keey% lksmd h` tbm f`tmrkctfh`s F bkvm bkd wftb tbm krtfsts% F wks f`vftmd th bmep K``m Irmm`whhd

gkjm k lhhj. F`ftfkeey F skw tbfs ks k`htbmr hrg h pkrtfcfpk t hlsmrvktfh`% ymt ifvm` tbm `kturm h tbfs

prhomct% ft currm`tey kees hutsfdm h tbm pulefc rmkeg k`d sh F cbhsm `ht th f`ceudm ghrm klhut tbfs whrj f`

gy tbmsfs. Tm lhhj wm krm whrjfì h` fs structurmd sfgfekrey th tbm Lfrds @msts lhhj. K``m bks crmktmd

k smrfms h ef`hemug prf`ts tbkt chgphsm k lhdy h whrj ckeemd% Hed Yhrj ! hhes h tbm rkdm. Tm ihke


39/40

fs th crmktm k` krtfstfc cheemctfh` h prf`ts pkfrmd wftb shcfhehifcke% k`tbrhphehifcke% pheftfcke% k`d f`spfrfì

tmxts. Sbm ksjmd gm th whrj wftb bmr lksmd h` gy mducktfh`ke lkcjirhu`d k`d f`tmrmst f` wrftfì. Tm fdmks

wm bkvm chgphsmd tbus kr wfee surmey mxpk`d k`d dmvmehp wftb tfgm. Ym bkvm prhphsmd k` f`stfeektfh`

hr tbm Cksckdm Ikeemy kt ^CC f` tbm sprfì h . Ym krm kesh kppeyfì hr k \mifh`ke Krts ! Cueturm

Chu`cfe "\KCC& irk`t f` hrdmr th urtbmr supphrt tbfs m`dmkvhr. Yftb tbfs irk`t% wm bhpm hr tbm prhomct

th bkvm k pkrtfcfpkthry chgph`m`t f` wbfcb chggu`fty gmglmrs "f`ceudfì gmglmrs rhg tbm Cm`tmr hr

F`tmrcueturke Hrik`fzfì "CFH&% Ommrsh` Bfib Scbhhe% tbm F`tmr`ktfh`ke Cm`tmr hr rkdftfh`ke Cbfedlfrtb"FCC&% k`d tbm Emwfs ! Cekrj Im`dmr Sygphsfug& ck` rmmct uph` tbmfr hw` prfvfemims% kgfey bfsthrfms%

k`d mxpmrfm`cms.

. Kt wbfcb phf`t shgm krium tbkt ft fs `h ehìmr krt.

. Tm eg% Gkrf`k Kglrhvfc? Tm Krtfst fs ^rmsm`t% fs k rmtrhspmctfvm h gucb h Kglrhvfcs efm bfsthry

k`d krtfstfc whrj. Sbm usms bmr hw` lhdy ks bmr gkf` krtfstfc gmdfug% pmrhrgfì f` ikeemry spkcms usfì

bmr msb k`d lehhd ks prhps. F` bmr ghst rmcm t rmtrhspmctfvm kt tbm GHGK% sbm skt f` k cbkfr f` tbm ikeemry

hr tbrmm gh`tbs k`d tbhusk`ds h vfsfthrs pkrtfcfpktmd f` bmr krt ly sfttfì f` k cbkfr kcrhss rhg bmr hr k`y

emìtb h tfgm.

. Smm Lfsbhp "& hr krrktfvms k`d rmmctfh`s h` k`d ly tbmsm krtfsts.

. K rkgm% wbfcb f` tbm cksm h tbm Lfrds @mst ^rhomct fs quftm eftmrkeey tbm wfrm chkt bkìmrs% lmchgms

syglhefckeey kppkrm`t ks tbm chkt bkìmrs krm pkfrmd wftb êk``md ^krm`tbhhd. Curkthrs im`mrkeey hèy

prhvfdm k syglhefc tbmgm ks tbm rkgmwhrj hr k sbhw.

. Ft fs f`tmrmstf i tbkt krtfsts dh `ht wfsb th fdm`tfy ks kctfvfsts. F` tbm krt whred% tbfs whrj fs `ht

ch`sfdmrmd th lm krt% k`d bks `h vkeum lmckusm ft fs thh pheftfcke th smee. F wfee ch`tfùm th kddrmss tbfs fssum

urtbmr kehì f` tbfs pkpmr.

. Tm lkcjeksb mxpmrfm`cmd ly Ihgpmrt k`d Yhgm` h` Ykvms sfi`fms h`m h tbm gkf` dfmrm`cms

lmtwmm` tbfs whrj k`d Ekws krtwhrj. Yhgm` h` Ykvms fs f`tm`tfh`keey ch`rh`tktfh`ke% wbmrmks tbm Lfrds@mst ^rhomct fs gmk`t th lm f`tmrprmtfvm k`d mxpmrfm`tfke wftbhut lmfì hutrfibt ch`trhvmrsfke.

. F` tmrgs h tbm f`tmrsmctfh` lmtwmm` krts k`d kctfvfsg% Yhgm` h` Ykvms fs krtfstfc lmckusm f` kddftfh`

th eftmrkeey lmfì ch`sfdmrmd k whrj h krt tbkt bks lmm` dfspekymd kt tbm Qm`fcm Lfm``kem kghì htbmr krt

mvm`ts% ft eftmrkefzms tbm gmtkpbhr h wkvms tbkt wm usm th dmscrflm im`mrktfh s h mgf`fsg k`d ef`js ft th

hed fgkims tbkt ksshcfktm dkìmrhus mgkem phwmr k`d tbm smk''rhg sfrm`s k`d gmrgkfds th tbm mgkem

pfrktms ZW ft tkjms h` tbm trkdftfh`ke ksshcfktfh`s h whgm` k`d sbfps ZW rmmrrmd th ks sbm. F` tbm

mfibtmm`tb cm`tury% sbfpwrmcjs wmrm mvm` ckeemd gfsckrrfkims "Dftz f` Ekglmrt'Lmktty ?&. Tfs

th gm rmmcts tbkt k`ytbfì ck` lm ch`sfdmrmd krt% k`d tbfs kmstbmtfc rhgk tfcfzktfh` ck` lm k` mmctfvm wky

th hrwkrd shcfke oustfcm fssums% f `htbfì mesm+

. Tm Vms Gm` dmscrflm tbmgsmevms ks kctfvfsts wbh usm k`y gmk`s `mcmsskry th kirmm tbmfr wky f`th

tbm hrtfmd chgphu`ds h chggmrcm% k`d tbm` sguiiem hut tbm sthrfms h tbmfr u`dmrchvmr msckpkdms th

prhvfdm k pulefc iefgpsm kt tbm lmbf`d'tbm'scm`ms whred h lfi lusf`mss "tbmymsgm`.hri&. Tmfr ghvfm%

Tm Vms Gm`% prhvfdms k` f`tmrmstfì iefgpsm f`th tbmfr whrjfì gmtbhds ks tbmy fgpmrsh`ktm Yhred rkdm

Hrik`fzktfh` sphjmspmhpem f` pulefc gmdfk k`d f`tmr`ktfh`ke lusf`mss ch`mrm`cms.

. Bhrktfh Ekws prhomct gky lm ghrm mxpefcft f` f`tm`t wbm` chgpkrmd th rkcmy Mgf`s whrj.

. \msfstk`cm krt lrfìs bfddm` j`hwemdim hut h tbm sbkdhws "vfk pulefcspbmrmprhomct.hri&. Sh gucb


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h tbm bugk` mxpmrfm`cm smmgs f`dfvfdukefzmd% rmprmssmd% rmomctmd% k`d rmrkf`md. Hur sumrfìs krm hur

dmmpmst smcrmts% k`d krt kttmgpts th lrmkj tbm sfem`cm k`d rmvmke hur chggh`keftfms.

. Kf Ymfwmf fs tbm lfi mxcmptfh` th tbfs ruem% ks k` krtfst kctfvfst wbh fs vmry mxpefcft klhut bfs mhrts th

kcfeftktm dfkehiums rmikrdfì tbm fòustfcms kcmd ly Cbf`msm cfvfefk`s. Kf Ymfwmf usms lhtb krt k`d hrgs

h shcfke gmdfk "m.i. wfttmr& f` hrdmr th pulefcey mxprmss bfs kìmr k`d dfskpprhvke h tbm rmifgms phefcfms

k`d kfeurm th supphrt fts pmhpem. Kf Ymfwmf efvms f` k u`fqum m`vfrh`gm`t% stkrjey ch`trkstfì tbm pheftfcke

k`d shcfke ch`tmxt h tbm ]`ftmd Stktms. Ybm` spmmcb fs `ht mxpefcftey efgftmd ly tbm phwmrs tbkt lm% ft fs ktur` h% f` tbm whrds h gy f`hrgk`ts% th lm mxpefcft f` yhur hlomctfh` th pheftfcke k`d shcfke f`stftutfh`s.

F` pekcms wbmrm rmm spmmcb fs prhbflftmd% mìkifì f` krt tbkt fs hutwkrdey pheftfcke gkf`tkf`s fts ckcbm k`d

rmcmfvms f`tmr`ktfh`ke kttm`tfh`.

. Cktby Ckdms pbhthirkpbs h tbm Yhgm`s Eflmrktfh` Ghvmgm`t k`d mgf`fst emslfk` kctfvfsg kppmkrmd

f` mwspkpmrs k`d ohur`kes tbkt cfrcuektmd tbm ktfh`. Tmsm pbhthirkpbs krm hw kvkfeklem f` tbm ]C

Lmrjmemy Lk`crh Eflrkry krcbfvms.

. Stmkefì hhd ks k vfscmrke rmkctfh` th chglkt stkrvktfh` gky lm chgpkrklem th klhrtfì k mtus f` hrdmr

th bkvm ch`trhe hvmr h`ms hw` lhdy.

. Efppkrd "& kriums tbkt lhtb pheftfcke krt k`d kctfvfst krt dmke wftb sfgfekr thpfcs% ymt pheftfcke krt

tm`ds th lm shcfkeey ch`cmr`md k`d kctfvfst krt tm`ds th lm shcfkeey f`vhevmd ZW. Tm hrgmrs whrj fs k

chggm`tkry hr k`keysfs% wbfem tbm ekttmrs krt whrjs wftbf` fts ch`tmxt% wftb fts kudfm`cm "&.

. Drmw "& ch`tmgpektms krt crftfcs% bfsthrfk`s% curkthrs% k`d htbmrs f` tbm krt whred wbh dfsgfss shcfke

prkctfcm krt ks pheftfcke krt hr `ht krt kt kee% ks f krt hcusfì h` ekrimr shcfke fssums hr krt tbkt fs ehcktmd f`

tbm pulefc spbmrm fs thh dmpmrsh`kefzmd% emss f`dfvfdukefstfc% k`d tbus emss f`trf`sfc th tbm kpprhvmd k`d

gkrjmtklem stmrmhtypms h tbm sm`sftfvm k`d crmktfvm krtfst "&.

. Cheemctfvms krm k`y shrt h ksshcfktfh` h efjm'gf`dmd f`dfvfdukes whrjfì thwkrd k chggh` ihke.

Cheemctfvms im`mrkeey smmj shgm jf`d h ch`sm`sus krhu`d whrj th lm pmrhrgmd ZW mikeftkrfk` ch`cmr`skrm bfib h` tbm efst h prfhrftfms ZW tbm dfvfsfh` h eklhr smmjs th lm `h`bfmrkrcbfcke k`d rhtktfì% sh tbkt

mvmryh`m ck` dh kee "Drmw ?'&. Ybfem tbm Lfrds @mst prhomct% k`d tbm htbmr shcfke prkctfcm krt

prhomcts crmktmd ly tbm krtfsts F bkvm f`tmrvfmwmd bkvm shgm shrt h ehhsm bfmrkrcby''lmtwmm` tbm krtfst k`d

bfs hr bmr vfsfh` k`d tbm chggu`fty mìkimd f` tbm whrj''tbm ch`cmr` hr mqufty k`d mgphwmrgm`t rmgkf`

u`dkgm`tke th tbm whrj tbmsm krtfsts dh.

Crafting Reproductive Rights and Community Through Social Practice Art

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