CR Practice Questions for GMAT

8/11/2019 CR Practice Questions for GMAT

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CR TOPIC-WISEEXERCISES

(700-800 LEVEL)

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The 700-800 Club

Critical Reasoi!

Critical Reasoi! To"ic #$ CO%CL&SIO%

1. In the United States, about $5,200 per person per year is spent on health care, while in Britain the amount is abouthalf that. A recent study indicated that middlea!ed white Americans ha"e a si!nificantly hi!her rate of diabetes andheart disease than do middlea!ed white Britons. #"en after eliminatin! from the study the lifestyle differences ofdiet, eercise, smo%in!, and drin%in!, the data showed that the Americans ha"e poorer health than their Britishcounterparts. The statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?

&ealth care spendin! in the United States should be reduced by 50'. (ore epensi"e health care causes a hi!her incidence of certain diseases. )he money spent on health care in the United States is not bein! used effecti"ely.

)he a"era!e health care spendin! for middlea!ed white Americans is probably less than the a"era!e healthcare spendin! for Americans in !eneral.

Somethin! other than diet, eercise, smo%in!, and drin%in! must account for the difference in health for thetwo !roups in the study.

2. Spo%esperson* In the 200+ election of the city mayor, 55' of the "oters were female. All the "oters werebetween a!es - and 0 and 2/ of them supported the incumbent mayor. )he incumbent mayor won theelection with a substantially !reater number of "otes than any other candidate. If the statements made by theSpokesperson aretrue, then which of the following must be true?

At least /2 of the female "oters supported the incumbent mayor. )he incumbent mayor recei"ed stron!er support from the female "oters than from the male "oters. )here were no other candidates in the election who recei"ed more than 0' of all the "otes. 15' of the "oters in the election were male and none of them were 5 years old.

If the proportion of male and female "oters in the city remains the same, the incumbent mayor is also li%ely towin the net election.

. In 200, the (a%in! &its ecord 3ompany spent 10' of its total bud!et on the production of ten albums, 0' of its

bud!et on the mar%etin! of these albums, and the remainder of its bud!et on o"erhead costs. In the same year, theSon! 4actory ecord 3ompany spent 20' of its total bud!et on the production of 0 albums and +0' of its bud!et

on the mar%etin! of these albums. (a%in! &its sold a total of -00,000 copies of the ten records it produced in 200,while the Son! 4actory sold a total of ,+00,000 copies of the ten records it produced in 200. Assumingeachcompany met its budget, which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information given

above? )he amount of money spent on mar%etin! is directly related to the number of copies sold. (a%in! &its spent more money on the production of its albums in 200 than did the Son! 4actory. Son! 4actorys total re"enue from the sale of albums produced in 200 was hi!her than that of (a%in! &its. In 200, (a%in! &its spent a lar!er percenta!e of its bud!et on o"erhead costs than did the Son! 4actory.

)he Son! 4actory sold more copies of its 200 albums than (a%in! &its did because the Son! 4actory spenta hi!her percenta!e of its bud!et on the mar%etin! of its albums.

4. 6ue to hi!h 7et fuel costs, airline carriers are loo%in! for new ways to increase re"enues and thereby counteractdeclinin! profits. Airline A has proposed increasin! the number of passen!ers that can fit on its airplanes bycreatin! se"eral standin! room only 8seats9 in which passen!ers would be propped a!ainst a padded bac%boardand held in place with a harness. )his proposal, since it relates to passen!er safety, cannot be implementedwithout prior appro"al by the 4ederal A"iation Administration. The above statements, if true, indicate that Airline

A has made which of the following conclusions?

)he addition of standin! room only 8seats9 will !enerate more re"enue than the cost of ensurin! that theseseats meet safety standards.

)he 4ederal A"iation Administration will appro"e Airline As specific proposal. )he re"enue !enerated by the addition of standin! room only 8seats9 is !reater than the current cost of 7et fuel. )here are no safer ways in which Airline A can increase re"enues. :assen!er safety is less important than increasin! re"enue.

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5. A recent research study of under!raduate students analy;ed the effects of music on human emotions. #achof the 200 participants attended at least twohour concert of classical music per wee% o"er the course of 2wee%s of their sprin! semester. At the end of the eperiment, all of the students filled out a


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9. Accordin! to a recent study on financial roles, onethird of hi!h school seniors say that they ha"e 8si!nificantfinancial responsibilities.9 )hese responsibilities include, but are not limited to, contributin! to food, shelter, orclothin! for themsel"es or their families. At the same time, a second study demonstrates that a crisis inmoney mana!ement eists for hi!h school students. Accordin! to this study, -0' of hi!h school seniors ha"ene"er ta%en a personal finance class e"en thou!h the same percenta!e of seniors has opened ban% accountsand onethird of these account holders ha"e bounced a chec%. Which of the following conclusions can beproperly drawn from thestatements above?

&i!h schools would be wise to incorporate personal finance classes into their core curricula. At least onethird of hi!h school seniors wor% parttime 7obs after school. )he number of hi!h school seniors with si!nificant financial responsibilities is !reater than the number of

seniors who ha"e bounced a chec%.

Any hi!h school seniors who contribute to food, shelter, or clothin! for themsel"es or their families ha"esi!nificant financial responsibilities.

)he ma7ority of hi!h school students ha"e no financial responsibilities to their families.

10.Analyst* 3reati"e professionals, such as clothin! desi!ners, !raphic desi!ners, and decorators, often ha"e"ery poor mana!erial s%ills and do not succeed when they try to run their own businesses. In fact, most ofthese creati"e types are less s%illed in business than is the a"era!e whitecollar professional who does notwor% in a creati"e field. >enerally, creati"e talent and business acumen rarely !o hand in hand. If theanalysts argument istaken as true, which of the following statements can properly be concluded?

o successful businesspeople are creati"e. Some creati"e types are not less s%illed at business than is the a"era!e whitecollar wor%er who is not creati"e. 3reati"ity precludes success in business. Any whitecollar wor%er who is not creati"e is more successful in business than any creati"e professional. Business is not a creati"e endea"or.

11.Ad"ocates insist that health sa"in!s accounts are an efficient method to reduce medical epenses. &owe"er,

widespread adoption of these accounts will soon undermine the publics health. Ene reason for this is that mostpeople will be reluctant to deplete their accounts to pay for re!ular pre"enti"e eaminations, so that in many casesa serious illness will !o undetected until it is far ad"anced. Another reason is that poor people, who will not be ableto afford health sa"in!s accounts, will no lon!er recei"e "accinations a!ainst infectious diseases. The statements

above, if true, most support which of the following? Fealthy indi"iduals will not be affected ne!ati"ely by health sa"in!s accounts.

:ri"ate health insurance will no lon!er be a"ailable. (ost diseases are detected durin! re!ular pre"enti"e eaminations. Some people without health sa"in!s accounts are li%ely to contract infectious diseases.

)he causal relationship between an indi"iduals health and that persons medical care has been ade


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13. 3eliac disease results from an inability of the di!esti"e tract, specifically the small intestine, to absorb !luten,a protein found in wheat, barley, and certain other !rains. )he bodys immune system attac%s the !luten as ifthe protein were a harmful patho!en, often resultin! in serious dama!e to the intestinal linin!. :eople whosuffer from celiac disease must eliminate !luten from their diets. Symptoms of the disease include abdominalcramps, bloatin!, and anemia. If the statements above are true, which of the following assertions can bemade on the basis ofthem?

Anyone who suffers from celiac disease will eperience anemia. #liminatin! !luten from ones diet will cure celiac disease. :eople eperiencin! abdominal cramps, bloatin!, and anemia ha"e celiac disease. >luten is found only in !rains. )he human body cannot always reco!ni;e harmless substances.

14.(ay"ille Airport and ewcomb Airport ha"e the same number of fli!ht departures each day. (ay"ille Airporteperiences 2+ departure delays per 00 fli!hts, while ewcomb Airport eperiences 20 departure delays per00 fli!hts. Fhen delays caused by bad weather are disre!arded, (ay"ille Airport has 5 fewer departuredelays per 00 fli!hts than ewcomb Airport does. Which of the following conclusions is best supported bythe informationgiven above?

Bad weather causes a !reater number of departure delays at (ay"ille Airport than at ewcomb Airport. En a"era!e, the weather at (ay"ille Airport is worse than it is at ewcomb Airport. (echanical problems cause a !reater number of delays at ewcomb Airport than at (ay"ille Airport.

)he fleet of airplanes lea"in! from ewcomb Airport is better e


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. Accordin! to a recent ma!a;ine article, of those office employees who typically wor% - hours at the officeeach day but sometimes say that they will wor% at home on a particular day, 25 percent actually wor% lessthan one hour. At the same time, o"er @0 percent of those same office employees belie"e they are moreproducti"e wor%in! at home than wor%in! in their office. The statements above, if true, best support which ofthe following conclusions aboutthe office employees discussed in the article?

En a"era!e, the office employees wor%in! at home for a day wor% fewer hours than office employees wor%in!at the office.

0 percent of the office employees are less producti"e wor%in! from home than wor%in! in their office.

At least 5 percent of the office employees do not define producti"ity eclusi"ely in terms of the number ofhours wor%ed.

At least 25 percent of the office employees can complete the same amount of wor% in one hour at home as in- hours at the office.

Some of the office employees ma%e statements re!ardin! their producti"ity that are not in fact true.

-. En (onday, 6aisys =emonade Stand sold lemonade at 20 cents per cup. )he =emon Shac% sold lemonadeat 0 cents per cup. At the end of the day, 6aisys =emonade Stand and the =emon Shac% reported identicalre"enues and identical profits. The statements above best support which of the following assertions?

En (onday, 6aisys =emonade Stand sold fewer cups of lemonade than did the =emon Shac%. )he =emon Shac% sells hi!her


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21. 4ederal law prohibits businesses from reimbursin! any employees for the cost of ownin! and operatin! apri"ate aircraft that is used for business purposes. )hus, many American companies themsel"es purchasepri"ate aircraft. )he "ast ma7ority of the business a"iation fleet is owned by small and midsi;e businesses,and fli!hts are strictly for business purposes, with mostly midle"el employees on board. )hese companiesand their boards of directors are in full compliance with the law and with what is best for their businesses.Which of the following can be mostproperly inferred from the statements above?

)he 4ederal law in


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25. Under a new clean air proposal, the !o"ernment has decided to ti!hten controls on the release of certain toicchemicals, includin! ben;ene, formaldehyde, and other carcino!ens, by chemical plants. )he stated purposeof this proposal is to reduce cancers caused by air pollution. Het, the chemical industry, rather than the!o"ernment, is responsible for monitorin! the implementation of the proposal. If the past actions of certainpolluters in the chemical industry are any indication of future beha"ior, the net result of the new proposal willbe an increase, rather than a decrease, in carcino!ens released into the air. The author is arguing that """"#

no chemical companies can be trusted to follow the clean air proposal the chemical industry is responsible for releasin! the ma7ority of carcino!ens into the air allowin! selfmonitorin! for the new clean air proposal will result in the opposite of its intended conseulf of (eico from royalty payments as an incenti"e to spur de"elopment in

times of low oil and !as prices. )hese leases were supposed to ha"e included a pro"ision that reinstates theroyalties should the mar%et prices of oil and !as eceed a certain le"el. Because of an error by the federal

!o"ernment, howe"er, the lan!ua!e that reinstates the royalties is missin! from the more than ,00 leases issuedby the U.S. !o"ernment in @@- and @@@. Since the mar%et price of oil and !as has recently risen far abo"e the

threshold le"els, this error could allow the oil companies to reap a windfall of more than $0 billion throu!h the lifeof the leases. In response, the !o"ernment is pressurin! the oil companies to rene!otiate the leases. )heeecuti"es of the oil companies stron!ly oppose rene!otiation all ha"e issued statements statin! that they epect

the !o"ernment to honor the terms of the contracts and that rene!otiatin! a duly si!ned a!reement would set a

bad precedent. Which of the following statements best reflects the position of the oil company e$ecutives? Epportunity seldom %noc%s twice.

6o unto others as you would ha"e done unto you.

Ene mans loss is another mans !ain.

Hou dont chan!e the rules in the middle of the !ame.

e"en!e is so sweet.

2. Enly those students who maintain 2.5 !rade point a"era!es are allowed to participate in school sports. Amy iscaptain of the schools tennis team, so she must ha"e at least a 2.5 >:A. Which of the following statements best

summari%es the main point of the above argument? Students who dont maintain a 2.5 >:A cant participate in sports. Amy is a !ood tennis player. )he school should only re:A of 2.0 to participate in sports. Amy has earned at least the minimum >:A re:A were lower.

2-. 3ompanies are often torn between the benefits of focusin! on one ma7or product or ser"ice and the drawbac%s ofrelyin! too hea"ily on one primary source of income. Fhile narrow focus can pro"ide a company with an ad"anta!eo"er competitors that offer a wider ran!e of products or ser"ices, an undi"ersified income stream can lea"e a

company susceptible to ma7or fluctuations in cash flow. Fe can see this tension reali;ed when, for eample,JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

. a local messen!er ser"ice %nown for its speedy deli"eries is forced to lay off twenty percent of its wor% forceafter a rise in local taes encoura!es many local businesses to mo"e out of state

2. an ad"ertisin! a!ency loses one of its clients

. a holdin! company that owns a car rental a!ency and a national dou!hnut chain is now interested inpurchasin! a professional bas%etball team

1. a construction company opts to use nonunion labor to increase its profits5. a specialty sandwich store decides to open franchises throu!hout the country that will focus on usin! local in!redients

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29. 3alorie restriction, a diet hi!h in nutrients but low in calories, is %nown to prolon! the life of rats and mice bypre"entin! heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other diseases. A simonth study of 1- moderatelyo"erwei!ht people, who each reduced their calorie inta%e by at least 25 percent, demonstrated decreases ininsulin le"els and body temperature, with the !reatest decrease obser"ed in indi"iduals with the !reatestpercenta!e chan!e in their calorie inta%e. =ow insulin le"el and body temperature are both considered si!nsof lon!e"ity, partly because an earlier study by other researchers found both traits in lon!li"ed people. If theabove statements are true, theysupport which of the following inferences?

3alorie restriction produces similar results in humans as it does in rats and mice.

&umans who reduce their calorie inta%e by at least 25 percent on a lon!term basis will li"e lon!er than theywould ha"e had they not done so.

3alorie inta%e is directly correlated to insulin le"el in moderately o"erwei!ht indi"iduals. Indi"iduals with low insulin le"els are healthier than indi"iduals with hi!h insulin le"els. Some indi"iduals in the study reduced their calorie inta%e by more than 25 percent.

30. =ast Kanuary, in an attempt to lower the number of traffic fatalities, the state le!islature passed its 83lic% It or)ic%et9 law. Under the new law, motorists can be pulled o"er and tic%eted for not wearin! their seat belts,e"en if an additional dri"in! infraction has not been committed. =awyers and citi;ens !roups are alreadyprotestin! the law, sayin! it unfairly infrin!es on the ri!hts of the states dri"ers. =aw enforcement !roupscounter these claims by statin! that the new re!ulations will sa"e countless additional li"es. Which of thefollowing inferences is bestsupported by the passage above?

:rior to the 83lic% It or )ic%et9 law, motorists could not be stopped simply for not wearin! a seat belt. )he 83lic% It or )ic%et9 law "iolates current search and sei;ure laws. =aws similar to 83lic% It or )ic%et9 ha"e effecti"ely reduced traffic fatalities in a number of states. )he pre"ious seatbelt laws were ineffecti"e in sa"in! li"es. =aw enforcement !roups, rather than citi;ens !roups, should determine how to best ensure the safety of motorists.

31. In a certain state, huntin! permits re


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1. #ducator* =i%e any other difficult pursuit, music re


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2. Althou!h there has been !reat scientific debate for decades o"er !lobal warmin!, most scientists now a!reethat human acti"ity is causin! the #arths temperature to rise. )hou!h predictions "ary, many !lobal warmin!eperts belie"e that a"era!e !lobal temperatures will rise between three and ei!ht de!rees 4ahrenheit durin!the net century. Such an increase would cause an alarmin! rise in sea le"els, displacin! millions of peopleby destroyin! ma7or population centers alon! the worlds coastlines. Which of the following is an assumptionin support of thearguments conclusion?

ew technolo!ical de"elopments in the net century will not di"ert risin! seas from the worlds coastal cities. Indi"iduals will not become more aware of the steps they can ta%e to reduce the emission of !reenhouse !ases. isin! sea le"els similarly affect all coastal population centers. Some !lobal warmin! eperts predict a !reater than ei!ht de!ree 4ahrenheit increase in !lobal temperatures

durin! the net century. &uman acti"ity is the sole cause of increasin! !lobal temperatures.

3. 8)he new &itIt4ar dri"er is the only !olf club that uses spacea!e )itaniumMryptonium alloy to stren!then itshead. )his dri"er is SE !ood, the last 2 winners of the ma7or tour championships ha"e all recently switchedto itN Isnt it time for you to add power to your swin! and distance to your dri"es? )rade in your old dri"er todayG and &itIt4ar tomorrowN9 All of the following claims are either implied or made e$plicitly in the aboveadvertisement()'(&T*

Switchin! to the &itIt4ar dri"er will impro"e your play. )he &itIt4ar dri"er helped the last 2 ma7or championship winners achie"e their "ictory. (a7or championship winners are eperts and %now what constitutes a !reat !olf club. Hour eistin! dri"er is inferior to the &itIt4ar dri"er. Enly &itIt4ar !olf clubs ha"e )itaniumMryptonium alloy in the head of their dri"ers.

1. esearchers studyin! the spread of the Blac% :la!ue in siteenthcentury #n!land claim that certain people sur"i"ed the

epidemic because they carried a !enetic mutation, %nown as 6elta2, that is %nown to pre"ent the bacteria

that causes the :la!ue from o"erta%in! the immune system. )o support this hypothesis, the researchers tested the direct

descendants of the residents of an #n!lish town where an unusually lar!e proportion of people sur"i"ed the :la!ue. (ore

than half of these descendants tested positi"e for the mutation 6elta2, a fi!ure nearly three times hi!her than that found

in other locations. The researchers hypothesis is based on which of the following assumptions?

6elta2 does not pre"ent a carrier from contractin! any disease other than the :la!ue. )he :la!ue is not similar to other diseases caused by bacteria. 6elta2 did not eist in its current form until the siteenth century.

o one who tested positi"e for 6elta2 has e"er contracted a disease caused by bacteria. )he :la!ue does not cause !enetic mutations such as 6elta2.

5. )he popular notion that a trees a!e can be determined by countin! the number of internal rin!s in its trun% is

!enerally true. &owe"er, to help re!ulate the internal temperature of the tree, the outermost layers of wood of theBra;ilian ash often peel away when the temperature eceeds @5 de!rees 4ahrenheit, lea"in! the tree with fewerrin!s than it would otherwise ha"e. So only if the temperature in the Bra;ilian ashs en"ironment ne"er eceeds @5de!rees 4ahrenheit will its rin!s be a reliable measure of the trees a!e. Which of the following is an assumption

on which the argument above depends? )he !rowth of new rin!s in a tree is not a function of le"els of precipitation. Enly the Bra;ilian ash loses rin!s because of ecessi"e heat. Enly one day of temperatures abo"e @5 de!rees 4ahrenheit is needed to cause the Bra;ilian ash to lose a rin!. )he internal rin!s of all trees are of uniform thic%ness. )he number of rin!s that will be lost when the temperature eceeds @5 de!rees 4ahrenheit is not predictable.

6. )he 6epartment of &omeland Security has proposed new federal re


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. Since the new publisher too% control, a news ma!a;ines co"ers ha"e featured only models and mo"ie stars.:re"iously, the co"ers had displayed only politicians, soldiers, and business leaders. A leadin! !ossip columnistclaimed that the chan!es made the ma!a;ine rele"ant a!ain. &owe"er, many newspaper editorials disa!reed andsu!!ested that the new publisher is more interested in boostin! sales than in reportin! important news e"ents.

Which of the following is an assumption necessary for the argument made by the gossip columnists opponents?

)he charitable acti"ities of models and mo"ie stars often focus public attention on pressin! problems. 4inal authority for choosin! the co"er sub7ect of the ma!a;ine lies with the publisher. A ma!a;ine can boost sales while hi!hli!htin! the co"era!e of important world leaders. Some of the mo"ie stars featured are now runnin! for political office. (a!a;ine issues with models or mo"ie stars on the co"ers are purchased at a rate more than three times

!reater than is the case with issues featurin! politicians on the co"ers.

-. In response to the increasin! cost of producin! ener!y throu!h traditional means, such as combustion, many utility

companies ha"e be!un in"estin! in renewable ener!y sources, chiefly wind and solar power, hopin! someday to rely on

them completely and thus lower ener!y costs. )he utility companies claim that althou!h these sources re


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17. E"er the past 5 years, 3ompany L has posted doubledi!it !rowth in annual re"enues, combined with a substantial

impro"ement in operatin! mar!ins. Since this !rowth is li%ely to persist in the future, the stoc% of 3ompany L willsoon eperience dramatic appreciation. The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?

3ompany L has a lar!e mar%et share in its industry.

:rior to the last 5 years, 3ompany L had eperienced similarly dramatic !rowth in sales associated withstable or impro"in! operatin! mar!ins.

)he !rowth of 3ompany L is li%ely to persist in the future. )he current price of the stoc% of 3ompany L does not fully reflect the promisin! !rowth prospects of the firm. )he stoc% of 3ompany L will outperform other stoc%s in the same industry.

-. Antoine* )he alarmin! fact is that amon! children a!ed @ years and youn!er, the number ta%in!antipsychotic medicines soared percent in the last four years. )hat is !reater than the increase in thenumber of adults ta%in! antipsychotic medicines durin! the same period.

=ucy* But the use of antipsychotic dru!s by adults is considered normal at the current rate of adults per,000 ta%in! the dru!s. In contrast, the number of children on antipsychotic medication last year was +.+ per,000 children. !ucys argument relies on the assumption that """"""#

normal le"els of antipsychotic dru! use are rarely eceeded.

the percenta!e of adults ta%in! antipsychotic medication is always hi!her than the percenta!e of children onsuch medication.

the use of antipsychotic medication in children is no different from the use of such medications in adults. Antoine is not consciously distortin! the statistics he presents.

a rapid increase in the number of children ta%in! antipsychotic dru!s !enerates more fear of random "iolenceby adolescents than does %nowled!e of the absolute number of children on such medications.

@. A recent article stated that only 5.5' of American colle!es !rant the ma7ority of their de!rees in the liberal arts.3itin! this, a reader wrote to lament that this was further e"idence of the decline of academic ri!or in American

post hi!h school education. Which of the following is an assumption on the part of the reader? )he percenta!e of American colle!es !rantin! liberal arts de!rees would continue to drop. All colle!es should !rant the ma7ority of their de!rees in the liberal arts.

(ost postsecondary scientific, en!ineerin!, and "ocational trainin! does not in"ol"e as much academic ri!oras liberal arts trainin!.

Academic ri!or is the most important aspect of post hi!h school education.

Ef the colle!es that do not !rant the ma7ority of their de!rees in the liberal arts, many !ranted fewer than a


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22.An oil field prospector and de"eloper reported a lar!e oil deposit in southwestern )eas. As a result, a lar!e oil and

!as company purchased the field with the intention of drillin! oil wells in the area soon afterwards. &owe"er, thecompany found that what had been reported to be a lar!e oil deposit was actually much smaller than had beenindicated. )hus, the methods that the prospector had used to determine the si;e of the oil deposit must ha"e beeninaccurate. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

)he companys methods of measurin! the si;e of the oil deposit were determined by a third party to be moreaccurate than those used by the prospector.

)he prospector did not purposefully fabricate or misrepresent the si;e of the oil deposit. )hou!h smaller than ori!inally thou!ht, the oil deposit contained enou!h oil to ma%e drillin! commercially feasible. )he prospector did not eplore other oil fields and use the same methods to determine the ma!nitude of the

oil present, if any.

)he company had successfully drilled for oil in other lar!e oil fields in )eas throu!hout the early twentiethcentury.

2. :arent* )he city education department is unable to distin!uish between annoyances and important problems. 4orinstance, prohibitin! students from ha"in! cell phones is an o"erreaction. If a student uses one and thus interfereswith instruction, confiscate it. All in all, we need educational leadership that can sol"e problems, not create them.

Which of the following is an assumption made by the parent? Students ha"in! cell phones does not constitute an important problem for the city schools. Students ha"e no need for cell phones in school. 4aculty and staff should be allowed to possess cell phones. Students need to ha"e cell phones because some of them ha"e no stayathome parent. An interest in sol"in! problems is the most important attribute of an educational leader.

21. )he #r!onomic Society conducted a study that indicated that many people de"elop se"ere bac% problems durin!adulthood, and that "irtually all such people who recei"ed chiropractic treatment showed !reat impro"ement.

)herefore, in order to minimi;e the proportion of the population that suffers from bac% pain, the #r!onomicSociety recommended that chiropractic treatment be directed toward those adults who suffer from se"erebac% problems. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

Any person who recei"es chiropractic treatment for bac% pain may also benefit from other forms of treatment.

=ar!e insurance carriers co"er chiropractic care for bac% problems to a lesser de!ree than they do othermedical treatments.

Indi"iduals who recei"e chiropractic or other treatment prior to de"elopin! se"ere bac% problems are not lessli%ely to de"elop bac% pain than those who do not.

3hiropractic treatment is more effecti"e in treatin! se"ere bac% problems when utili;ed o"er a lon! period oftime, as opposed to sporadically.

Se"ere bac% pain and other problems often cause indi"iduals to miss wor%days.

25. Since the new publisher too% control, a news ma!a;ines co"ers ha"e featured only models and mo"ie stars.:re"iously, the co"ers had displayed only politicians, soldiers, and business leaders. A leadin! !ossip columnistclaimed that the chan!es made the ma!a;ine rele"ant a!ain. &owe"er, many newspaper editorials disa!reed and

su!!ested that the new publisher is more interested in boostin! sales than in reportin! important news e"ents.

Which of the following is an assumption necessary for the argument made by the gossip columnists opponents?

)he charitable acti"ities of models and mo"ie stars often focus public attention on pressin! problems. 4inal authority for choosin! the co"er sub7ect of the ma!a;ine lies with the publisher. A ma!a;ine can boost sales while hi!hli!htin! the co"era!e of important world leaders. Some of the mo"ie stars featured are now runnin! for political office.

(a!a;ine issues with models or mo"ie stars on the co"ers are purchased at a rate more than three times!reater than is the case with issues featurin! politicians on the co"ers.

15


16/75

2+. 4orprofit colle!es ser"e far fewer students than either public or pri"ate nonprofit colle!es. At the same time,relati"e to nonprofit colle!es, forprofit colle!es draw a disproportionate share of federal and state financialaid, such as tuition !rants and !uaranteed loans, for their students. It must be, then, that forprofit colle!esenroll a !reater proportion of financially disad"anta!ed students than do nonprofit colle!es. The conclusionabove dependson which of the following assumptions?

:ublic nonprofit colle!es and pri"ate nonprofit colle!es enroll a similar proportion of financiallydisad"anta!ed students.

4orprofit colle!es do not en!a!e in fraudulent practices in helpin! their students obtain unneeded federal

and state financial aid. )he number of students recei"in! federal and state financial aid at forprofit colle!es is !reater than the

number of students recei"in! federal and state financial aid at nonprofit colle!es. 4orprofit colle!es are of similar educational


17/75

31. Inor!anic pesticides remain acti"e on the surfaces of fruits and "e!etables for se"eral days after sprayin!,while or!anic pesticides dissipate within a few hours after application, lea"in! the surface of the sprayedproduce free of pesticide residue. )herefore, when purchasin! from a farm that uses inor!anic pesticides, onemust be careful to wash the produce thorou!hly before eatin! it to pre"ent the in!estion of toins. But oneneed not worry about in!estin! pesticides when purchasin! from farms that use only or!anic pesticides. Theargument above assumesthat

3onsumers are aware of the ori!ins of the produce they purchase. :roduce from farms that use or!anic pesticides reaches the consumer within hours after it is pic%ed or har"ested. o farm uses both or!anic and inor!anic pesticides. o pesticide is capable of penetratin! the s%in of a fruit or "e!etable. )he use of either type of pesticide does not increase the cost of produce.

32. )he downturn in the economy last year has prompted many companies to ma%e widely publici;ed layoffs, resultin!

in thousands of lost 7obs. #conomists predicted that these layoffs would cause people !enerally to cut bac% on theirdiscretionary spendin!, e"en if their 7obs were secure, in anticipation of comin! hard times. &owe"er, this predictionhas not come to pass, since there has been no increase in the amount of money set aside by the !eneral public insa"in!s accounts. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

)he economy has not impro"ed in recent months.

)here has been no increase in the amount of money in"ested in stoc%s, certificates of deposit, or othersa"in!s "ehicles.

Salaries ha"e decreased as a result of the economic downturn. o business sectors ha"e seen !rowth in recent months. )hose who were laid off ha"e been able to find other employment.

. Because most hospitals suffer a chronic undersupply of physicians, patients must sometimes wait hours in theemer!ency room to see a doctor. urses should therefore perform initial eaminations in hospital emer!ency

rooms to determine which patients merit immediate treatment and which can wait until the emer!ency physiciansha"e more time to see them. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above is based?

&ospitals should epand their medical staffs. :hysicians cannot be trained to perform initial eaminations themsel"es. #mer!ency rooms will run more smoothly if initial eaminations are performed. &ospitals are always fully staffed with nurses. urses are competent to 7ud!e the se"erity of patients conditions.

1. Scientists ha"e disco"ered a new species of butterfly that li"es only in a small re!ion of 3entral America and isacti"e only at ni!ht. 6urin! the day, it rests in treetops, where its !reen color matches the folia!e perfectly.)herefore, the scientists must ha"e disco"ered the butterfly at ni!ht. The ar!uet *e"e*s o +hich o,the,ollo+i! assu"tios

)he newly disco"ered butterfly is not related to any other species of butterfly. )here is no way for the scientists to detect the butterfly durin! the day. o other butterfly species li"es in this re!ion of 3entral America. )he folia!e in the butterflys habitat is completely !reen. )he butterfly cannot sur"i"e in areas outside of 3entral America.

Critical Reasoi! To"ic .$ WE/E%

. A certain baseball team has 7ust completed its season. In stadiums that seat 20,000 or fewer people, the teama"era!ed home run per !ame in stadiums that seat between 20,000 and 10,000 people, the team a"era!ed 2home runs per !ame and, in stadiums that seat 10,000 or more people, the team a"era!ed home runs per !ame.Eb"iously, the ecitement of playin! in front of lar!e crowds moti"ated the team to hit more home runs.

Assuming that all stadiums during the season were filled to capacity, which of the following, if true, most undermines

the argument above? )he teams leadin! home run hitter hit more home runs in midsi;ed stadiums than in lar!e stadiums. )he fans in the lar!er stadiums often cheered a!ainst the team. )he team a"era!ed only 2 home runs per !ame when playin! in the lea!ues lar!est stadium.

In order to create seatin! for the additional fans, the outfield walls in the lar!er stadiums were constructedcloser to home base.

)he teams announcer cited crowd noise as a ma7or moti"ator for the team.

17


18/75

2. )he recent decline in the employment rate was spurred by predictions of slow economic !rowth in the comin!year. &owe"er, those predictions would not ha"e affected the employment rate if it had not been for the lac%of capital reser"es of ma7or industries. So if ma7or industries increase their capital reser"es, the employmentrate will not decline in the future. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the validity of theargumentabove?

(a7or industry foresaw the drop in employment. Some ma7or industries had appreciable capital reser"es. An increase in labor costs could ad"ersely affect the employment rate.

)he !o"ernment could pass le!islation mandatin! that ma7or industries set aside a fied amount as capitalreser"es e"ery year.

)he drop in the employment rate was more se"ere this year than last.

. 4armers in de"elopin! countries claim that the United States !o"ernment, throu!h farm subsidies, is responsible

for the artificially low !lobal price of wheat. Because the U.S. !o"ernment buys whate"er wheat Americanfarmers are unable to sell on the open mar%et, American farmers ha"e no incenti"e to modulate the si;e oftheir crops accordin! to the needs of the !lobal mar%et. As a result, American farmers routinely produce morewheat than the !lobal mar%et can absorb and the !lobal price of wheat is %ept low. Fithout these subsidies,the farmers in de"elopin! economies claim, American farmers would produce only the amount of wheat thatthey could sell on the open mar%et and the !lobal price of wheat would rise. Which of the following, if true,most weakens the claimsof the farmers in developing countries regarding the price of wheat?

Fheat that is not processed for consumption is often used for certain industrial applications.

on!o"ernmental buyers of wheat and wheat products are able to predict how much wheat they will needse"eral years in ad"ance.

)he United States !o"ernment offers similar subsidies to soybean farmers, thou!h the !lobal price ofsoybeans is si!nificantly hi!her than that of wheat.

Ether countries, such as 3anada and ussia, are li%ely to produce more wheat if the United States were toreduce its output.

)he price of sor!hum, a crop for which the United States !o"ernment offers no subsidies, is lower than that ofwheat.

1. )he amount of money estimated to be lost by &ollywood studios due to 6O6 piracy o"erseas increased to more

than $500 million last year. As a conse


19/75

6. Adam will spend $1,000 to rent a booth at the towns annual county fair to promote his new SandwichShoppe. In pre"ious years, the a"era!e food booth at the fair ser"ed 100 customers. )hus, in order to co"erhis costs, Adam has calculated that he must sell 100 sandwiches for $0 each. Which of the followingstatements casts the mostdoubt on Adams chances of breaking even at the county fair?

Adam should not limit himself to 100 sandwiches he should be prepared to sell more.

Adam has not factored in the costs of raw materials or labor in calculatin! the amount of re"enue he needs to!enerate to brea% e"en.

If booths in pre"ious years a"era!ed 100 customers, that means some booths ser"ed more than 100 and

some ser"ed fewer than 100. (any people prefer other types of food to sandwiches.

If Adam shares his booth, and the cost of the rental, with a complementary business, he will not ha"e to sellas many sandwiches to brea% e"en.

. )he people of :rohibitionland are considerin! bannin! the ser"ice of alcoholic be"era!es in restaurants tocurb unruly beha"ior on the part of its residents. :roprietors of restaurants in :rohibitionland are protestin!the ban on the !rounds that it will reduce their re"enues and profits. &owe"er, se"eral pro"inces in:rohibitionland enacted restrictions on alcoholic be"era!es last year, and the sales taes paid by therestaurants in those pro"inces rose by an a"era!e of 50 percent. In contrast, the sales taes paid byrestaurants located in areas of :rohibitionland that did not ha"e any restrictions rose by an a"era!e of 0percent. Which of the following, if true, supports the restaurant proprietors economic stance against the ban?

In the pro"inces that restricted alcoholic be"era!es, there was a shortterm ne!ati"e impact on restaurant"isitation in the be!innin! of last year.

)he sales ta in :rohibitionland is lower on food and be"era!es than it is on other consumer !oods, such asclothin!.

)he consumption of alcoholic be"era!es in :rohibitionland has been on a !radual decline the last 20 years.

)he restrictions on alcoholic be"era!es enacted last year allowed for the ser"ice of drin%s be!innin! arounddinnertime each e"enin!.

E"erall sales ta re"enue did not increase at a substantially hi!her rate in the pro"inces that enacted therestrictions on alcoholic be"era!es than in the rest of :rohibitionland last year.

-. ecently, some critics of the U.S. !o"ernment ha"e pointed out that this country is the only ad"anced industriali;ed nation

without a national "accine laboratory and su!!ested that this lac% ma%es the American public more "ulnerable than other

de"eloped nations to infectious diseases, such as a"ian flu. A !o"ernment official said these critics were disloyal and thus

wron! about the publics "ulnerability. )o support his claim, the official cited the !enerally lon! life span and low infant

mortality of United States citi;ens, relati"e to all United ation member nations. (entionin!

the hi!h


20/75

9. #perts estimate that insurance companies tardiness in payin! doctors for le!itimate medical claims addsapproimately 0 percent in o"erhead costs for physicians. Insurance companies counter that the tardinesssometimes results from billin! errors made by the doctors themsel"es. Since dealin! with these billin! errorscosts the insurance companies time and money, it is clear that insurance companies do not ha"e a si!nificanteconomic incenti"e to delay claim payments to doctors. Which of the following pieces of information, if true,weakens theconclusion above?

Some doctors who submit accurate bills to insurance companies still recei"e tardy payments.

)he cost to the insurance companies to process incorrect bills from doctors offices is rou!hly e


21/75

13. Studies ha"e shown that an automobile that runs on a blend of -5' ethanol/5' !asoline !ets bettermilea!e than an otherwise similar car e


22/75

18.(ost water companies in the United States add fluoride to tap water to help pre"ent ca"ities. Some dentistsar!ue, howe"er, that this practice actually causes more harm than !ood because people o"erestimate theprotection afforded by the fluoride and do not ta%e the proper steps to care for their teeth, such as brushin!and flossin! after e"ery meal. If water companies did not add fluoride, the dentists claim, people would beforced to be more acti"e in their dental hy!iene and tooth decay would decline as a result. Which of thefollowing, if true, most weakens thedentists claims?

4luoride is widely used in commercially a"ailable dental care products. (ost Americans are not aware that fluoride is added to tap water. Annual "isits to the dentist are the most effecti"e means of controllin! tooth decay. )he United States has the lowest rate of tooth decay in the world. (ost Americans already brush their teeth daily.

@. ecently in 3ity L, de"elopers ha"e stopped buyin! land, contractors ha"e found themsel"es !oin! without wor%

for lon!er periods, and ban%s ha"e issued fewer mort!a!es. )here must be fewer new residents mo"in! to 3ity Lthan there were pre"iously. Which of the following indicates a flaw in the reasoning above?

)his year se"eral housin! bloc%s ha"e !one on the mar%et after bein! held up for months by le!al red tape.

)he a"era!e si;e of a new home has increased si!nificantly o"er the past se"eral years.

esales of condominiums ha"e increased o"er the past si months.

)he cost of materials such as lumber and cement has decreased o"er the past year.

Sales of other bi!tic%et items, such as automobiles and boats, has remained steady o"er the past year.

20. En a"era!e, the number of speedin! tic%ets issued in 3ounty L e"ery year is three times !reater than the number

of speedin! tic%ets issued in 3ounty H durin! the same period. )herefore, the number of people who eceed the

speed limit must be hi!her in 3ounty L than in 3ounty H. Which of the following describes a flaw in the reasoning

above? )he ar!ument fails to ta%e into account that the speed limit may be different in the two counties.

)he ar!ument fails to ta%e into account that the number of tic%ets issued in 3ounty L may reflect a lowerproportion of dri"ers o"erall in that county.

)he ar!ument fails to ta%e into account that a sin!le dri"er can recei"e more than one tic%et in a !i"en year. )he ar!ument fails to ta%e into account that residents of 3ounty H may be more lawabidin! o"erall.

)he ar!ument fails to ta%e into account that residents of 3ounty L may not be aware of the speed limit in thatcounty.

2. )he principal of School L has proposed a plan that would add an hourlon! study period to the end of the schoolday. She claims that the etension would impro"e the schools a"era!e score on the math section of the state

assessment by allowin! students more time to complete math homewor% that they wouldnt otherwise ha"e time tocomplete. Which of the following statements, if true, would most weaken the argument presented above?

(ath teachers of students in School L ha"e noted an o"erall decline in the number of homewor% assi!nmentscompleted by students since the school eliminated midday study periods two years a!o.

Administrators from nei!hborin! School H recently implemented a school day etension and ha"e seen nosi!nificant impro"ement in student test scores on the state assessment.

(usic department faculty members at School L stron!ly oppose the plan because they feel any time added tothe school day should be used to bolster the music curriculum.

:arents of students from School L ha"e epressed concern that the proposed schedule chan!e wouldinterfere with students etracurricular acti"ities.

)he core components of School Ls math curriculum are not ali!ned with the topics tested on the state math

assessment.

22. )he anticipated retirement of tens of thousands of baby boomers will create an unprecedented opportunity to mo"e

si!nificant numbers of people into careertrac% 7obs at familysupportin! incomes. (a7or industries, from health careand construction to automoti"e repair, will soon face deep shorta!es of wor%ers as a result of pro7ected !rowth andboomer retirements. 4ortunately, many of these 7obs ha"e relati"ely low barriers to entry and could be filled by outofwor% youn! people. )o achie"e this result, the city !o"ernment should con"ene employers and educators todetermine how best to create paths of upward mobility in these fields. Which of the following, if true,

most weakens the argument? Immi!ration reform will limit the pool of a"ailable wor%ers. >o"ernment efforts ha"e been shown to affect employment trends only rarely. )he best a"ailable positions re


23/75

2. Accordin! to a recent research study, more than @0' percent of !raduates of pri"ate hi!h schools in a certaincounty continue their education in colle!e. By contrast, only +5' of !raduates of public hi!h schoolssubse


24/75

2. Koe* )he si!n on this !arden says 86o ot :ic% )he 4lowers.9Sally* Hou are ri!ht. But there are a lot of flowers here. :ic%in! 7ust one will not hurt.

Koe* )hat is not true. If e"eryone thou!ht that way and pic%ed a flower, the !arden would bedestroyed. Koes response to Sally is


25/75

. ecently, many critics of the U.S. !o"ernment ha"e pointed out that this country is the only industriali;ednation without a national "accine laboratory and su!!ested that this lac% ma%es the American public more"ulnerable than other ad"anced nations to diseases such as a"ian flu or other flu epidemics. Fhen as%ed at apress conference, a !o"ernment official said these critics were disloyal and thus wron! about the publics"ulnerability. )o support his claim, he cited the international preeminence of American doctors and hospitalsas well as the middle ran%in! of the United States amon! United ation member nations in the healthcate!ories of infant mortality, life span, and nutrition. &e also added that all of the #uropeans that he %newpreferred to under!o ma7or medical treatments in the United States rather than in the sociali;ed medical

systems in place in their home countries.All of the followingare flaws in the officials logic ()'(&T* )he official accepts that the


26/75


27/75

2. &istorically, the dru! industry promoted its products to physicians by educatin! them in their offices or atindustry conferences. In the last 0 years, it has become much more commonplace for dru! companies toad"ertise prescription dru!s directly to consumers, "ia tele"ision ad"ertisin! and other media. Some publichealth ad"ocates ha"e become concerned that patients, encoura!ed by ad"ertisin!, may pursue the use ofprescription dru!s that may be inappropriate for the indi"idual patient or situation. &owe"er, since physiciansmust prescribe these medications, there is no reason for such concern. Which of the following pieces ofinformation would be mosthelpful in addressing the concern articulated by the public health advocates?

3ertain o"erthecounter medications are as effecti"e for many common medical conditions as more powerfulnonprescription medications.

:rescription medication tele"ision ad"ertisements directed at the !eneral public only appear on certainpro!rams and are not seen by many potential consumers.

:hysicians are also sub7ect to prescription dru! ad"ertisements that are directed toward consumers.

:hysicians are not susceptible to pressure from patients in determinin! appropriate courses of treatment,includin! dru! prescriptions.

:rescription medicines ha"e been pro"en to be safe and effecti"e treatments for many patient conditions.

3. Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill tend to be lar!er when the bill is

presented with the ser"ers name handwritten on the bill. :sycholo!ists hypothesi;e that simply seein! a handwritten name ma%es many consumers feel more of a personal identification with the ser"er, encoura!in! lar!er tips.Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists interpretation of the studies?

)he effect noted in the studies applies to patrons payin! with either credit cards or cash. ameta!s for ser"ers ha"e not been shown to ha"e any effect on the si;e of the bill.

>reetin! card companies ha"e found that charities which send holiday cards with handwritten si!natures aremore li%ely to recei"e donations than those which send cards with printed si!natures.

)he studies indicated much lar!er a"era!e tips if the customer ordered alcoholic be"era!es with his or her meal.

(any of the restaurants in which the studies were conducted are located in tourist areas, where people aretra"elin! for leisure acti"ities.

1. Analyst* )he pace of technolo!ical de"elopment brin!s a constant stream of new de"ices to the mar%et, and manyof them en7oy commercial success. But announcin! new technolo!y too soon after the introduction of a successfulde"ice can bac%fire. Ence consumers hear about the new de"ice, they may stop buyin! the one currently on sale.

So, if a company wishes to announce the upcomin! sale of a new de"ice, it should wait until purchases of the oldde"ice ha"e be!un to decline. Which of the following, if true, would best support the analysts main assertion?

ew technolo!y often becomes less epensi"e after an initial sur!e in sales. (edia outlets, such as tele"ision pro!rams and ma!a;ines, often report on the planned introduction of new

de"ices while the sales of old de"ices are still stron!. (any consumers are unable to determine whether new technolo!y is superior to current technolo!y.

Sur"eys ha"e shown that some consumers ma%e only one or two technolo!y purchases per year, whereasothers ma%e more fre


28/75

+. State L recently decided to cut state fundin! for the public library system in 3ounty L. )o help counteract thiscut in fundin!, the county library system has increased library late fees from $.0 per day to $.2 per day.Since the fee increase, library administrators ha"e seen no decline in the number of o"erdue boo%s. )hedirector of the county library system concludes that the fee hi%e has helped to counteract the cut in statefundin!. Which of thefollowing statements, if true, most strengthens the directors claim?

Since the fee increase, library administrators ha"e noted a si!nificant decrease in the number of boo%sborrowed each day.

)he library system incurred minor costs to ma%e its "isitors aware of the late fee increase.

Since the fee increase, there has been no si!nificant chan!e in the a"era!e number of days that boo%s areo"erdue before they are returned.

)he library system in 3ounty L trac%s its boo%s throu!h a "ery ad"anced database system, allowin! libraryadministrators to ha"e access to "ery accurate statistics on the number of o"erdue boo%s at any !i"en time.

Since the reduction in state fundin!, the library system in 3ounty L has eliminated 0' of its staff, creatin! a2' reduction in costs.

. In the -th and @th centuries, it was belie"ed in many coastal American cities that the waterfront was an undesirable

location for residential buildin!s. As a result, much of the waterfront in these cities was ne"er de"eloped aesthetically and

instead was left to industry and commerce. )oday, howe"er, waterfront properties are !enerally seen as presti!ious, as

e"idenced by the lar!e sums paid for homes alon! the beach front. A de"eloper who wishes to ma%e a lar!e profit would

be wise to buy urban waterfront lots and erect residential buildin!s on them.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the claim made about urban waterfront properties? :eople today ha"e more money, relati"ely spea%in!, to spend on real estate than they did in pre"ious centuries.

&omeowners will be willin! to spend lar!e sums on residential properties in traditionally industrial orcommercial districts.

(any urban waterfront lots are a"ailable for purchase. (any coastal American cities are encoura!in! de"elopers to rehabilitate the waterfront throu!h ta incenti"es.

:roperties in interior residential districts in coastal American cities are si!nificantly more epensi"e than thosealon! the waterfront.

-. 3harter schools are independent public schools that are !i"en !reater autonomy in echan!e for increased

accountability. 3harter school operators are freed from many of the re!ulations of the traditional public schoolbureaucracy, thereby allowin! them to pursue more inno"ati"e educational ideas than noncharter public schools

can pursue. At the same time, charter schools are held accountable for achie"in! specific educational outcomesand are closed down if those outcomes are not met. Which of the following, if true, best supports the assertion that

students attending charter schools will, on average, perform better on assessments of writing ability than

students attending traditional public schools?

Students who attend schools that emphasi;e order and discipline perform worse on assessments of writin!ability than students who attend schools that do not emphasi;e order and discipline.

)he ma7ority of students who score in the @@th percentile on assessments of writin! ability attend charter schools.

:ublic schools that operate outside of the traditional public school bureaucracy spend more time teachin!students writin! than do traditional public schools.

Students who attend schools that are allowed to eperiment with their writin! curricula perform better onassessments of writin! ability than students who attend schools that ha"e less fleible curricula.

)here are far more students attendin! noncharter public schools than students attendin! charter schools.

@. Efficials of the Houth &oc%ey =ea!ue and parents of players in the lea!ue ha"e become concerned with thenumber of fla!rant fouls occurrin! durin! lea!ue !ames. )his past season, the number of fla!rant fouls was doublethe number from the season before. =ea!ue officials plan to reduce the number of such fouls durin! the comin!

season by implementin! mandatory suspensions for players who commit fla!rant fouls. Which of thefollowingstatements, if true, provides the best evidence that the officials plan will be effective?

(ost serious in7uries occurrin! durin! lea!ue !ames are a direct result of fla!rant fouls. =ea!ue referees ha"e been trained to reco!ni;e fla!rant fouls and to report incidents in"ol"in! such fouls. :arents of players in the lea!ue are in support of mandatory suspensions for fla!rant fouls.

A similar lea!ue suspends players for committin! fla!rant fouls this lea!ue has a relati"ely low incidence offla!rant fouls when compared with the Houth &oc%ey =ea!ue.

(ost players in the lea!ue stri"e to be selected for the AllStar team, and lea!ue rules state that no playerwith a record of suspension shall be selected for the AllStar team.

28


29/75

10.Almost e"ery modern %itchen today is eermany.3alifornia also eports and imports nearly identical amounts of lettuce and almonds. Althou!h shippin! freshfruits and "e!etables is an epensi"e underta%in!, there is a 7ustifiable economic rationale for redundanttrade. Which of the following, iftrue, most strongly supports the conclusion above?

#stablishin! international ties throu!h trade facilitates access to other desired !oods that are more efficientlyproduced abroad.

Underta%in! free trade with ones political allies helps to maintain international !oodwill. In recent years, consumers in 3alifornia boycotted domestic cherries, demandin! better wor%in! conditions

for a!ricultural laborers in the state. =ocal !rowers could sell their products at a premium in domestic mar%ets. )he economic !lobali;ation of redundant trade allows for the sharin! of cultural norms and "alues.

12.Fide dissemination of wireless networ%s in cities is a practical way to meet the needs of city households, schools

and businesses. ural communities ha"e found that wireless networ%s are both more reliable and cheaper thanlandbased networ%s. Which of the following would most likely be cited by a supporter of the argument?

Urban areas do not pose additional problems for the effecti"e operation of wireless networ%s. Fireless networ%s wor% far better where population density is low. Iceland, a "ery rural country, successfully uses wireless networ%s.

)he epenses of wireless transmission in areas with lar!e buildin!s is much hi!her. :oor nei!hborhoods ha"e less access to cable internet than do educators or businesses.

. Sur"eys re"eal that the "ast ma7ority of hotel !uests in the United States resent the hi!h prices of the items in theminibars in their hotel rooms.)hese !uests would prefer to ha"e an empty refri!erator in their rooms in order toha"e space to put their own food and be"era!es, althou!h a lar!e percenta!e of these !uests would still ma%e atleast one purchase from their inroom minibar. After analy;in! the results of the study, the mana!ement of &otel )decided that it would be more profitable to eliminate the minibar and install empty refri!erators in each room.

Which of the following, if true, would support 0otel Ts plan to increase profitability by eliminating in room mini1

bars in favor of empty refrigerators? )here is currently some space a"ailable in &otel )s inroom minibars for !uests to put their own items. &otel ) is located in the United States. Some !uests of &otel ) do not ma%e any purchases from their inroom minibars.

)he money that &otel ) ma%es from the minibar purchases of its !uests is less than the money that &otel )loses from discardin! minibar items that ha"e not sold by their epiration dates.

It will cost &otel ) less money to maintain empty refri!erators in its !uest rooms than to maintain stoc%edminibars in those rooms.

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30/75

1. )here is only one ma7or road, 4reeway P, that lin%s 3ounty L and 3ounty H. )he border of the two counties isprimarily defined by a mountain ran!e, o"er which the construction of new roads is se"erely restricted byen"ironmental laws. A costeffecti"e solution to the problem of traffic con!estion on 4reeway P is to build acommuter train tunnel throu!h the mountain ran!e. )he successful implementation of this plan would cost far lessthan epandin! the eistin! freeway and would also reduce the number of cars clo!!in! the roads in both counties.

Which of the following, if true, could proponents of the plan above most appropriately cite as a piece ofevidence for the soundness of their plan?

An effecti"e commuter train tunnel between the counties would re


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19.(edical education in the United States has focused almost eclusi"ely on curati"e medicine, while pre"enti"ecare has been !i"en scant attention. )his is mis!uided. (edical schools should in"est as much time inteachin! their students how to pre"ent illness as in teachin! them how to cure it. Which of the following, iftrue, most strengthensthe argument above?

(any conta!ious diseases can be pre"ented with "accines. In @--, for e"ery three cents the United States spent on pre"ention, it spent @ cents on curati"e treatment. )he number of students enrolled in medical school is the hi!hest it has e"er been. (ore people die each year from disease than from accidental causes. As the population !rows, the number of doctors in certain specialties has not been %eepin! pace.

20. Some animals, such as dolphins, do!s, and African !rey parrots, seem to ehibit co!niti"e functions typicallyassociated with hi!herorder primates such as chimpan;ees, !orillas, and humans. Some parrots, for eample,ha"e "ocabularies of hundreds of words that they can strin! to!ether in a comprehensible synta. )his clearly

shows that humans and primates are not the only animals capable of usin! lan!ua!e to communicate. Ene parrot,named Ale, has been %nown to as% to be petted or %issed and will ehibit a!!ression if the !esture offered is notthe specific one re


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2. )he recordin! industry is fi!htin! a losin! battle* it simply does not ha"e the resources to prosecute all of theindi"iduals who ille!ally download music from the Internet. Because the number of indi"iduals who will bechar!ed with a crime is so limited, the actions of the recordin! industry will ha"e a minimal impact on thenumber of people who ille!ally download music. The answer to which of the following 3uestions would besthelp evaluate theaccuracy of the conclusion above?

Fill recordin! industry lawyers dedicate the ma7ority of their time to prosecutin! those who ille!ally downloadmusic?

Is a small minority of indi"iduals responsible for the ma7ority of ille!al son! downloads? 6o many indi"iduals who ille!ally download son!s share their music files with other Internet users? Fill new Internet security technolo!y permit the recordin! industry to more


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6. Poolo!ists warn of an imminent sur!e in the number of bird species that will become etinct within thiscentury. e"ertheless, these ;oolo!ists are wron!. Ene need only consider the information !athered onnati"e orth American raptors, such as bald ea!les and pere!rine falcons. Se"eral of these species cameclose to "anishin! between @00 and @0, but since @0, the local populations of these raptors ha"erebounded. The answer towhich of the following 3uestions provides information that would be most helpful inevaluating the argument above?

&ow many species of nonnati"e raptors ha"e been introduced into orth America since @0? Fhat special efforts, if any, ha"e been made to rescue nati"e orth American raptors since @0? &ow many years eperience do the ;oolo!ists ha"e in e"aluatin! patterns of etinction amon! animals? )o what de!ree ha"e nati"e orth American raptors mi!rated to other parts of the world? &ow many acres of woodland are set aside each year as bird refu!es?

. (ost cable tele"ision companies currently re


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10. )he downturn in the economy last year has prompted many companies to ma%e widely publici;ed layoffs,resultin! in thousands of lost 7obs. #conomists predicted that these layoffs would cause people !enerally tocut bac% on their discretionary spendin! e"en if their 7obs were secure, in anticipation of comin! hard times.&owe"er, this prediction has not come to pass, since there has been no increase in the amount of money setaside by the !eneral public in sa"in!s accounts. The answer to which of the following 3uestions would bemost useful in evaluating the significanceof the savings patterns described above?

Fhat business sectors were most affected by the layoffs? &ow much of their sa"in!s, on a"era!e, do laidoff employees deplete before findin! new employment?

Fhat has been the percent increase in the cost of necessities such as food, housin!, and utilities durin! theperiod since the layoffs?

Fhat percenta!e of people laid off ha"e sa"in!s accounts? Fhat has been the a"era!e salary durin! the period since the layoffs?

. Because of a rare type of fun!us that %illed off many cacao trees in Bra;il, there was an unusually mea!erhar"est of cocoa beans this year. )he wholesale price of cocoa solids and cocoa butter has increasedsi!nificantly and does not loo% li%ely to fall in the foreseeable future. As a result, the retail price of chocolate iscertain to increase within si months. The answer to which of the following questions would provideinformation relevant toevaluating the claims made in the argument above?

&as the price of cocoa remained steady durin! other period of poor har"est?

Are consumers willin! to spend more for chocolate?

&a"e the prices of other in!redients in chocolate decreased recently? Fhat percenta!e of cacao trees in Bra;il were affected by the fun!us?

3an the fun!us be eliminated within the net si months?

2. Scientists ha"e determined that an effecti"e way to lower cholesterol is to eat three ser"in!s of whole !rains e"eryday. Studies ha"e shown that the cholesterol le"els of people who did so were si!nificantly lower after si monthsthan were those of people who did not, e"en thou!h the cholesterol le"els of the two !roups were the same beforethe studies be!an. 3learly, eatin! whole !rains can ha"e an appreciable effect on cholesterol le"els. The answerto which of the following questions, if true, would be most useful in evaluating the claim about whole

grains above? Is it realistic to epect people to eat three ser"in!s of whole !rains per day? Fere the two !roups of people in the study in"ol"ed in the same eercise pro!ram? 3an the same drop in cholesterol be achie"ed throu!h medication? 6id the study continue to trac% the sub7ects beyond si months? Are most consumers aware of the different between whole !rains and processed !rains?

Critical Reasoi! To"ic $ Para*o9

. >ree% tra!edy, one of the endurin! pillars of our belief system, dramati;ed the concept that the misfortune a personsuffers is not an accident, but rather a lo!ical outcome of flaws in that persons nature the misfortune is thus thatpersons 8fault.9 onetheless, today the public broadly supports ban%ruptcy protection, family welfare

and other 8social safety net9 pro!rams that shield the destitute in the face of their hardships, at tapayer epense.

Which of the following, if true, would best resolve the parado$ in the statements above? )he ancient >ree%s had few, if any, such social safety net pro!rams in their society. )he ma7ority of the public is more familiar with the wor%s of Sha%espeare than those of >ree% tra!edy.

Some people insist that society, not the indi"idual, is to blame for most accidents. (any people in financial difficulties feel too ashamed to declare ban%ruptcy or to ta%e ad"anta!e of other

social safety net pro!rams.

)he reli!ions practiced by most people today stron!ly encoura!e people to contribute to charities that assistinnocent people in7ured in natural disasters, such as hurricanes.

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2. A certain pharmaceutical firm recently de"eloped a new medicine, 6endadrine, that pro"ides hi!hly effecti"etreatment of se"ere stomach disorders that were pre"iously thou!ht to be incurable. &owe"er, to de"elop thenew medicine, the company spent nearly $5 billion in research and de"elopment costs. >i"en the si;e of themar%et for 6endadrine and the amount of the initial in"estment in its de"elopment, the company would needto sell 6endadrine at a price that is at least 5 times !reater than its "ariable costs 7ust to brea% e"en. Het thecompanys mana!ement claims that 6endadrine will soon become the ma7or dri"er of the firms profits. Whichof the following statementsbest reconciles the managements claim with the evidence on the e$pendituresassociated with the development of 4endadrine?

)he pharmaceutical firm has been !ranted a patent to become the sole producer and distributor of6endadrine, and dru!s under patent protection typically sell at prices that are at least 0 times !reater thantheir "ariable costs.

6e"elopment of some pharmaceutical products in"ol"es substantial initial ependitures on research, testin!,and appro"al.

In issues related to personal health, corporate profits should not become the primary consideration.

Se"eral other pharmaceutical companies are wor%in! on new medicines that may become effecti"esubstitutes for 6endadrine.

Fhile 6endadrine can be hi!hly effecti"e in treatin! stomach disorders, it may also result in serious sideeffects such as di;;iness and hallucinations.

3. Small community hospitals in poor urban areas almost always operate at a loss due to an unfortunate cycle of

factors. &i!h re"enue specialists, such as sur!eons, floc% to hospitals that are more presti!ious and can afford to

pay hi!her salaries. Aware of this, local residents patroni;e the more affluent nearby hospitals when they needspecialty care or for!o care entirely, while only utili;in! the local hospital for lowmar!in routine care. 4urther, asi!nificant ma7ority of the community uses !o"ernment health plans, which reimburse poorly for routine care, or

lac%s insurance entirely and cannot pay. )he local hospital then loses money and cannot afford to hire specialists toconduct the hi!hermar!in specialty care. Which of the following, if it could be accomplished, would best help

small community hospitals to break the pattern described above? e!otiate hi!her reimbursement rates for specialty care with both !o"ernment health plans and pri"ate insurers.

Ad"ertise the hospitals specialty care ser"ices in the local community as well as nearby communities toattract more business.

:artner with a nearby affluent hospital to contract its specialists on a parttime, asneeded basis, which ismore affordable than hirin! these specialists full time.

=aunch a community outreach campai!n to educate the public about the low reimbursement rates of!o"ernment health plans compared with the hi!h rates paid by pri"ate insurers.

e!otiate with pri"ate insurers for hi!her reimbursement rates for routine care.

4. )he climbin! season of 200+ was the deadliest on record for those attemptin! to con


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5. )he echan!e rate between the currency of 3ountry L and that of 3ountry H has historically fa"ored thecurrency of 3ountry H. Because of this, citi;ens of 3ountry H often ta%e their "acations in 3ountry L, wherethe echan!e rate ma%es hotels and restaurants more affordable. Het, citi;ens of 3ountry H rarely purchaseclothin! or electronics in 3ountry L, despite the fact that those items are more epensi"e in their homecountry, e"en when sales taes are ta%en into account. Which of the following, if true, would best e$plain thebuying habits of the citi%ens of 'ountry-?

3iti;ens of 3ountry H prefer the fashions a"ailable in their own country.

Stores in 3ountry L recei"e the latest fashions and technolo!y se"eral months after they are a"ailable in3ountry H.

)he citi;ens of 3ountry L resent the buyin! power of the currency of 3ountry H. )he !o"ernment of 3ountry H imposes tariffs on imported !oods. )he currencies of 3ountry L and 3ountry H are both wea% compared to the currency of 3ountry P.

6. Fhen Bobs Bistro opened in the town of (ontrose last year, the proprietors of Andrews #atery, the onlyother restaurant in town, feared that their business would suffer. Surprisin!ly thou!h, in the past year thea"era!e number of meals per day ser"ed at Andrews #atery has actually increased si!nificantly. Which ofthe following, iftrue, provides the best e$planation for this occurrence?

)he meals at Andrews #atery are substantially lower in price than those offered at Bobs Bistro.

Bobs Bistro is closed on Sundays, and so for Sunday brunch residents of (ontrose would either !o toAndrews #atery or "enture to a nei!hborin! town.

)he profit per meal is hi!her, on a"era!e, at Bobs Bistro than it is at Andrews #atery.

Bobs Bistro attracts a lar!e number of patrons that had ne"er dined in (ontrose before, and on many daysBobs Bistro attracts more customers than it can seat.

Andrews #atery ser"es considerably more meals on wee%ends than it does on wee%days, which is not thecase at Bobs Bistro.

. En a"era!e, residents of 3ity L de"ote a !reater percenta!e of their yearly incomes to housin! costs than doresidents of 3ity H, thou!h the costs of insurance and fuel !enerally are eorbitant in both commuterhea"ycities. Het in Fealth (a!a;ines annual list of the countrys least affordable cities, 3ity H is deemed lessaffordable than 3ity L. Which of the following, if true, best e$plains the contrast described above?

A !reater percenta!e of residents of 3ity H send their children to pri"ate schools than is the case in 3ity L. Unli%e 3ity H, 3ity L has an efficient and inepensi"e public transportation system. )he a"era!e price of a new house is hi!her in 3ity L than in 3ity H. A number of hi!hpriced restaurants and bouti


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10.As a result of consumers increased awareness of the health ris%s associated with hea"y consumption of red meat, the

meat of the ostrich has become increasin!ly popular as a lowfat, lowcholesterol alternati"e to beef. Accordin!ly, the

number of ostrich farms in the United States has nearly


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1. In recent years, the &olds"ille )ransportation Authority &)AD has noted consistent delays on its &olds"illei"er Oalley bus, which runs from downtown &olds"ille to the suburb of i"er Oalley. In order to decrease thecommutin! time from &olds"ille to i"er Oalley, the &)A recently eliminated the Kames Street stop on the&olds"illei"er Oalley line. &owe"er, data show that the a"era!e commutin! time from &olds"ille to i"erOalley has actually increased since the elimination of the stop. Which of the following provides the beste$planation for the increasein commuting time from 0oldsville to 5iver 6alley?

Almost all of the commuters who pre"iously used the Kames Street stop now use the ad7acent >reen Streetstop, causin! o"ercrowdin! and ecessi"e boardin! and deboardin! delays at the >reen Street stop.

A small percenta!e of the commuters who pre"iously used the Kames Street stop now use alternate modes oftransportation to commute from &olds"ille to i"er Oalley.

@0' of &olds"illei"er Oalley commuters were in fa"or of eliminatin! the Kames Street stop.

)he &olds"illei"er Oalley bus route runs alon! i"er Street, which is always con!ested with hea"yautomobile traffic.

)he Kohnstown bus line, another line operated by the &)A, has also eperienced an increase in a"era!ecommutin! time since eliminatin! a stop on its route.

5. 3ity 3ontroller* +' of our residents "oted to appro"e the de"elopers re


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1. Scientist* #"olutionary biolo!y has lon! held that the most attracti"e males of a species, defined as those withthe hi!hest


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. )he city !o"ernment should in"est surplus funds in impro"in! the citys transportation networ%. ?ost o, theet+or2 +as "ut i "lace at a tie +he the cit1 +as uch saller i both area a* "o"ulatio . )hesubwaysystem is outdated and understaffed. )he buses rarely run on schedule and their routes are incon"enient.

I, the cit1 *oes ot a2e cha!es soo to the et+or2 it +ill see a1 o, its "ri>e* i*ustriesrelocate to ore co3eiet cities a* as a result the cit1;s ,iacial health +ill be @eo"ar*i>e*< Intheargument above, the two portions in boldfaceplay which of the following roles?

)he first is an eplanation of a current state of affairs the second is a prediction based on that state of affairs. )he first is a statement of fact in opposition to the authors conclusion the second is that conclusion. )he first emphasi;es an eistin! problem the second offers a proposal to sol"e that problem. )he first is information the author su!!ests has been o"erloo%ed in the situation at hand the second

describes that situation. )he first is a 7ustification of an impendin! problem the second describes the conse


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11.(ar%etin! Analyst* )raditionally, itro*uci! a e+ cosuer "ro*uct cotributes to the *i3ersit1 o, a

co"a1;s "ro*uct i9 a* results i a o3erall icrease i re3eues a* "ro,its< &owe"er, our launchof a

new brand of soft drin%s, 3ool Bree;e, planned for the end of this fiscal year, will almost certainly reduce ratherthan increase the companys profits. Since we already offer a line of chilled refreshments that are "ery similar to

3ool Bree;e, the launch of the new drin% is li%ely to cannibali;e our current sales rather than attract newcustomers. Additionally, sice the costs o, "ro*uci! Cool :ree>e are hi!her tha those o, the otherchille*re,reshets a lar!e "art o, our curret sales +ill be re"lace* +ith lo+er-ar!i re3euesarba!e in this nei!hborhood probably will not be collected until )hursday this wee%. >arba!e is usuallycollected here on Fednesdays, and the !arba!e collectors in this city are etremely reliable. &owe"er,(onday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a (onday, !arba!e throu!hout the city issupposed to be collected one day later than usual. )he ar!ument proceeds by

treatin! se"eral pieces of irrele"ant e"idence as thou!h they pro"ide support for the conclusion indirectly establishin! that one thin! is li%ely to occur by directly rulin! out all of the alternati"e possibilities pro"idin! information that allows application of a !eneral rule to a specific case !enerali;in! about all actions of a certain %ind on the basis of a description of one such action

treatin! somethin! that is probable as thou!h it were ine"itable

. Kane* :rofessor &arpers ideas for modifyin! the desi!n of !uitars are of no "alue because there is no !enerala!reement amon! musicians as to what a !uitar should sound li%e and, conse


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CR Challe!e Set (The Su"er #00)

. )he importance of the o;one layer to terrestrial animals is that it entirely filters out some wa"elen!ths of li!ht but

lets others throu!h. &oles in the o;one layer and the dan!ers associated with these holes are welldocumented. &owe"er, one dan!er that has not been !i"en sufficient attention is that these holes could leadto se"ere eye dama!e for animals of many species. Fhich one of the followin! is most stron!ly supported bythe statements abo"e, if they are true?

A. All wa"elen!ths of sunli!ht that can cause eye dama!e are filtered out by the o;one layer where it is intact.B. 4ew species of animals li"e on a part of the earths surface that is not threatened by holes in the o;one layer.3. Some species of animals ha"e eyes that will not suffer any dama!e when eposed to unfiltered sunli!ht.6. A sin!le wa"elen!th of sunli!ht can cause se"ere dama!e to the eyes of most species of animals.

#. Some wa"elen!ths of sunli!ht that cause eye dama!e are more li%ely to reach the earths surface wherethere are holes in the o;one layer than where there are not.

2. Ene of the most "ein! problems in historio!raphy is datin! an e"ent when the usual sources offer conflictin!chronolo!ies of the e"ent. &istorians should attempt to minimi;e the number of competin! sources, perhaps byeliminatin! the less credible ones. Ence this is achie"ed and se"eral sources are left, as often happens, historiansmay try, thou!h on occasion unsuccessfully, to determine independently of the usual sources which date is moreli%ely to be ri!ht. Fhich one of the followin! inferences is most stron!ly supported by the information abo"e?

A. Fe ha"e no plausible chronolo!y of most of the e"ents for which attempts ha"e been made by historians to

determine the ri!ht date.B. Some of the e"ents for which there are conflictin! chronolo!ies and for which attempts ha"e been made by

historians to determine the ri!ht date cannot be dated reliably by historians.

3. Attachin! a reliable date to any e"ent re


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5. Some en"ironmentalists


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@. #"ery moral theory de"eloped in the Festern tradition purports to tell us what a !ood life is. &owe"er, mostpeople would 7ud!e someone who perfectly embodied the ideals of any one of these theories not to be li"in!a !ood lifeG the %ind of life they would want for themsel"es and their children. )he statements abo"e, if true,most stron!ly support which one of the followin!?

A. (ost people desire a life for themsel"es and their children that is better than a merely !ood life.

B. A person who fits the ideals of one moral theory in the Festern tradition would not necessarily fit the ideals ofanother.

3. (ost people ha"e a conception of a !ood life that does not match that of any moral theory in the Festern tradition.

6. A !ood life as described by moral theories in the Festern tradition cannot be reali;ed.#. It is impossible to de"elop a theory that accurately describes what a !ood life is.

0. (ystery stories often feature a brilliant detecti"e and the detecti"es dull companion. 3lues are presented in thestory, and the companion wron!ly infers an inaccurate solution to the mystery usin! the same clues that the

detecti"e uses to deduce the correct solution. )hus, the authors strate!y of includin! the dull companion!i"es readers a chance to sol"e the mystery while also di"ertin! them from the correct solution. Fhich one ofthe followin! is most stron!ly supported by the information abo"e?

A. (ost mystery stories feature a brilliant detecti"e who sol"es the mystery presented in the story.

B. (ystery readers often sol"e the mystery in a story simply by spottin! the mista%es in the reasonin! of thedetecti"es dull companion in that story.

3. Some mystery stories !i"e readers enou!h clues to infer the correct solution to the mystery.

6. )he actions of the brilliant detecti"e in a mystery story rarely di"ert readers from the actions of the detecti"esdull companion.

#. )he detecti"es dull companion in a mystery story !enerally unco"ers the misleadin! clues that di"ert readersfrom the mysterys correct solution.

. 3;annes art inspired the net !eneration of artists, twentiethcentury modernist creators of abstract art.Fhile most eperts ran% 3;anne as an early modernist, a small few re7ect this idea. 4ranToise 3achin, foreample, bluntly states that such an ascription is 8o"erplayed,9 and says that 3;annes wor% is 8too oftenobser"ed from a modern point of "iew.9 Fhich one of the followin! statements is most stron!ly supported bythe information abo"e?

A. 3;annes wor% is hi!hly contro"ersial.B. 3;anne was an early creator of abstract art.3. 3;annes wor% helped to de"elop modernism.

6. (odern art owes less to 3;anne than many eperts belie"e.#. 3;annes wor% tends to be misinterpreted as modernist.

2. =i!ht is re!istered in the retina when photons hit molecules of the pi!ment rhodopsin and chan!e themolecules shape. #"en when they ha"e not been struc% by photons of li!ht, rhodopsin molecules sometimeschan!e shape because of normal molecular motion, thereby introducin! error into the "isual system. )heamount of this molecular motion is directly proportional to the temperature of the retina. Fhich one of thefollowin! conclusions is most stron!ly supported by the information abo"e?

A. )he temperature of an animals retina depends on the amount of li!ht the retina is absorbin!.

B. )he "isual systems of animals whose body temperature matches that of their surroundin!s are more errorprone in hot surroundin!s than in cold ones.

3. As the temperature of the retina rises, rhodopsin molecules react more slowly to bein! struc% by photons.

6. hodopsin molecules are more sensiti"e to photons in animals whose retinas ha"e lar!e surface areas thanin animals whose retinas ha"e small surface areas.#. (olecules of rhodopsin are the only pi!ment molecules that occur naturally in the retina.

. 4la"onoids are a common component of almost all plants, but a specific "ariety of fla"onoid in apples has beenfound to be an antioidant. Antioidants are %nown to be a factor in the pre"ention of heart disease. Fhich one of

the followin! can be properly inferred from the passa!e?A. A diet composed lar!ely of fruits and "e!etables will help to pre"ent heart disease.B. 4la"onoids are essential to pre"entin! heart disease.3. #atin! at least one apple each day will pre"ent heart disease.6. At least one type of fla"onoid helps to pre"ent heart disease.#. A

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